A change of phenolic acids content in poplar leaves induced by methyl sali-cylate and methyl jasmonate

The contents of seven different phenolic acids such as gallic acid, catechinic acid, pyrocatechol, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid in the poplar leaves （Populus Simonii×Populus Pyramibalis c.v and Populus deltoids） suffocated by Methyl jasmonate （MeJA） and Methyl salicylate （MeSA） were monitored for analyzing their functions in interplant communications by using high-pressure liquid chromatography （HPLC）.The results showed that the contents of phenolic acids had obviously difference in leaves exposed to either MeSA or MeJA.When P.deltoides leaves exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid was increased, gallic acid in leaves treated with MeJA comes to a peak at 24 h while to a peak at 12-d having leaves treated with MeSA.When P.Simonii ×P.Pyramibalis c.v leaves were exposed to MeJA or MeSA, the level of gallic acid, pyrocatechol and ferulic acid was increased; The catechinic acid and benzoic acid had a little drop; The caffeic acid and coumaric acid were undetected in both suffocated and control leaves.This changed pattern indicated that MeJA and MeSA can act as airborne signals to induce defense response of plants.

Effects of β-Amino Butyric Acid Induced Rice Blast Resistance on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism

[Objective] This study was to understand the effects of β-Amino butyric acid(abbreviated as BABA) induced rice blast resistance on reactive oxygen metabolism. [Method] Using the cultivar Chaochan 2 that is highly susceptible to disease as experimental material, the changes of catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and MDA activities in rice treated by BABA were investigated. [Result] In rice plants treated by BABA, the activities of CAT and SOD increased, meanwhile the MDA content also rose to some extent, resulting in the disease resistance to rice blast. [Conclusion] By influencing reactive oxygen metabolism, BABA endows rice plants with resistance to rice blast. BABA is safe to environment and has highly resistance-inducing capacity, it could be generalized in production.

Induced Effects of Exogenous Phenolic Acids on Allelopathy of a Wild Rice Accession(Oryza longistaminata,S37)

Four exogenous phenolic acids, including salicylic acid, fumalic acid, p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzonic acid, were used to investigate the regulatory effects on allelopathy of a wild rice accession of S37 （Oryza Iongistaminata）, which is a known allelopathic rice. The four exogenous phenolic acids induced the enhancement of the allelopathic potential of wild rice S37 in target weeds though the weed-suppressive activities were low, and the inducible effects were dependent on the specific phenolic acid, concentration and treatment time. After foliar application of exogenous phenolic acids, the inhibition rates for plant height, root length and fresh weight of barnyard grass （Echinochioa crus-galli） were significantly higher than those of the control. Especially at the concentration of 100 mg/L, the inhibition rates for plant height and fresh weight of barnyard grass by fumalic acid were 38.12% and 26.31% higher than those of the control, showing that fumalic acid was more effective compared with other phenolic acids in inhibiting monocotyledon weed growth. Furthermore, the weedsuppressive activity of aqueous extract from the leaves of wild rice S37 treated with exogenous phenolic acids was increased, and it peaked at 48 h after the treatment with the aqueous extract, and then gradually declined.

Relationship of Uric Acid with Superoxide Dismutase (Sod) in Induced Hyperuricemic Rat Model

Increase uric acid levels have been found in oxidative stress. Urate radicals do not react with oxygen to form another peroxy radical, thus increasing the efficacy of uric acid as an antioxidant. Therefore, this study is designed to measure the level of uric acids and find out the relationship of uric acid with superoxide dismutase in induced hyperuricemic model. Forty male albino rats with an average weight of 180 ± 2 g were selected. The rats were grouped. The animals were fed on standard diet and given tap water ad libitum until treatment. Albino rats were divided into four groups. Group A(10)-control given only standard diet, group B(10) fed on 60% fructose with standard diet , group C(10) fed on fructose, standard diet and intraperitonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg and group D (10) only on injection intraperotonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg. At the end of study 10 mL of blood was drawn from heart of rats. Then blood was estimated for superoxide dismutase and uric acids done by kit methods randox-manual/Rx monza UA230/UA 233. Results: In Group C superoxide dismutase was found to be 32 % (244 mg/dL ± 2.23) more than control. In the same group the uric acid concentration was highly significantly correlated with control. Conclusion: The uric acid concentration increases when we take fructose up to 60% in our diet. It also increases superoxide dismutase concentration. More than this value may have inverse effect on the uric acid level and its role as an antioxidant may become inversed.

