Overexpression of PbrGA2ox1 enhances pear drought tolerance through the regulation of GA_(3)-inhibited reactive oxygen species detoxification and abscisic acid signaling

Drought stress is a devastating natural disaster driven by the continuing intensification of global warming,which seriously threatens the productivity and quality of several horticultural crops,including pear.Gibberellins(GAs)play crucial roles in plant growth,development,and responses to drought stress.Previous studies have shown significant reductions of GA levels in plants under drought stress;however,our understanding of the intrinsic regulation mechanisms of GA-mediated drought stress in pear remains very limited.Here,we show that drought stress can impair the accumulation of bioactive GAs(BGAs),and subsequently identified PbrGA2ox1 as a chloroplast-localized GA deactivation gene.This gene was significantly induced by drought stress and abscisic acid(ABA)treatment,but was suppressed by GA_(3)treatment.PbrGA2ox1-overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants(Nicotiana benthamiana)exhibited enhanced tolerance to dehydration and drought stresses,whereas knock-down of PbrGA2ox1 in pear(Pyrus betulaefolia)by virus-induced gene silencing led to elevated drought sensitivity.Transgenic plants were hypersensitive to ABA,and had a lower BGAs content,enhanced reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging ability,and augmented ABA accumulation and signaling under drought stress compared to wild-type plants.However,the opposite effects were observed with PbrGA2ox1 silencing in pear.Moreover,exogenous GA_(3)treatment aggravated the ROS toxic effect and restrained ABA synthesis and signaling,resulting in the compromised drought tolerance of pear.In summary,our results shed light on the mechanism by which BGAs are eliminated in pear leaves under drought stress,providing further insights into the mechanism regulating the effects of GA on the drought tolerance of plants.

OsbZIP53 Negatively Regulates Immunity Response by Involving in Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Metabolism in Rice

The basic region/leucine zipper(bZIP)transcription factors play important roles in plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.OsbZIP53 regulates resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in rice by analyzing APIP5-RNAi transgenic plants.To further investigate the biological functions of OsbZIP53,we generated osbzip53 mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 editing and also constructed OsbZIP53 over-expression transgenic plants.Comprehensive analysis of phenotypical,physiological,and transcriptional data showed that knocking-out OsbZIP53 not only improved disease resistance by inducing a hypersensitivity response in plants,but also regulated the immune response through the salicylic acid pathway.Specifically,disrupting OsbZIP53 increased H2O2 accumulation by promoting reactive oxygen species generation through up-regulation of several respiratory burst oxidase homologs(Osrboh genes)and weakened H2O2 degradation by directly targeting OsMYBS1.In addition,the growth of osbzip53 mutants was seriously impaired,while OsbZIP53 over-expression lines displayed a similar phenotype to the wild type,suggesting that OsbZIP53 has a balancing effect on rice immune response and growth.

Design of the reactive dyes containing large planar multi-conjugated systems and their application in non-aqueous dyeing

The development of pollution-free dyeing technology, including anhydrous dyeing and non-aqueous dyeing technologies, has always been an important way and research hot in energy conservation and emission reduction. Designing new structural dye molecules is the key to water-saving dyeing processes.Herein, three reactive dyes were designed and synthesized, which contained large planar multiconjugated systems and multi-reactive groups. The designed reactive dyes are expected to have high affinity and high fixations in non-aqueous or small bath dyeing processes. The reactive dyes were applied in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane(DMCS) reverse micelle dyeing for cotton fabric. High exhaustion rate of 99.35%, 98.10% and 98.80%, and fixation rate of 95.15%, 96.34% and 94.40% for three dyes, R1,R2 and R3, could be respectively obtained. The dyes can be fully utilized and had excellent dyeing performance, fastness and levelling properties under the revere micelle dyeing. The cotton fabric is like an oil-water separator in the dyeing process, where the dye micelles rapidly absorb and permeate into the cotton fibers. DMCS circulates around the fabric to transfer mass and energy. After dyeing, the solvent can be separated quickly and reused. The new reactive dyes containing large planar and multi-conjugated systems have potential application in green and sustainable dyeing technology with less wastewater and higher utilization.

