Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean

Subject Code:D06With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a collaborative study by the research groups led by Prof.Chen Liqi(陈立奇)from the Key Laboratory of Global Chang and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry(GCMAC)of State Oceanic Administration of China(SOA),Third Institute

Effects of feeding untreated, pasteurized and acidified waste milk and bunk tank milk on the performance, serum metabolic profiles, immunity, and intestinal development in Holstein calves

Background: The present experiment was performed to assess the effects of different sources of milk on the growth performance, serum metabolism, immunity, and intestinal development of calves. Eighty-four Holstein male neonatal calves were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: those that received bunk tank milk(BTM), untreated waste milk(UWM), pasteurized waste milk(PWM), and acidified waste milk(AWM) for 21 d.Results: Calves in the BTM and AWM groups consumed more starter(P < 0.05) than those in the UWM group.Average daily gain in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves exhibited the highest(P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, growth hormone, immunoglobulin(Ig) A and Ig M concentrations in the UWM group, highest malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-α in the PWM group(P < 0.05), and highest glutathione peroxidase and Ig G in the BTM group(P < 0.05). The jejunum and ileum of the calves in all treatments presented a slight inflammatory response. The jejunal inflammation scores were higher(P < 0.05) in the UWM and AWM groups than the BTM group; the ileal inflammation scores increased more(P < 0.05) in the AWM group than the BTM group. Jejunal immunohistochemical scores(IHS) were higher(P < 0.05) in the PWM and AWM groups than the BTM group. Compared to the other three groups, calves feeding on BTM had lower(P < 0.05) ileal IHS. Jejunal interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression in the UWM group was the highest(P < 0.05). Calves fed AWM increased(P < 0.05) mRNA expression of IL-8 and toll like receptor 4(TLR-4) in the jejunum and IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes.Conclusions: Overall, bunk tank milk is the best choice for calf raising compared to waste milk. The efficiency of feeding pasteurized and acidified waste milk are comparable, and the acidification of waste milk is an acceptable labor-saving and diarrhea-preventing feed for young calves.

Effects of Microencapsulated Compound Acidifier on Acidity and Development of Gastrointestinal Tract in Weaning Piglets

The effects of different types of compound acidifiers （encapsulated and non-encapsulated） in maize-soybean basic diets on acidity and development of the gastrointestinal tract in weaning piglets were investigated in this study. 64 28-day-old weaned Landrace x Yorkshire hybrid piglets with average weight of （7.00 ±0.10） kg were selected and grouped into four treatments with four pigs （ half boars and half sows） in each repeat of four repeats in each treatment based on single-factor test design principles, and the pre-test period was 3 days but the test period was 35 days. The results showed that compared with acid-free diet group, encapsulated compound acidifier could reduce pH of stomach and intestinal in weaning piglets significantly （P 〈 0.01 ）, while Test group 1 could also increase the relative weight of stomach and intestinal in piglets significantly （P 〈 0.05 ）. Compared with non-encapsulated acidifier, encapsulated compound acidifier could greatly decrease pH in jejunum and ileum of weaning piglets （ P 〈 0.05） or relative weight of stomach in piglets （ P〈0.05）, while Test group 1 could also enhance the relative weight of intestinal in piglets significantly （ P 〈0.01 ）. In addition, encapsulated compound acidifiers significantly increased the ratio between the villus height and crypt depth of jejunum （ P 〈0.01 ）. Accordingly, the microencapsulated compound acidifier in diets of weaning piglets can promote the development of gastrointestinal tracts for piglets by reducing pH of gastrointestinal tracts.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the esterification of acidified oil catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resin

This study describes the kinetics and thermodynamics of the esterification of acidified oil with methanol catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resins（SCER）. The effects of the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil,reaction temperature,and catalyst loading were studied to optimize the conditions for maximum conversion of free fatty acids（FFAs）. The results showed that the optimal conversion rate of FFAs was 91.87% at the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil of 2.5：1.0,reaction temperature of 65.0 °C,catalyst loading of 5.0 g and reaction time of 8.0 h. The external and internal mass transfer resistances were negligible based on the experimental results and a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was proposed for the esterification. The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters including G,S and H were determined. The conversion rates of FFAs obtained from the established model were in good agreement with the experimental data.