Induced Resistance of Tomato against Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) by Salicylic Acid (SA)

[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the induced resistance of tomato against gray mold （Botrytis cinerea） by salicylic acid. [ Method ] SA was used as an inducer to treat tomato seedlings, the effects of SA on mycelial diameter and spore germination of B. cinerea were studied, and the changes of 4 defense enzyme activities containing catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL）, as well as malondialdehyde （MDA） content during the production process of induced resistance were also measured. [ Result] SA had no inhibitory effect against spore germination and myce- lial growth of B. cinerea within the concentration range, and the relative induced effect had different degrees of improvement after treatment. The induced effect was the best as B. cinerea was challenged to inoculate at the third day after using 150 mg/L SA in tomato plants, and the duration of resistance was 10 -15 d. After treated by SA, CAT, POD, PPO and PAL first increased and then decreased in systemic induced resistance against B. cinerea, which were significantly higher than control. Meanwhile, MDA content showed ascendant trend in wavy line form. [ Conclusion ] The use of SA within a certain concentration range is safe; CAT, POD, PPO and PAL activities have positive correlation with induced resistance against B. cinerea, the increase of MDA content also has close relationship with the imvrovement of disease resistance.

Retinoic acid metabolic change in retina and choroid of the guinea pig with lens-induced myopia

AIM: To investigate the role of retinoic add (RA) and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (RALDH(2)) of retina and choroid in the guinea pig lens-induced myopic eyes. METHODS: Totally 45 guinea pigs, at age of three weeks, were randomly assigned into three groups: the normal control, the lens-induced group and the recovering group. Out of focus was induced by the -6.00D concave lens on the left eye, and lasted for 15 days. All animals underwent biometric measurement (corneal radius of curvature, refraction and axial length). Subsequently, RA content in the retina and RPE/choriod complex was detected by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. RALDH(2) protein in the retina and RPE/choriod complex was evaluated by the immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS: After wearing -6.00D lens for 15 days, axial length of the lens-induced eye extends and myopia was formed, with RA contents increasing in both the neural retina and RPE/choroid complex. Comparing with the lens-induced group, myopic degree significantly relieved, and its RA contents in both the neural retina and RPE/choroid complex decreased in the recovering group. In the normal control, RALDH(2) protein was expressed positively in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and lateral border of outer nuclear layer (ONL). Retinal RALDH(2) protein increased in the lens-induced group, and was also positive in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). In the recovering group, retinal RALDH(2) protein attenuated the expression in the OPL turns to negative. RALDH(2) protein was not expressed in the choroid of any group. CONCLUSION: RA of retina and chorid participates in the regulation of the lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs, which may be related with retinal RALDH(2) protein.

Abscisic acid induces differential expression of genes involved in wound-induced suberization in postharvest tomato fruit