Procion MX Dyes在彩色蜡染制作工艺中的应用研究

文章以彩色蜡染制作工艺为研究对象,将文献研究法与实践相结合,从画蜡技巧、上色与固色原理、艺术表现技巧等方面解读Procion MX Dyes在彩色蜡染制作工艺中的应用原则和技巧。借助Procion MX Dyes的应用,提升了彩色蜡染的艺术表现力和使用价值,为蜡染产业的发展提供了可行性参考。

One-step crosslinking preparation of tannic acid particles for the adsorption and separation of cationic dyes

In this study,a new tannic acid adsorbent(ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether crosslinked tannic acid,TAEGDE)for adsorptive removal of dyes from water was prepared using EGDE as a cross-linking agent.The resultant TA-EGDE was in particulate form with rough surface morphology and a diameter ranging from 10 to 30μm.The adsorption performance of the TA-EGDE was evaluated in a flow-through mode using water samples contaminated with methylene blue(MB)and two-component mixed dyes,respectively.The TA-EGDE provided adsorption capacity up to 721.8 mg·g^(-1)at 65°C for MB.It showed a high removal efficiency(99%)of MB(50 mg·L^(-1))from the water sample and could recovery 90%of the adsorbed MB by eluting with acidic ethanol aqueous solution.The excellent adsorption of MB and neutral red on the TA-EGDE may be the result of the synergy of electrostatic interaction andπ-πinteraction.Furthermore,the TA-EGDE could separate dyes from water samples contaminated with twocomponent mixed dyes with a separation coefficient ranging from 1.8 to 36.5.The anionic TA-EGDE would be an effective adsorbent to remove and recycle dyes from the contaminated water.

Intensified reactive extraction of 4-hydroxypyridine with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in 1-octanol by using tributyl phosphate

The efficient separation of amphoteric organic compounds from dilute solutions is of great importance in the industrial field. In the present work, the reactive extractions of 4-hydroxypyridine(4-HP) with tributyl phosphate(TBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid(D2EHPA) and TBP + D2EHPA dissolved in 1-octanol were investigated, respectively. The influences of the initial concentrations of TBP, D2EHPA and TBP + D2EHPA on distribution ratio(D) were discussed, as well as the reactive extraction mechanism were proposed. The obvious intensification effect was observed when the mixture of TBP and D2EHPA was used as extractant. The best extraction conditions were found to be of the molar ratio of D2EHPA and TBP at 2:1 and the equilibrium aqueous pH at 3.50-4.50. D values increased with the increase of the total concentration of TBP and D2EHPA in 1-octanol. Especially, the analysis on the extraction mechanisms clearly indicate(i) TBP in 1-octanol shows negligible reactive extraction toward 4-HP,(ii) D2EHPA in 1-octanol exhibits moderate extraction effect by forming 4-HP:D2EHPA(1:1) and 4-HP:2D2EHPA(1:2) type complexes, while(iii) D2EHPA in TBP/1-octanol demonstrates the maximum distribution ratio with the 4-HP:D2EHPA(1:1) type complex domination. The discussion provides new insights on the mechanism and opens a new way for the intensified extraction of amphoteric organic compounds by using the mixture of multiple extractants in the diluent.

Decolorization of reactive dyes by laccase immobilized in alginate/gelatin blent with PEG

To achieve effective decolorization of reactive dyes,laccase immobilization was investigated.Laccase 0.2%(m/V)(Denilite IIS) was trapped in beads of alginate/gelatin blent with polyethylene glycol(PEG),and then the supporters were activated by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde.The results of repeated batch decolorization showed that gelatin and appropriate concentration of glutaraldehyde accelerated the decolorization of Reactive Red B-3BF(RRB);PEG had a positive effect on enzyme stability and led to an inc...