Impact of ocean acidification on physiology and microbiota in hepatopancreas of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

The hepatopancreas is an important tissue involved in various biological metabolism for mollusks,but its responses to ocean acidifi cation(OA)have not been well evaluated.In this study,the oysters were cultured in simulated conditions by continuously bubbling with ambient air(pH=8.10)or air-CO_(2)(pH=7.50)for up to two months,and the variations on the antioxidant capacity,digestive ability,and microbiota composition in hepatopancreas of Crassostrea gigas were analyzed.The results show that although superoxide dismutase and glutathione responded quickly to OA stress,the antioxidant capacity of the hepatopancreas was inhibited,as revealed by the decrease of the total antioxidant capacity,which led to an upward trend of the malondialdehyde,demonstrating that the oxidative damages were accumulated under the OA process.The determination of the digestive ability manifested as the decrease of pepsin activity and the recovery of lipase and amylase activity after long-term acidifi cation,which may be helpful to improve the adaptability of oysters.In addition,analysis on 16S rDNA amplicon revealed that the total species abundance and diversity of the hepatopancreas microbiota experienced a dynamic change,but fi nally it decreased greatly after long-term acidifi cation.The structure of the hepatopancreas microbiota was changed drastically with the change of the dominant species from aerobic to the anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria,and the abnormal proliferation of some species,such as genus of Mycoplasma and order Clostridiales,which may aggravate the adverse eff ects of OA on the physiological functions of the hepatopancreas.As a result,our fi ndings enrich our understanding of the accumulated oxidative damage and adaptive digestive ability in oyster hepatopancreas caused by OA.For the fi rst time,the changes of the hepatopancreas microbiota under long-term acidifi cation conditions are described,proving a good reference for the study of the response and adaptation mechanisms of bivalve mollusks in a wide range of oceans OA.

Effect of natural and anthropogenic acidifi cation on aluminium distribution in forest soils of two regions in the Czech Republic

To elucidate the dynamics of aluminium(Al),an element potentially toxic and strongly aff ected by acidifi cation processes,in soils,we selected two regions that were similar in relief,soil types,and vegetation cover but diff ered markedly in their history of acid precipitation:the JizerskéMountains(anthropogenically acidifi ed)and the NovohradskéMountains(naturally acidifi ed)in the Czech Republic.The levels of Al forms(exchangeable and organically bound)associated with diff erent environmental impacts were measured and univalent,divalent and trivalent Al species were quantifi ed using HPLC/IC.Exchangeable and organically bound Al concentrations were higher in the anthropogenically acidifi ed area.Only the concentrations of the leastdangerous species,the univalent,in organic soil horizons were similar for both mountains.The concentrations of exchangeable Al forms were correlated with Ca concentrations and with pH in the organic horizon.The known relationship of Al with soil pH was stronger in the mineral horizons.Relationships of exchangeable Al forms concentrations with sulphur concentrations or even more with the sulphur calcium molar ratio were found only in the JizerskéMountains,not in the Novohradské.Generally,the obtained results support the hypothesis that mechanisms diff ered between natural and anthropogenic acidifi cation.

Temperature and Acidified Solvent Effect on Total Anthocyanins and RP-HPLC Phenolic Acids Determination in Selected Spices

Total anthocyanins of spices (Syzygium aromaticum L., Coriadrum sativum L., Cuminum cyminum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Elettaria cardamomum, Curcuma longa, Rhus coriaria L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Laurus nobilis L.) were determined using acidified (1% HCl) solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) at three temperatures (20℃, 40℃ and 60℃). Also phenolic acids were separated and identified by RP-HPLC. Results showed that sumac and cinnamon had the highest levels of anthocyanins, while for the acetone the cinnamon indicated the highest amount of anthocyanins when methanol and ethanol were used as extracting solvents at 20℃. At 40℃ using ethanol, sumac showed the highest level of anthocyanins whereas acetone solvent yielded the highest anthocyanin contents for cinnamon. At 60℃, cinnamon showed the highest level of anthocyanins when methanol and acetone were the solvents, while sumac had the highest anthocyanins level using ethanol as solvent. HPLC results showed ten phenolic acids found in those spices and varied in their concentrations. Gallic acid had the highest level (1642.3 mg/100g) (cloves). Gentisic acid had the lowest level (1.2 mg/100g) in ginger. Also sumac showed the highest level of chlorogenic acid (1528.7 mg/100g). Some acids were not found in some spices, for instance, benzoic acid was not found in coriander, cumin, ginger, green cardamom, cinnamon and sweet laurel.

