Identifying the real fracture hidden in rock microcrack zone by acoustic emission energy

Identifying the real fracture of rock hidden in acoustic emission(AE)source clusters(AE-depicted microcrack zone)remains challenging and crucial.Here we revealed the AE energy(representing dissipated energy)distribution rule in the rock microcrack zone and proposed an AE-energy-based method for identifying the real fracture.(1)A set of fracture experiments were performed on granite using wedgeloading,and the fracture process was detected and recorded by AE.The microcrack zone associated with the energy dissipation was characterized by AE sources and energy distribution,utilizing our selfdeveloped AE analysis program(RockAE).(2)The accumulated AE energy,an index representing energy dissipation,across the AE-depicted microcrack zone followed the normal distribution model(the mean and variance relate to the real fracture path and the microcrack zone width).This result implies that the nucleation and coalescence of massive cracks(i.e.,real fracture generation process)are supposed to follow a normal distribution.(3)Then,we obtained the real fracture extension path by joining the peak positions of the AE energy normal distribution curve at different cross-sections of the microcrack zone.Consequently,we distinguished between the microcrack zone and the concealed real fracture within it.The deviation was validated as slight as 1–3 mm.

Characteristics of acoustic emission signals in damp cracking coal rocks

A uniaxial load experiment on coal rocks at different stress rates was carried out, based on the characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) signals in cracking coal rocks, decomposition, de-noising and reconstruction for the AE signals through wavelet packet transform for solving the current problems created by the presence of noise in AE signals and the existing problems in AE signal processing. The results show that the various characteristics of AE signals in coal rocks cracking under different situations can be clearly reflected, after the AE signals are de-noised by the wavelet packet. Compared to dry coal rocks, the number of AE occurrences in damp coal rocks was significantly reduced, as well as the average amplitude. The number of AE occurrences in damp and dry coal rocks clearly increased with increases in the loading rate, but the largest amplitude of the AE signals in damp coal rocks has been reduced. There is no clear evidence of change in dry coal rocks.

Master crack types and typical acoustic emission characteristics during rock failure

Acoustic emission(AE)signals contain substantial information about the internal fracture characteristics of rocks and are useful for revealing the laws governing the release of energy stored therein.Reported here is the evolution of rock failure with diferent master crack types as investigated using Brazilian splitting tests(BSTs),direct shear tests(DSTs),and uniaxial compression tests(UCTs).The AE parameters and typical modes of each fracture type were obtained,and the energy release characteristics of each fracture mechanism were discussed.From the observed changes in the AE parameters,the rock fracture process exhibits characteristics of staged intensifcation.The scale and energy level of crack activity in the BSTs were signifcantly lower than those in the DSTs and UCTs.The proportion of tensile cracks in the BSTs was 65%–75%,while the proportions of shear cracks in the DSTs and UCTs were 75%–85%and 70%–75%,respectively.During the rock loading process under diferent conditions,failure was accompanied by an increased number of shear cracks.The amplitude,duration,and rise time of the AE signal from rock failure were larger when the failure was dominated by shear cracks rather than tensile ones,and most of the medium-and high-energy signals had medium to low frequencies.After calculating the proposed energy amplitude ratio,the energy release of shear cracks was found to exceed that of tensile cracks at the same fracture scale.

Space-time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system,a series of acoustic emission(AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure,increasing the axial stress.The AE space-time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared,the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied,combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens,and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively.The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher,the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier.The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate,and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities.When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity,the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious ''step'',which can be defined as the first failure precursor point.Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92-98%,which can be defined as the other failure precursor point.As the loading rate is smaller,the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one,so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.

Fracture behavior and acoustic emission characteristics of sandstone samples with inclined precracks

Sandstone samples with precracks of different dip angles were collected from a coal mine roof and subjected to uniaxial compression tests,and acoustic emission(AE)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were used to study how the crack dip angle affected the fracture mechanism.In the precracked sandstone samples,as the dip angle between the crack line and loading direction decreased,so did the peak stress and its completion time.The SEM observations revealed a fracture transition from tensile cleavage to shear slip,which was manifested by a microstructure change from aggregate to staggered.According to energy conversion,a decreased crack dip angle results in gradually decreasing total and dissipative peak energies,whose variation amplitudes at different stages are consistent with those of the peak stress of the samples.The decreased crack dip angle lowered the stress required to trigger the first appearance of AE energy peaks and ring-down counts,as well as shortening the period before the occurrence of the first AE peak signal.However,the AE energy and ring-down count during the failure stage after the stress peak increased gradually.A stepped increase was observed in the AE ring-down count curves,with each step corresponding to a jump in the stress-strain curve.From the characteristics of the AE signal of the fracture of a precracked rock sample,the occurrence of joints or faults in the rock mass can be reasonably inferred.This is expected to provide a new method and approach for predicting coal and rock dynamic disasters.