Comparison of four supports for adsorption of reactive dyes by immobilized Aspergillus fumigatus beads

Four materials, sodium carboxymethylcellulose （Na-CMC）, sodium alginate （SA）, polyvinyl alcohol （PVA）, and chitosan （CTS）, were prepared as supports for entrapping fungus Aspergillusfumigatus. The adsorption of synthetic dyes, Reactive Brilliant Blue KN- R, and Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP, by these immobilized gel beads and plain gel beads was evaluated. The adsorption efficiencies of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by CTS immobilized beads were 89.1% and 93.5% in 12 h, respectively. The adsorption efficiency by Na-CMC immobilized beads was slightly lower than that of mycelial pellets. But the dye culture mediums were almost completely decolorized in 48 h using the above-mentioned two immobilized beads （exceeding 95%）. The adsorption efficiency by SA immobilized beads exceeded 92% in 48 h. PVA-SA immobilized beads showed the lowest adsorption efficiency, which was 79.8% for Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and 92.5% for Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R in 48 h. Comparing the adsorption efficiency by plain gel beads, Na-CMC plain gel beads ranked next to CTS ones. SA and PVA-SA plain gel beads hardly had the ability of adsorbing dyes. Subsequently, the growth of mycelia in Na-CMC and SA immobilized beads were evaluated. The biomass increased continuously in 72 h. The adsorption capacity of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP and Reactive Brilliant Blue KN-R by Na-CMC immobilized beads was 78.0 and 86.7 mg/g, respectively. The SEM micrographs show that the surface structure of Na-CMC immobilized bead is loose and finely porous, which facilitates diffusion of the dyes.

Application of Tertiary Amine Cationic Polyacrylamide with High Cationic Degree in Salt-free Dyeing of Reactive Dyes

Tertiary amine cationic polyacrylamide with high cationization degree was used as a new cationic agent to pretreat cotton with dip-pad-bake method. The obtained cationic cotton was dyed with reactive dyes in the ab-sence of electrolyte. The effects of the characteristics of the cationic agent and the pretreatment conditions on dye-ability of reactive dye were investigated. The results showed that the fixation and K/S values of the reactive dyes on the cationic cotton were improved compared with those on the untreated one in the presence of salt. Tests on fast-ness properties of the dyed cotton and fabric quality of the pretreated cotton were carried out and the results showed that wash and rub fastness of the salt-free dyeing were both satisfactory. And anti-crease property,tensile and tear strength,and handling of the cationic cotton were also good compared with that of the untreated one.

Effect of functional groups on sludge for biosorption of reactive dyes

The sludge, which was collected from a biological coke wastewater treatment plant, was used as a low-cost adsorbent in the removal of reactive dyes （Methylene Blue （MB） and Reactive Red 4 （RR4）） from aqueous solution. The pH of dye solution played an important role on the dye uptake. With the solution pH increase, the MB uptake increased; whereas the RR4 uptake decreased. The maximum uptake of RR4 by protonated sludge was 73.7 mg/g at pH 1, and the maximum uptake of MB by sludge was 235.3 mg/g at pH 9. Three functional groups, including carboxyl, phosphonate, and amine group, were identified by potentiometric titration, fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The anionic functional groups, phosphonate and carboxyl group, were identified as the binding sites for the cationic MB. Amine groups were identified to bind RR4. The main mechanism of the reactive dyestuffs adsorption is electrostatic interaction.

Preparation of Reactive Bright Blue Rare Earth Dyestuffs and Their Spectra Properties

Reactive bright blue rare earth dyestuffs were prepared by using reactive bright blue and lanthanum oxide,praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, lutetium oxide, yttrium oxide respectively for dyeing silk cloth.The degree of dyeing of reactive bright blue praseodymium and the degree of fixation of reactive bright blue gadolinium are the biggest, and 22.9% and 7 %are increased with that of reactive bright blue respectively.The spectra of reactive bright blue rare earth and reactive bright blue were studied by UV-VIS.In 200.00 ～ 800.00 nm, reactive bright blue has four absorption peaks, reactive bright blue rare earth has three absorption peaks; in 420.00 ～ 760.00 nm, reactive bright blue has two absorption peaks at 661.50 nm and 625.50 nm, respectively, and λmax is 661.50 nm; reactive bright blue rare earth has one absorption peak at 620.50, 618.00, 622.00, 623.00, 622.50, 619.50, 619.00, 621.00, 624.00, 620.00 nm adding La3+ ,Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, Er3+, Lu3+, Y3+respectively.