Effects of Compound Acidifier and Probiotics on Production Performance,Blood Biochemical Indexes,Antioxidant Indexes and Salmonella Infection of Laying Hens

This study evaluated the effects of compound acidifier and probiotics on production performance, blood biochemical indexes, antioxidant indexes and Salmonella infection of laying hens. A total of 600 50-week-old healthy laying hens with similar laying rate were randomly assigned to four groups, 10 repeats each group, and each repeat contained 15 chickens. The laying hens in control group were fed a basal diet, and in the other three experimental groups were fed basal di- ets supplemented with 300 g/t probiotics, 0. 1% compound acidifier in the drinking water every other day, and 300 g/t probiotics ＋ 0.1% compound aeidifier in the drinking water every other day, respectively. After the feeding of 16 weeks, a total of 60 laying hens from control group were divided into four treatments as the same above for a 13-day long Salmonella challenge （1.3×10^8 CFU） trial. The results were shown as follows： no significant effects were observed on production performance, hemoglobin content, the superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity of reproductive organ in compound acidifier and probiotics groups （ P 〉 0.05 ）. Dirty egg rate was significantly decreased in compound acidifier group, probiotics group and combination group of both （P 〈 0.05 ）. Compared with the control group, white blood cell count in probiotics group was significantly decreased （P 〈0.05 ）, and the immunoglobulin content in probiotics group tended to be increased （P = 0.061 ）. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content in oviduct isthmus of hens in compound acidifier group and combination group was significantly decreased compared with the control group （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The Salmonella positive rate in oviduct of hens in compound acidifier group was significantly decreased at the 7th and 14^th days （ P 〈0.05 ）, but that in probiotics group and combination group was not significantly different compared with control group （ P 〉 0.05 ）. In conclusion, compound acidifier and probiotics can improve health status of laying hens through decreasing the dirty egg rate and increasing antioxidant capacity and immunity of them, thus reducing Salmonella infection of body and eggs.

Milk Replacer Acidification for Free-Access Feeding: Effects on the Performance and Health of Veal Calves

Objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of milk replacer (MR) acidification for free- access feeding on pre- and post-weaning performance, morbidity and mortality of calves. Calves were randomly assigned to free-access feeding of acidified (ACID, n = 31) or non-acidified (NON, n = 31) MR, and weaned at 42 days. ACIDMR was prepared to pH 4.0 - 4.5 using formic acid. Intakes were measured daily and weights weekly. Samples of ACID and NON MR were analyzed for coliform and aerobic bacterial growth. After weaning, calves transitioned to a grain-fed veal diet, weighed every 2 weeks. At slaughter (approximately 6 months of age), lungs were evaluated for gross pathological changes and dressed carcass weights were obtained. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to examine the effects of MR acidification. Differences by treatment group for pre- and post-weaning morbidity and mortality were tested using Pearson’s χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests. ACID calves consumed less MR than NON (10.6 vs. 11.7 L/d, P = 0.02). Acidification tended to promote earlier onset of starter ration consumption (32.0 vs. 39.5 d, hazard ratio = 1.5, P = 0.07), but did not affect average daily starter ration or water intakes across the pre-weaning period. ACID and NON calves did not differ for BW at weaning, pre- or post-weaning ADG or dressed carcass weight. ACID MR had less coliform (P < 0.001) and aerobic bacterial growth (P < 0.001) than NON MR, but odds of disease treatment and mortality did not differ. ACID calves tended to have lower odds of pulmonary lesions during post-mortem inspection than NON calves (OR = 0.3, P = 0.07). These results indicate that under free-access feeding conditions, acidification limited bacterial growth and MR intake, but there were no long-term impacts of acidification on calf performance or health. In conclusion, acidification to pH 4.0 - 4.5 will significantly reduce bacterial growth in milk fed to calves.

Effects of low pH on zooplankton in some suburban waterbodies of Chongqing City

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Prospective Alternatives of Antibiotics in Animal Diet

Antibiotics have been used in animal feeding for long history.In recent years,much attention has been received for their negative effects on animal and human being as well.Technology has been focused on alternatives of antibotics,such as probiotics,oligosaccharides,acidifiers,Chinese herds,chemical drugs,and other environmental measures.Their mechanism,effects,related factors and their prospect in the future were discussed in this paper.