Comprehensive assessment on dynamic roof instability under fractured rock mass conditions in the excavation disturbed zone

The damage process of fractured rock mass showed that the fracture in rocks induced roof collapse in Yangchangwan Coal Mine, China. The rock mass was particularly weak and fractured. There occurred 6 large-scale dynamical roof falls in the excavation disturbed zone （EDZ） with the collapsing volume of 216 m^3. First, the field detailed geological environment, regional seismic dynamics, and dynamic instability of roadways were generally investigated. Second, the field multiple-index monitoring measurements for detecting the deep delamination of the roof, convergence deformation, bolt-cable load, acoustic emission （AE） characteristic parameters, total AE events, AE energy-releasing rate, rock mass fracture, and damage were arranged. Finally, according to the time-space-strength relations, a quantitative assessment of the influence of rock-mass damage on the dynamic roof instability was accomplished.

Laboratory acoustic emission study for earthquake generation process

Since the similarity in size distribution of earthquakes and acoustic emissions （AE） was found in the 1960s, many laboratory studies have been motivated by the need to provide tools for the prediction of mining failures and natural earthquakes. This paper aims, on the one hand, to draw an outline of laboratory AE studies in the last 50 years, which have addressed seismological problems. Topics include the power laws in which the similarity between AEs and earthquakes is involved and progress that has been made in AE technology and laboratory AE study. On the other hand, this study will highlight some key issues intensively discussed, especially in the last three decades, such as aspects related to the pre-failure damage evolution, fault nucleation and growth in brittle rocks and discuss factors governing these processes.

Experimental investigation on fracturing process of marble under biaxial compression

In this study,servo-controlled biaxial compression tests were conducted on marble specimens to investigate their failure characteristics and fracturing process.The complete stressestrain curves were obtained,and the three-dimensional(3D)features of the failure surfaces were acquired by 3D laser scanning.Acoustic emission(AE)monitoring and moment tensor(MT)analysis were used in combination to better understand the fracturing mechanism of marble under biaxial compression.It was noted that a type of 3D stepwise cracking behaviour occurred on the fracturing surfaces of the examined specimens.The stress dropped multiple times,and a repeated fracturing mode corresponding to the repeated stress drops in the post-peak regime was observed.Three substages,i.e.stress stabilisation,stress decrease and stress increase,were identified for a single fracturing mode.Then quantitative and statistical analyses of the fracturing process at each substage were discussed.Based on the testing results,it was found that at the stress stabilisation substage,the proportion of mixed-mode fractures increased.At the stress decrease substage,the proportion of mixed-mode fractures decreased,and the tensile or shear fractures increased.At the stress increase substage,the proportion of mixed-mode or tensile fractures decreased,and the shear fractures increased.Finally,a conceptual model for the stepwise crack formation was proposed.

Failure modes and slabbing mechanisms of hard rock with different height-to-width ratios under uniaxial compression

To determine the relationship between slabbing failure and the specimen height-to-width(H/W)ratio and to analyze the conditions,characteristics,and mechanism of slabbing failure in the laboratory,uniaxial compression tests were conducted using six groups of granite specimens.The entire failure process was recorded using strain gauges and high-speed cameras.The initiation and propagation of fractures in specimens were identified by analyzing the monitoring results of stress,strain,and acoustic emission.The experimental results show that changes in the specimen H/W ratio can transform the macro failure mode.When the H/W ratio is reduced to 0.5,the macro failure mode is dominated by slabbing.Low load-bearing ability is observed in specimens with slabbing failure,and the slabbing fractures are approximately parallel to the loading direction.Moreover,the fracture propagation characteristics and acoustic emission signals of slabbing failure specimens show typical tensile failure characteristics,indicating that slabbing failure is essentially a special tensile failure.

