Tortuous hydraulic fractures(HFs) are likely to be created in heterogeneous formations such as conglomerates, which may cause sand plugging, ultimately resulting in poor stimulation efficiency. This study aims to expl...Tortuous hydraulic fractures(HFs) are likely to be created in heterogeneous formations such as conglomerates, which may cause sand plugging, ultimately resulting in poor stimulation efficiency. This study aims to explore HF growth behavior in conglomerate through laboratory fracturing experiments under true tri-axial stresses combined with computed tomography scanning and acoustic emission(AE) monitoring. The effects of gravel size, horizontal differential stress, and AE focal mechanisms were examined. Especially, the injection pressure and the AE response features during HF initiation and propagation in conglomerate were analyzed. Simple HFs with narrow microfractures are created in conglomerate when the gravels are considerably smaller than the specimen, whereas complex fractures are created when the gravels are similar in size to the specimen, even under high horizontal differential stresses. Breakdown pressure and AE rates are high when a HF is initiated from the high-strength gravel. A large pressure decline after the breakdown may indicate the creation of a planar and wide HF. Analyzing the focal mechanism indicates that the shear mechanism generally dominates with an increase in the HF complexity. Tensile events are likely to occur during HF initiation and are located around the wellbore. Shear events occur mainly around the nonplanar and complex matrix/gravel interfaces.展开更多
Understanding microcracking near coalesced fracture generation is critically important for hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoir characterization as well as damage evaluation in civil engineering structures. Dense and ...Understanding microcracking near coalesced fracture generation is critically important for hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoir characterization as well as damage evaluation in civil engineering structures. Dense and sometimes random microcracking near coalesced fracture formation alters the mechanical properties of the nearby virgin material. Individual microcrack characterization is also significant in quantifying the material changes near the fracture faces （i.e. damage）. Acoustic emission （AE） monitoring and analysis provide unique information regarding the microcracking process temporally, and infor- mation concerning the source characterization of individual microcracks can be extracted. In this context, laboratory hydraulic fracture tests were carried out while monitoring the AEs from several piezoelectric transducers. In-depth post-processing of the AE event data was performed for the purpose of under- standing the individual source mechanisms. Several source characterization techniques including moment tensor inversion, event parametric analysis, and volumetric deformation analysis were adopted. Post-test fracture characterization through coring, slicing and micro-computed tomographic imaging was performed to determine the coalesced fracture location and structure. Distinct differences in fracture characteristics were found spatially in relation to the openhole injection interval. Individual microcrack AE analysis showed substantial energy reduction emanating spatially from the injection interval. It was quantitatively observed that the recorded AE signals provided sufficient information to generalize the damage radiating spatially away from the injection wellbore.展开更多
目的研究声波透射法在混凝土桩基缺陷检测中的声波响应特征,以避免声波透射法桩基检测效果受传感器耦合不佳或噪音干扰等的影响.方法利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟声波在大直径桩基中传播规律,开展了模拟声波波速与理论波速的对比分...目的研究声波透射法在混凝土桩基缺陷检测中的声波响应特征,以避免声波透射法桩基检测效果受传感器耦合不佳或噪音干扰等的影响.方法利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟声波在大直径桩基中传播规律,开展了模拟声波波速与理论波速的对比分析、声学参数的时频域分析,缺陷的介质特性、水平尺寸及竖向尺寸对声波接收信号时频特性的敏感分析,以及声波层析成像反演分析.结果缺陷竖向线性尺寸、材料参数对波速、波幅及主频幅值影响较大,缺陷水平向线性尺寸对波速、波幅及主频幅值影响较小.结论利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元法开展桩身波动问题研究是合理和可行的,建议选用50 k Hz声波进行大直径桩基声波层析成像分析.展开更多
基金supported by the Major National Science and Technology Projects of China (No. 2016ZX05046004002 No. 2017ZX05039002-003)the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2015CB250903)
文摘Tortuous hydraulic fractures(HFs) are likely to be created in heterogeneous formations such as conglomerates, which may cause sand plugging, ultimately resulting in poor stimulation efficiency. This study aims to explore HF growth behavior in conglomerate through laboratory fracturing experiments under true tri-axial stresses combined with computed tomography scanning and acoustic emission(AE) monitoring. The effects of gravel size, horizontal differential stress, and AE focal mechanisms were examined. Especially, the injection pressure and the AE response features during HF initiation and propagation in conglomerate were analyzed. Simple HFs with narrow microfractures are created in conglomerate when the gravels are considerably smaller than the specimen, whereas complex fractures are created when the gravels are similar in size to the specimen, even under high horizontal differential stresses. Breakdown pressure and AE rates are high when a HF is initiated from the high-strength gravel. A large pressure decline after the breakdown may indicate the creation of a planar and wide HF. Analyzing the focal mechanism indicates that the shear mechanism generally dominates with an increase in the HF complexity. Tensile events are likely to occur during HF initiation and are located around the wellbore. Shear events occur mainly around the nonplanar and complex matrix/gravel interfaces.
基金financial support for much of the early development of the AE analysis methods was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (Grant No. DE-FE0002760)
文摘Understanding microcracking near coalesced fracture generation is critically important for hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoir characterization as well as damage evaluation in civil engineering structures. Dense and sometimes random microcracking near coalesced fracture formation alters the mechanical properties of the nearby virgin material. Individual microcrack characterization is also significant in quantifying the material changes near the fracture faces （i.e. damage）. Acoustic emission （AE） monitoring and analysis provide unique information regarding the microcracking process temporally, and infor- mation concerning the source characterization of individual microcracks can be extracted. In this context, laboratory hydraulic fracture tests were carried out while monitoring the AEs from several piezoelectric transducers. In-depth post-processing of the AE event data was performed for the purpose of under- standing the individual source mechanisms. Several source characterization techniques including moment tensor inversion, event parametric analysis, and volumetric deformation analysis were adopted. Post-test fracture characterization through coring, slicing and micro-computed tomographic imaging was performed to determine the coalesced fracture location and structure. Distinct differences in fracture characteristics were found spatially in relation to the openhole injection interval. Individual microcrack AE analysis showed substantial energy reduction emanating spatially from the injection interval. It was quantitatively observed that the recorded AE signals provided sufficient information to generalize the damage radiating spatially away from the injection wellbore.
文摘目的研究声波透射法在混凝土桩基缺陷检测中的声波响应特征,以避免声波透射法桩基检测效果受传感器耦合不佳或噪音干扰等的影响.方法利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟声波在大直径桩基中传播规律,开展了模拟声波波速与理论波速的对比分析、声学参数的时频域分析,缺陷的介质特性、水平尺寸及竖向尺寸对声波接收信号时频特性的敏感分析,以及声波层析成像反演分析.结果缺陷竖向线性尺寸、材料参数对波速、波幅及主频幅值影响较大,缺陷水平向线性尺寸对波速、波幅及主频幅值影响较小.结论利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元法开展桩身波动问题研究是合理和可行的,建议选用50 k Hz声波进行大直径桩基声波层析成像分析.