Effects of alkaline ameliorator additions on the acidic buffering abilities of aluminum－rich alfisols

Lime and coal flying ash applications could mitigate pollution from acid deposition and improve the buffering ability of two acidic soils sampled from Zhejiang Province. The results showed that soil alkalinity and acidified buffering capacities (QpHs ) were significantly increased, especially for liming treatment; whereas, the amounts of SO24- adsorbed by treated soils were decreased to some degrees because net negative charges of soil oxide colloidal surfaces were increased with the decrease in soil acidity, although the soil fixation abilities for adsorbed SO24- were not reduced. These facts indicated that after the alkaline ameliorators were applied, the positive and adverse effects resulted from sulfate-type acid deposition were simultaneously existed in these soil treatments.

Effects of Supplementary Acidifiers on Lambs

[ Objective] To provide a reference for understand effects of acidifiers on digestibility of lambs. [Method] Feeding experiment as well as digestion and metabolism experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of supplementing acidifiers on ultra-early weaned lambs. [ Result] Diets of ultra-early weaned lambs supplemented with acidifiers greatly improved their production performance and increased digestibility of feed. However, different acidifier products had certainly various effects on lambs. Acidifier product I increased weight gain, feed conversion ratio and apparent di- gestibility of main nutrients more greatly than acidifier product II did, while the result was contrary in reducing diarrhea incidence. [ Conclusion] Whether the acidifiers can increase digestibility of nutrients or not is still uncertain and needs further studies.

Antimicrobial Activity of Acidified Sodium Chlorite and Cell Free Culture Supernatent of Lactic Acid Bacteria against <i>Salmonella</i>Typhimurium

Most methods used by food industries to decontaminate eggs involve washing of egg surface with various chemicals. In this study, the effectiveness of two organic decontaminants viz., acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) and cell free culture supernatant (CFCS) of two lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus cerevisiae) was evaluated for the decontamination of spiked Salmonella Typhimurium on chicken egg shell surface. Acidified sodium chlorite at 100 μl/L concentration with the contact time of 20 min completely inhibited S. Typhimurium on egg shell surface while at 50 μl/L concentration 1 - 2 log10 units reduction was observed in counts of S. Typhimurium as compared to control group. Likewise, CFCS of P. cerevisiae completely inhibited the growth of S. Typhimurium on 30 min contact, whereas L. plantarum and combination of both were revealed significant reduction in the counts of S. Typhimurium counts.

Effects of Compound Acidifier on Growth Performance and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Heat-stressed Wenchang Chickens

[Objective]The paper was to investigate the effects of compound acidifier on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of heat-stressed Wenchang chickens.[Method]A total of 28881-day-old Wenchang chickens with the same genetic background and similar initial weight(985.63±20.35 g)were randomly divided into four groups,four replicates per group and 18 chickens per replicate.Birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 g/kg(control group),1 g/kg(groupⅠ),2 g/kg(groupⅡ)and 3 g/kg(groupⅢ)compound acidifier.The trial lasted 35 d.[Result]The daily gain of experimental groupⅠwas significantly higher than those of control group and groupⅢ(P<0.05),and the feed intake of experimental groupⅠwas also markedly higher than that of control group(P<0.05),but the feed gain ratio of experimental groupⅠwas significantly lower than that of groupⅢ(P<0.05).Compared with control group,the serum total protein and albumin levels of experimental groupⅠincreased(P>0.05),but the serum uric acid concentration decreased(P>0.05).[Conclusion]Supplementing 1 g/kg compound acidifier could improve the growth performance of heat-stressed Wenchang chickens.

Response of antioxidant defense system in copepod Calanus sinicus Brodsky exposed to CO_2-acidified seawater

Marine zooplankton responds sensitively to elevated seawater CO_2 concentration. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms have not been studied well. We therefore investigated the effects of elevated CO_2concentration（0.08%, 0.20%, 0.50% and 1.00%） on antioxidant defense components, as well as two detoxification enzymes of Calanus sinicus（copepod）. The results showed that glutathione peroxidase（GPx） activity exposed to CO_2-acidified seawater was significantly stimulated while other antioxidant components, including glutathione-Stransferase（GST） activity, superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity decreased significantly with reduced glutathione（GSH） level and GSH/oxidized glutathione（GSSG） value. CO_2-acidified seawater exhibited stimulatory effects on adenosine triphosphatase（ATPase） activity and acetylcholinesterase（Ach E） activity was inhibited. Moreover, the results of principal component analysis indicated that 75.93% of the overall variance was explained by the first two principal components. The elevated CO_2 concentration may affect the metabolism and survivals of copepods through impacts these enzymes activities. Further studies are needed to focus on the synergistic effects of elevated CO_2 concentration and other environmental factors on copepods.