Adsorption of Reactive Dyes on Activated Carbon Developed from <i>Enteromorpha prolifera</i>

Activated carbon was prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera by zinc chloride activation. The adsorption behaviors of three reactive dyes (Reactive Red 23, Reactive Blue 171 and Reactive Blue 4) onto this biomass activated carbon were investigated in batch systems. The experimental findings showed that the removal efficiencies of three dyes onto activated carbon were maximum at the initial solution pH of 4.5 - 6.0. Thermodynamic studies suggested that adsorption reaction was an endothermic and spontaneous process. Adsorption isotherm of the three dyes obeyed Freundlich isotherm modal. Dye adsorption capacities of activated carbon were 59.88, 71.94 and 131.93 mg·g?1 for RR23, RB171 and RB4 at 27?C, respectively. Second-order kinetic models fitted better to the equilibrium data of three dyes. The adsorption process on activated carbon was mainly controlled by intraparticle diffusion mechanism.

REACTIVE DYES CONTAINING(N-METHYL-β-SULFOETHYLAMINO)ETHYLSULFONYL GROUPS FOR SILK FIBRES

Silk dyeing with several classes of reactive dyes was studied.A class of reactive dyes con-taining(N-methyl-β-sulfoethylamino)ethylsulfonyl groups for silk is presented.A new method forintroducing such a reactive group and a kinetic studies on the reaction mechanism involved are pro-posed.A kinetic isotopic effect on dyeing mechanism with silk is discussed and the optimum dyeingtechniques recommended.Dyeing or printing was carried out in neutral media;brilliant shades,goodfastness,high fixation and excellent storage stability are given.

Enhanced degradation of reactive dyes using a novel carbon ceramic electrode based on copper nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes

A novel carbon ceramic electrode consisting of Cu NPs and MWCNT was developed to treat reactive orange 84(RO84) wastewater using ultrasound-assisted electrochemical degradation. The proposed electrode generated more hydroxyl radicals than non-nanoparticle electrodes did. In addition, a new electrochemical sensor was applied to determine residue RO84 in an aqueous medium during discoloration. This sensor is based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with gold nanourchins and graphene oxide and can detect RO84 concentration in the range of 1.0–1200 μmol·L^-1 with the detection limit of 0.03 μmol·L^-1. The degradation effects of the modified electrode on RO84 were evaluated systematically with different initial pH values, time durations, and amounts of Cu NPs and MWCNT. The results suggested that the removal efficiency of RO84 was approximately 83% after120 min of electrolysis in a phosphate buffer with pH 8.0 using a carbon ceramic electrode made with 4.0 wt%Cu NPs and 4.0 wt% MWCNT. The possible mechanism of RO84 degradation was monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and degradation pathways were proposed.

Photocatalytic decolourization of reactive dyes

The photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes with solar-irradiated TiO2 was investigated in these experiments which showed that: (1)the decolourization efficiency are determined by pH value, catalyst amount and light intensity; (2) the reactive dyes decolourized rapidly (cleavageld be biologically degradated more easily, the toxicity decreased considerably after photodegradation.The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic process would become an efficient and safe method for colour wastewater treatment and would be very useful for explaining the reaction mechanism and decolourising structure-reactivity relationship. of the azo linkage), but the intermediates needed more time to transform to further degradation products, and finally to produce CO2; (3) the main products were identified to be alkanes and alkyl amines which cou

Determining Compatibilities of Reactive Dyes in Pad Dyeing

Compatibilities of reactive dyes were conventionally shown by exhausting curves. But the change of proportion of dyes in padding dyebath was difficult for pad dyeing to be described by these curves. In this paper, a kind of simulation of pad dyeing process was used to determine dyestuff compatibility in pad dyeing for ramie and linen fabrics. Seven reactive dyes were divided into three groups and tested., The group with Cibacron Yellow C - 2R, Red C - R, and Blue C - R showed very good compatibility both for ramie and linen,and the other two groups of dyes gave out correspondingly low compatibilities in the pad dyeing tests. The results of the method for determining the compatibility of dyes displayed good consistency with the actul pad dyeing process.