Fruit wounding occurred at harvest and transportation requires rapid suberization as a major part of the healing process to prevent infection and desiccation. The focus of this work was to explore the mediation of abscisic acid(ABA) on woundinduced suberization and to determine expression profiles of specific genes involved in wound-induced suberization in tomato fruit. The measurements of weight loss and fruit firmness suggested wound-induced suberization started at 2 d after wounding. The suberization process with the accumulation of suberin polyphenolics(SPP) and polyaliphatics(SPA) observed through autofluorescence microscopy and Sudan IV staining was accelerated by ABA. Expressions of SlPAL5 and Sl4 CL involved in the synthesis of SPP reached the highest at 4 and 8 d after wounding following ABA application, respectively. Associated with SPA biosynthesis, SlLACS1 and SlLACS2 showed the most abundant transcripts at 8 and 6 d in ABA group, respectively. Transcript levels including SlKCSs, SlCYP86 B1, SlFAR3, and Sl GPATs were up-regulated at 2 d after wounding by ABA. Activities of polyphenol oxidase and lipoxygenase were also enhanced during wound-induced suberization following ABA application. The results in this study proved that ABA accelerated the wound-induced suberization progress by increasing the transcript levels of relevant genes in postharvest tomato fruit.

Optimal time point for the transplantation of neural stem cells induced to differentiate with retinoic acid

Previous studies have demonstrated that differentiated neural stem cells （NSCs） are more suitable for transplantation than non-differentiated NSCs. In this study, NSCs were expanded in vitro for two passages, induced with retinoic acid to differentiate, and harvested between 1 6 days later. They were subsequently cultured in artificial cerebrospinal fluid for an additional 3 days, dudng which their growth and morphology was monitored. NSCs induced for 4 days exhibited a peak rate of cells differentiating into neurons and robust growth. Our results indicate that the optimal time point for transplanting NSCs is following a 4-day period of induced differentiation.

Microwave-induced synthesis and characterization of nanometer Ce_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_2 solid solution for the acidic catalytic reaction

Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 solid solution was successfully synthesized using cerium nitrate, zirconium nitrate, and urea as raw materials by the microwave irradiation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectrum, transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectrum. Its acid catalytic activity was evaluated in the esterification reaction of acetic acid and n-butyl alcohol. The results show that Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 solid solution has cubic fluorite structure, and its particle diameter is in the nanometer scale. As a sort of solid acid, it possesses a higher acid catalytic activity and can be easily separated from reaction liquids. It can be used for several times, and basically, its activity keeps constant. The proton acid sites and Lewis acid sites exist in the structure of Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 solid solution.

Induced systemic resistance to Meloidogyne spp by <i>β</i>,amino butyric acid in tomato

β,amino butyric acid (BABA) induced resistance against?Meloigogyne?spp in tomato. Significantly (p?= 0.05) less, 41.11 second stage juveniles (J2) enter the roots of treated than, 116.66 J2 in untreated control plants. Root fresh and dry weight (Rfw, Rdw) were 2.87 and 0.12 g in treated compared with 4.78 and 0.30 g in nematode infected control plants respectively, 30 d after nematode inoculation. Sfw and Sdw were 8.62 and 0.60 g compared with 3.94 and 0.22 g in control plants. Foliage spray at 40 and 20 mM of BABA was more effective than 10 and 5 mM treatments. The former two concentrations recorded the lowest, average gall index, 2.11 compared with 3.33, 4.11, and 5 for the latter two concentrations and nematode infected control respectively. Results also indicated that treatments with BABA prior to nematode inoculation were superior in inducing resistance toMeloidogyne?spp over treatment at the time or after nematode inoculation.

PHOTO-INDUCED DOPED POLYANILINE BY THE VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE AND METHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER AS PHOTO ACID GENERATOR

The emeraldine base form of polyaniline (PANI) can be doped by a photo-induced doping method. In this method a. copolymer of vinylidene chloride and methyl acrylate (VCMAC) was used as photo acid generator which can release proton when it is exposed to ultraviolet light (lambda = 254 nm). The structure of PANI-VCMAC system before and after irradiation was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, XTP, anti SEM images. Results obtained indicate that the photo-induced doping characteristics, such as doping position and type of charge carriers, are similar to that of PANI doped with HCl. The poor room-temperature conductivity (similar to 10-S-5/cm) of PANI-VCMAC system after irradiation may be due to low doping degree (similar to pH=3) and the difference in morphology as compared with PANI-HCl film.