Study on the physical meaning of seismic inhomogeneous degree by rock fracture experiments

It is observed that the parameter of seismic inhomogeneous degree (GL value) calculated from the earthquake catalog shows obvious abnormal changes prior to strong earthquakes, indicating the state change of local seismic activity. This paper focuses on the mechanism for the abnormal changes of the GL values based on the sequences of acoustic emission for three types of rock samples containing macro-asperity fracture; compressional en-echelon fracture and model-III shear fracture. The results show that for the three types of rock samples, there are continuous abnormal changes of GL value (>1) just before the non-elastic deformation occurs or during the process of nucleation prior to the instability. Based on the experimental results, it seems that the process of creep sliding and resistance-uniformization along fault zone is the possible mechanism for the abnormal changes of GL value before rock fractures.

基于ZOA优化VMD-IAWT岩石声发射信号降噪算法

针对岩石破裂过程中产生的声发射(AE)信号夹杂大量噪声的问题,提出了一种基于斑马优化算法(ZOA)改进变分模态分解(VMD)并与改进的自适应小波阈值(IAWT)联合的声发射信号降噪算法。利用ZOA算法优选出影响VMD分解效果的模态个数K和二次惩罚因子α;通过相关系数将分解出的IMFs划分为有效分量、含噪分量和剔除分量;针对小波阈值(WT)降噪算法不具备自动调整小波基以及软、硬阈值函数存在偏差大和不连续的弊端,提出了IAWT算法去除IMFs中的噪声分量,并与有效分量合并重构,得到降噪后的AE信号。通过模拟和实测AE信号验证并与现有降噪算法对比,结果表明ZOA-VMD-IAWT降噪算法适合处理AE信号,信号的时频特征得以保留。研究结果可为岩石AE信号理论及实际工程应用提供参考。

诱导下岩体裂隙扩展规律研究存在问题及对策

大部分地下工程的失稳都是岩体在长期的“诱导”作用下裂隙扩展、贯通从而改变岩体本身的强度特征导致的结果,因此,研究岩体中裂隙的扩展演化规律,对进一步揭示岩体工程失稳、岩石破坏现象的机理和本质具有重要意义。本文从物理实验、数值模拟和力学理论三个方面介绍了目前对于裂隙岩体扩展的研究现状,并结合地下工程的演化过程和工程需求分析了目前裂隙扩展研究中存在的问题,提出了更适应工程问题需求的研究思路:以相似材料、3D打印和声发射技术为手段,首先通过小试样压缩实验确定适用于声发射技术监测的相似材料成分及配比范围,然后采用3D打印的方法制作成交叉裂隙的拉、剪实验试件并开展拉、剪蠕变试验,研究裂隙扩展致裂规律,裂隙岩体拉、剪蠕变声发射特征及破坏的前兆特征,分析岩体强度随蠕变时间的变化规律,在此基础上建立裂隙岩体的大型相似材料模型,研究开挖诱导下随裂隙参数、时间等因素的预测模型和岩体冒落触发时间与裂隙参数、开挖空间的关系模型,揭示裂隙岩体冒落演化机制,预测岩体冒落时间和范围,为地下工程长期稳定性和岩体冒落调控提供理论支撑。

基于声发射的张开型单裂隙岩石裂纹扩展行为特性研究

裂隙形态对岩石力学性能和裂纹扩展行为有重要影响,为此分别针对完整花岗岩试样和不同预制裂隙倾角(0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°)的花岗岩试样开展了单轴压缩试验,并同步进行了声发射监测和高清摄像记录。试验测试结果表明,随着裂隙倾角的增大,岩石的裂纹起裂角度逐渐减小,岩石的峰值强度、起裂应力和峰值应变均呈逐渐增大趋势,而弹性模量呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律;岩石应力-应变关系曲线的初始压密段和线弹性段对应声发射平静期,荷载超过起裂应力后声发射进入发展期,荷载接近峰值强度时声发射处于高峰期直到岩石完全破坏;裂隙倾角越大,声发射高峰期的持续时间越长,累计振铃计数越多,岩石峰值强度与累计振铃计数之间有良好的线性关系,并量化了裂隙形态对岩石强度损伤影响规律;随着裂隙倾角的增大,岩石的破裂模式由剪切断裂逐渐向张拉断裂过渡。根据岩石轴向应力与累计声发射撞击数之间的关系曲线,并结合岩石起裂应力的计算方法,计算值略大于摄像观测值,二者之间的误差范围介于1.7%~6.9%,表明起裂应力的计算方法是合理的。上述成果对深入研究裂隙岩体的工程性质和破坏模式具有重要参考意义。