用于高性能太阳能界面蒸发的织物交错复合水凝胶

二维织物材料已广泛应用于太阳能界面蒸发,然而织物基太阳能蒸发器要实现吸光材料与纤维之间的强相互作用,高效的输水能力,优异的脱盐性能和高蒸发率仍然具有挑战性.我们制备了一种织物交错复合水凝胶(FICH)用于高效的太阳能界面蒸发.由于酸化碳纳米管均匀分布在水凝胶中并与大分子链形成氢键,水可以通过超亲水织物连续泵入复合水凝胶中,从而降低水的蒸发焓.薄型FICH蒸发器具有优异的光热转换性能,具有高蒸发速率(2.47 kg m^(2)h^(-1)),强耐盐性,长期蒸发稳定性和耐久性.此外,FICH可以用于腐蚀性溶液和乳液的净化,在太阳能海水淡化中显示出广阔的应用前景.

Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs:A review

A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges.The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts.Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs.It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast,and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.

Studying the effect of formic acid and potassium diformate on performance,immunity and gut health of broiler chickens

Our trial was conducted to study the effects of formic acid(FA) and potassium di-formate(KDF) in broiler ration on performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical, intestinal microbial load, histological picture of intestine and immune parameters of broilers. In this study 360 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided to 3 groups with 3 replicates of 40 chicks each. The trial continued for 35 days. The control group was fed only basal diet(G1). Group 2(G2) were fed basal diet supplemented with FA(5 g/kg diet), and group 3(G3) received basal diet supplemented with KDF(5 g/kg diet). The results showed that both FA and KDF significantly increased body weight gain(BWG), dressing percentage of broilers and significantly decreased feed conversion ratio(FCR)(P < 0.05). The highest percent of breast and thigh was observed in G3. The improvement in villus height was observed in G2 and G3 compared with the control one, and the highest was in G3. The results evidence that the using of FA or KDF in broiler feeds have significant effects on performance, immune parameters, and gut health without having any significant effects on blood biochemical. However, KDF is more effective than FA as little amount of FA reaches the small intestine due to metabolism and absorption, whereas KDF permits a proportion of FA to pass through the fore-gut intact and enter the small intestinal tract. In addition, FA has a strong odor and corrosiveness to gastrointestinal tract which limits its use.

Dietary supplementation with acidifiers improves the growth performance, meat quality and intestinal health of broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary supplementation with acidifiers on the growth performance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A total of 648 male Arbor Acres broiler chickens at 1 d old were randomly divided into 6 groups,and each group consisted of 6 replicates with 18 broilers per replicate.The dietary treatments were as follows:negative control(NC,the basal diet),NC+antibiotic(enramycin,8 mg/kg,positive control[PC]),NC+phosphoric acid(PA,0.1,0.2,and 0.3 g/kg),and NC+lactic acid(LA,0.3 g/kg).The feeding trial lasted for 42 d.The results showed that the feed-to-gain ratio of the NC+acidifier groups was lower than that of the NC and PC groups from 1 to 42 d(P<0.05).Compared with the values in the NC group,the pH of breast muscle was significantly higher in the NC+PA(0.2 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05),and the cooking loss was lower in the breast muscle of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups(P<0.05).In addition,the shear force of the breast muscle and thigh muscle and the pH value in the crop,gizzard and duodenum of the antibiotic and acidifier groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the trypsin,chymotrypsin,and lipase activities of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.2 and 0.3 g/kg)groups,as well as the villus height-to-crypt depth(VH:CD)ratio of the duodenum in the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)group was significantly greater(P<0.05)compared with those in the NC group.Meanwhile,the number of total aerobic bacteria,Escherichia coli and Salmonella in the cecum of the NC+PA(0.1 g/kg)and LA(0.3 g/kg)groups were decreased(P<0.05).Collectively,diet supplementation with acidifiers could improve the growth per-formance,meat quality,and intestinal health of broilers,in which the effects of PA(0.1 g/kg and 0.2 g/kg)are better than the other supplementations.