Mitochondrial and nuclear damages and caspase-3 expression in the hippicampal CA3 region of rats with kainic acid induced statuse pilepticus

BACKGROUND: Some scholars believed that the neuronal injury after status epilepticus is apoptosis, the main evidence is the changes of expressions of various apoptosis related genes, such as immediate-early gene, p53 gene and genes of bcl-2 family, etc. But there is still no ultrastructural evidence for apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the ultrastructural damages of mitochondrion and nucleus and the changes of caspase expression in neurons of hippocampal CA3 region in rats with status epilepticus induced by kainic acid. DESIGN: A randomized controlled study. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. MATERIALS: Seventy-five adult male Wistar rats of 250-300 g, clean degree, were provided by the experimental animal center of Shandong University. Kainic acid was purchased from Sigma Company (USA); rabbit anti-rat polyclonal antibody caspase-3 from Santa Cruz Company (USA). METHODS: The experiments were carried out in the Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from October 2005 to February 2006. ① The 75 rats were randomly divided into experimental group (n =45) and control group (n =30). ② Model establishment, convulsion grading and the judging standards for status epilepticus: Rats in the experimental group were given intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid (10 mg/kg), and those in the control group were injected with saline of the same volume. The time of seizure was recorded and their behavioral manifestations were observed, and the seizure was terminated by intraperitoneal injection of diazepam (10 mg/kg). ③ Observation under electron microscope: At 3, 12 and 24 hours after status epilepticus respectively, bilateral hippocampal tissues were taken out, semithin sections of about 75 nm were prepared after fixation, dehydration and embedding, and then observed under H-800 transmission electron microscope. ④ Immunohistochemical detection: Bilateral hippocampi were removed at 3, 12 and 24 hours after status epilepticus respectively, the fixation, dehydration, transparence, wax immersion and embedding were performed, then serial sections of CA3 region were immunohistochemically determined by the SABC method. Leica QWinV3 image analytical software was applied, then the average number and average gray value of positive cells were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of observation under electron microscope, that of immunohistochemical staining of neurons in hippocampal CA3 region; Comparison of number of caspase-3 positive cells and gray value. RESULTS: All the 75 Wistar rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Results of observation under electron microscope: At 3 hours after status epilepticus, swelling crista and membranous disintegration were observed under electron microscope. At 24 hours, obvious nuclear changes occurred, and manifested as the side-aggegation of chromatins. ② Results of immunohistochemical detection: In the experimental group, the number of caspase-3 positive cells at 3 hours after status epilepticus had no obvious difference as compared with that in the control group (P > 0.05); At 12 hours, the number and gray value of caspase-3 positive cells in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group (10.49±0.68 vs. 5.33±0.43; 45.57±2.27 vs. 19.79±0.33, P < 0.05), the same results were also observed at 24 hours (37.36±0.57 vs. 5.12±0.47; 115.24±1.22 vs. 18.73±0.42, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In the rat models of status epilepticus induced by kainic acid, mitochondrial damage was earlier than the increase of caspase-3 expression and nuclear changes, which suggested that mitochondrion was the key link for the neuronal death after status epilepticus.

Lead Induced Disorders in Hematopoietic and DrugMetabolizing Enzyme System and Their Protection by Ascorbic Acid Supplementation

Effect of vitamin C supplementation in restoring lead induced alterations in hematopoietic system and drug metabolizing enzymes were investigated in male rats. Intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg lead produced a significant inhibition of heme synthesis in blood and liver and drug metabolism in liver. Toxic insult by lead also resulted into a marked decline in tissue thiols and vitamin C levels. Oral supplementation of vitamin C (100 mg/kg for 3 days) completely restored blood delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, uroporphyrinogen I synthetase and a few drug metabolizing enzymes. Level of vitamin C and sulfhydryl contents too recovered to a great extent. A marked reduction in blood and liver lead concentration occurred on vitamin C supplementation although renal lead contents were marginally reduced in lead exposed animals. The results, thus, indicate a significant protective action of vitamin C against toxic effects of lead on heme synthesis and drug metabolism.