基于离散元模拟的受载裂隙岩体地震学声发射响应特征

为深入分析裂隙岩体受载时声发射震源响应机制,结合地震学中的矩张量理论,提出了从颗粒相对运动角度计算声发射特征的细观离散元模拟新方法。以含预制雁行裂纹岩体为研究对象,利用颗粒流(PFC)数值模拟软件再现了其裂纹扩展过程及力学−变形特征,基于新开发的声发射响应模拟方法计算得到了声发射事件空间演化、震级分布及矩张量取向特征。研究结果表明:单轴压缩条件下,预制雁行裂纹岩石应力在峰值后突降,裂纹迅速扩展形成宏观主破裂,声发射事件激增,峰后脆性破坏特征明显。由PFC软件获取的张拉、剪切裂纹个数在时间上呈相似增长趋势,但张拉裂纹数量远多于剪切裂纹。基于地震学计算得到的声发射矩震级主要集中在[−6.9,−5.9],其分布的GR统计关系斜率b为1.81。声发射矩张量空间取向与试样破裂张剪类型相吻合,表现在:在翼裂纹区域内声发射矩张量以横向为主,张拉破坏多于剪切破裂;而在主裂纹区域矩张量形态杂乱,张拉和剪切破坏占比接近。基于声发射矩张量T-k图和矩张量R值理论判定了不同加载阶段微裂纹张剪属性,其与PFC获取的张、剪裂纹占比变化趋势基本吻合,而两者对比结果表明选用−20<R<20作为张剪裂纹分区区间比Feignier等建议的[−30,30]更为合理。研究成果为精确分析岩体破裂震源特征及张剪属性判识等提供了有益借鉴。

基于声发射的含锚固缺陷节理试样单轴压缩破裂机制研究

锚固缺陷会弱化锚杆对节理岩体的支护效果,为探究锚固缺陷对锚固节理试样的锚固效应,对含不同锚固缺陷的锚固节理试样开展了单轴压缩试验,结合声发射、分布式光纤和DIC监测技术,分析了试样在不同破裂演化阶段时的声发射信息,得到了其破裂前兆特征。研究结果表明:锚固缺陷的存在降低了锚固节理试样的单轴抗压强度、峰值应变和声发射能量释放;在加载后期全长锚固节理试样声发射主频的高、低频信号都出现了增长,锚固缺陷试样主要是声发射主频的高频信号增长,且中间缺陷较端部缺陷会出现更高频段的声发射主频;全长锚固节理试样沿节理发生宏观剪切破坏;中间锚固缺陷试样的锚杆对裂纹控制作用较为迟缓,沿着节理发生宏观拉伸破坏;当锚固缺陷在试样一侧时该侧锚杆的变形大于对称侧,节理尖端的反翼裂纹向锚固缺陷一侧发生偏转并与锚固缺陷贯通,最终导致试样发生失稳破坏。持续高能的声发射能量释放,声发射峰值频率分布主频段增加,峰值频率呈降低趋势,声发射b值整体呈波动降低趋势,可作为试样发生失稳破裂的前兆特征。研究成果可为锚杆在节理裂隙岩体中的支护加固提供参考。

三轴压缩条件下共面双裂隙复合类岩断裂机制

为了研究裂隙构型属性和围压对复合岩的破坏特性影响及裂隙在复合岩中的扩展规律,基于室内单轴和三轴压缩试验,采用PFC 2D数值模拟软件建立含共面双裂隙复合岩三轴压缩颗粒模型,研究裂隙复合岩在不同裂隙倾角、裂隙长度和围压下的破坏特性和声发射演化规律。结果表明:岩样的破坏模式主要受裂隙倾角控制,而岩样的完整性主要受裂隙长度和围压控制;随着裂隙倾角的增加,岩样的破坏模式呈现张拉破坏→剪切破坏→拉-剪复合破坏的变化规律,随着裂隙长度和围压的增大,岩样的宏观裂纹减少,完整性越好;岩桥的贯通模式主要受裂隙倾角、结构面和围压的影响,裂隙倾角和围压越大,岩桥越容易贯通,结构面的存在会抑制岩桥的贯通;裂隙倾角越大,微裂纹呈“弥散式”分布于岩样的现象越明显,裂隙长度和围压越大,微裂纹的聚集现象越明显,岩样微裂纹的损伤积累随裂隙倾角和长度的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大;岩样在变形加载过程中,声发射计数整体随裂隙倾角的增大而增大,随裂隙长度和围压的增大而减小,裂隙倾角、长度和围压主要改变的是声发射计数的数值大小。