Trichromatic Combination Foam Dyeing of Cotton Using Reactive Dyes

In order to investigate the optimal foam dyeing process and the compatibility of trichromatic reactive dyes in foam dyeing,varying proportions of ternary mixtures of Remazol Red RGB,Remazol Yellow RGB and Remazol Navy RGB have been used to dye bleached cotton fabric.The results showed that,the optimal dyeing condition in foam dyeing was alkaline agent 15 g/L,stabilizers 0.7g/L,blow ratio 8,and steaming time 1.5 min,respectively.Compared with conventional pad-dyeing,color strength and fixation rate of dyed fabric were higher than those of conventional paddyeing,the dyed fabric had the same washing and rubbing fastness as conventional pad-dyeing and the color shade of dyed fabric was different from that of conventional pad-dyeing.The color triangle,which consisted of 66 dyed fabric samples dyed with trichromatic reactive dyes in different proportions,could provide foundation for computer colorant formulation of the color matching system.

Preparation and Spectra Properties of Reactive Blue Rare Earth Dyestuffs

Reactive blue rare earth dyestuffs were prepared by using reactive blue and lanthanum oxide, praseodymium oxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, erbium oxide, lutetium oxide and yttrium oxide respectively for dyeing silk cloth. The degrees of dyeing of reactive blue gadolinium and fixation of reactive blue neodymium were the biggest respectively, were 84.83% and 97.96 respectively, were 24.13% and 8.36% were increased with that of reactive blue respectively. The spectra of reactive blue rare earths and reactive blue were studied by UV-VIS. In 200.00～800.00 nm, the λmax of reactive blue, reactive blue lanthanum, reactive blue praseodymium, reactive blue neodymium, reactive blue samarium, reactive blue europium, reactive blue gadolinium, reactive blue terbium, reactive blue dysprosium, reactive blue erbium, reactive blue lutetium and reactive blue yttrium are 599.00, 600.00, 602.00, 601.00, 600.00, 600.50, 600.50, 601.00, 600.00, 600.50, 599.50 and 600.50 nm respectively. Reactive blue lanthanum, reactive blue praseodymium, reactive blue neodymium, reactive blue samarium, reactive blue europium, reactive blue gadolinium, reactive blue terbium, reactive blue dysprosium, reactive blue erbium, reactive blue lutetium, reactive blue yttrium and reactive blue had almost same color.

Biotransformation of Carmoisine and Reactive Black 5 Dyes Using <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) is the most important industrial microorganisms. This yeast is commonly used as a leavening agent in baking bread and bakery products, where it produces carbon dioxide from converting of the fermentable sugars present in the dough. Nowadays, industrial and chemical activities led to produce new compounds with new kinds of contamination in the environment. Discharge of untreated or partially treated industrial sewage has created the contamination problems of rivers and lakes such as drugs, oil, heavy metals, paints, pesticides and various chemical compounds in them. Hence, it is necessary to control and reduce the levels of these compounds in wastewater and bring them to permissible values. This study aims to study the bioconversion potential of commonly available Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the two textile dyes of Carmoisine and Reactive Black 5. Reaction mixtures for biotransformation of dyes included 50 mg/l Carmoisine or 25 mg/l Reactive Black 5 and 1% dried harvested cells of S. cerevisiae (bread’s yeast) were tested. Harvested dry and wet yeast were studied for this purpose. The results show that harvested cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are able to bioconvert Carmoisine and Reactive Black 5. Reactive Black 5, Carmoisine are degraded by biotransformation 85% and 53% within 24 hours in water at the room temperature.

Comparative Study on Dyeing of Cotton, Modal and Lyocell Fabrics Using Bifunctional and Polyfunctional Reactive Dyes

Polyfunctional reactive dyes have been introduced by the renowned dye manufacturers in the recent years for better exhaustion and fixation performance. This paper deals with evaluation of the dyeing performance of three cellulosic fibres namely cotton, modal and lyocell with polyfunctional (Avitera Cardinal SE) reactive dye in comparison a bifunctional-(Novacron Brilliant Red FN-3GL) reactive dye. The purpose of this study is to achieve a better understanding of exhaustion and fixation behaviour in dyeing of cotton, modal and lyocell fibres using these two types of reactive dyes. The dyeing was carried out at four different shade% (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%). Besides studying exhaustion (%) and fixation (%) along with K/S values of dyed fabrics, several other quality parameters e.g. bursting strength, pilling resistance and colour fastness to wash were also examined. Finally, the optimum combination among the three types of cellulosic fabrics and two types of reactive dyes was observed. Lyocell fabric and polyfunctional reactive dyes have been found more sustainable.