THE STUDY ON POST-REMISSION THERAPIES IN PATIENTS WITH APL AFTER COMPLETE REMISSION INDUCED BY ALL-TRANS RETINOIC ACID

As to determine the effect of post-remission therapy in prolonging survival and duration of remission after complete remission, 50 patients with APL In complete remission Induced by retinolc acid (RA) were divided into three groups randomly: (A) 30 cases, treated by alternate chemotherapy with RA; (B) 10 cases, with RA alone; (C) 10 cases, only with chemotherapy.The survival curves showed mat Group A had the survival time more than 1 year In 87. 4 %, more than 2 year in 80.7%. 26/30 cases were survival and still in remission, the survival curve tend to be a plateau at 16 months. In Group B more than 1 year in 45. 7%. In Group C, more than 1 year In 50%. (Keplan-Meler x2 = 8. 93 P <0. 01).This result showed that the alternate chemotherapy with RA for post- Induction remission therapy could be useful to Improve long-term survivors and to prolong the duration of remission.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE DIFFERENTIATION HPV16 SUBGENES-IMMORTALIZED HUMAN ENDOCERVICAL CELLS INDUCED BY ALL-TRANS-RETINOIC ACID

Objective： To investigate the differentiation-inducing effects of all-trans-retinoic （ATRA） to HPV16 subgenesimmortalized human l：ndocervical cells （H8 cell） in vitro. Methods： HPV16 subgenes-immortalized human endocervical cells （H8 cells） were cultured in vitro. After treated with ATRA, the proliferation of immortalized human endocervical cells was measured by MTT assay; morphological changes were observed using M and TEM; cell cycle was analyzed by FCM; expression of Ki67 was tested using immunocytochemistry and the activity of telomerase was tested using PCR-ELISA. Results： ATRA could inhibit proliferation of H8 cells significantly and induce their morphodifferentiation. According to FCM, H8 cells accumulated in G1 phase and expression of Ki67 and activity of telomerase reduced significantly after treatment with ATRA. Conclusion： ATRA could induce the differentiation of H8 cell line obviously, which might be achieved by inhibiting proliferation, blocking cell cycle, and reducing activity of telomerase.

Erosion resistance of treated dust soils based on the combined enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation and polyacrylic acid

The majority of cities worldwide are grappling with the challenge of dust pollution.Recently,the application potential of enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation(EICP),a novel environmentally friendly method,for dust control has been convincingly demonstrated.However,the long-term durability of EICP treatment is consistently a significant concern,particularly in regions prone to recurrent erosion caused by rainfall.As a result,the erosion durability of the EICP-treated dust soils requires further investigation.To address this,Polyacrylic acid(PAA)was added to the cementation solution in this study as the combined PAA and EICP treatment for dust control.The results showed that the addition of PAA slightly affected urea degradation;however,the combined PAA and EICP treatment significantly improved surface strength from 300 kPa to 500 kPa,especially for the wind-erosion resistance compared with the EICP treatment alone.The surface strength of samples treated with the combined PAA and EICP still exhibited a decrease due to repeated rainfall erosion,along with a reduction in calcium carbonate(CaCO_(3))contents.Nevertheless,the decreasing slopes of surface strength(k=13.434,14.002,or 14.186)in response to repeated rainfall for EICP-PAA-treated slopes were much smaller than those for EICP-treated samples(k=14.271),as well as the decreasing slopes of CaCO_(3)contents,which suggested the slopes with the combined treatment had significantly improved durability.By comparing the cementation effect and the influence of repeated rainfalls on treated dust samples,the EICP-PAA(50 g/L)treatment achieved better dust control effects.Overall,the combined treatment of EICP-PAA shows promising potential for effectively suppressing dust generation and enhancing erosion durability.

Determination of Amino Acids in an Individual Erythrocyteby Capillary Electrophoresis with Intracellular FITC-derivatization and Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection

A novel approach for analysis of amino acids in individual erythrocytes was established. In this method, the derivatization reagent was introduced into the living cells by electroporation. After derivatization, the amino acids in a single cell were determined by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Generation of male germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells （iPS cells）： an in vitro and in vivo study

Recent studies have reported that induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells from mice and humans can differentiate into primordial germ cells. However, whether iPS cells are capable of producing male germ cells is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the differentiation potential of mouse iPS cells into spermatogonial stem cells and late-stage male germ cells. We used an approach that combines in vitrodifferentiation and in vivotransplantation. Embryoid bodies （EBs） were obtained from iPS cells using leukaemia inhibitor factor （LIF）-free medium. Quantitative PCR revealed a decrease in Oct4 expression and an increase in StraSand Vasa mRNA in the EBs derived from iPS cells, iPS cell-derived EBs were induced by retinoic acid to differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells （SSCs）, as evidenced by their expression of VASA, as well as CDH1 and GFRal, which are markers of SSCs. Furthermore, these germ cells derived from iPS cells were transplanted into recipient testes of mice that had been pre-treated with busulfan. Notably, iPS cell-derived SSCs were able to differentiate into male germ cells ranging from spermatogonia to round spermatids, as shown by VASA and SCP3 expression. This study demonstrates that iPS cells have the potential to differentiate into late-stage male germ cells. The derivation of male germ cells from iPS cells has potential applications in the treatment of male infertility and provides a model for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying male germ cell development.

Pharmacologic inducers of the uric acid exporter ABCG2 as potential drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis

Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism and its plasma levels are maintained below its maximum solubility in water(6–7 mg/dl).The plasma levels are tightly regulated as the balance between the rate of production and the rate of excretion,the latter occurring in urine(kidney),bile(liver)and feces(intestinal tract).Reabsorption in kidney is also an important component of this process.Both excretion and reabsorption are mediated by specific transporters.Disruption of the balance between production and excretion leads to hyperuricemia,which increases the risk of uric acid crystallization as monosodium urate with subsequent deposition of the crystals in joints causing gouty arthritis.Loss-of-function mutations in the transporters that mediate uric acid excretion are associated with gout.The ATP-Binding Cassette exporter ABCG2 is important in uric acid excretion at all three sites:kidney(urine),liver(bile),and intestine(feces).Mutations in this transporter cause gout and these mutations occur at significant prevalence in general population.However,mutations that are most prevalent result only in partial loss of transport function.Therefore,if the expression of these partially defective transporters could be induced,the increased number of the transporter molecules would compensate for the mutation-associated decrease in transport function and hence increase uric acid excretion.As such,pharmacologic agents with ability to induce the expression of ABCG2 represent potentially a novel class of drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis.

A Triterpenoid Inhibited Hormone-Induced Adipocyte Differentiation and Alleviated Dexamethasone-Induced Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

6a-Hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-on-28-oic acid(1),a natural triterpenoid,was found to possess the ability in a dose-dependent manner inhibiting hormone-induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes,and restoring glucose consuming ability in dexamethasone(DXM)-induced insulin resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Compound 1 was also found to ameliorate DXM-induced adipocyte dysfunction in lipolysis and adipokine secretion.Mechanistic studies revealed that 1 inhibited adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via down-regulating hormone-stimulated gene transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor c and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha which are key factors in lipogenesis,and restored DXM-impaired glucose consuming ability in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes via repairing insulin signaling pathway and activating down-stream signaling transduction by phosphorylation of signaling molecules PI3K/p85,Akt2 and AS160,thus leading to increased translocation of glucose transporter type 4 and transportation of glucose.