含雁列式断续节理的岩质边坡失稳机制模拟研究

岩质边坡的阶梯状破坏是一种常见的失稳破坏类型,其稳定性主要受岩质边坡内部的不连续结构面和岩桥控制。为了探究雁列式裂纹间相对位置的复杂变化对节理岩质边坡阶梯状破裂面形成的影响,基于零厚度黏聚力(Cohesive)单元,采用重力增加法开展了考虑裂隙倾角、岩桥倾角、岩桥长度的含雁列式裂纹岩质边坡阶梯状破坏数值模拟。通过对于模拟结果的编程处理,实现了节理岩质边坡破坏过程中的声发射模拟,结合岩质边坡破坏过程的应力、位移云图,进一步分析了节理岩质边坡阶梯状破裂面形成的演化过程与力学机制。研究表明:节理岩质边坡模型的破坏模式可分为持续破坏型和渐进破坏型,渐进破坏模式的出现主要与裂纹倾角和岩桥倾角有关;岩质边坡阶梯状滑裂面的形成是一个岩桥从下至上逐渐贯通的过程,其破坏过程分为等速变形阶段和加速变形阶段;随着裂纹倾角的增加,岩质边坡的岩桥贯通所需要的荷载逐渐增加;随着岩桥长度的增加,岩质边坡内部岩桥破裂贯通所产生的声发射事件数和裂纹扩展总长度逐渐减小;相比于裂纹倾角和岩桥长度,岩桥倾角对于节理岩质边坡中岩桥贯通与阶梯状破裂面形成的影响较小。本文研究了多种工况下含雁列式断续节理岩质边坡的失稳机制,以期为该类型岩质边坡的稳定性评价与失稳防控提供一定的理论参考。

跨煤岩界面穿层压裂裂缝动态扩展特征试验研究

针对跨煤岩界面穿层压裂裂缝动态扩展过程,采用相似材料制作煤岩组合体试件,开展三点弯曲试验、真三轴水力压裂物理模拟试验,分别结合数字散斑技术、声发射监测技术,捕捉裂缝的动态扩展特征,分析裂缝扩展形态及影响因素。结果表明:三点弯曲试验中裂缝可从顶板直接进入煤层,裂缝在界面处未转向,增大预制裂缝长度试件断裂所需的峰值应力降低;真三轴水力压裂试验条件下,由于煤层塑性强,顶板内裂缝高度、长度均大于煤层,顶板内声发射事件比例高于煤层;在裂缝穿层扩展的前提下,增大水平井与煤层顶面距离会导致裂缝穿层扩展时间延长,提高压裂液注入排量可增大裂缝进入煤层的穿透深度,但是易导致缝高失控、缝长降低,提出采用变排量压裂施工,初期压裂液大排量注入促使裂缝纵向穿层,随后降排量促进裂缝在顶板和煤层内横向延伸;多裂缝同步起裂时缝间存在竞争扩展现象,部分裂缝可能无法穿层扩展。研究成果可为掌握裂缝跨煤岩界面穿层扩展特点、优化设计压裂施工参数提供理论支撑。

不同冲击方向下高压气体致裂岩石特征试验

为探索含瓦斯煤层增透性,提高抽采率,利用自主研制的真三轴高压气体冲击致裂岩石试验系统,开展不同冲击方向下高压气体致裂试验,试验变量为气体冲击方向与最大水平主应力的夹角,在三向应力的作用下开展高压气体冲击试验,得到冲击方向与最大水平主应力呈现0、30、45、60和90°夹角时岩石破裂形态及声发射响应。结果表明:高压气体冲击致裂岩石过程呈现5个显著阶段,即冲击起裂阶段、气压上升阶段、裂缝扩展阶段、气压稳定阶段和压力衰减阶段;高压气体冲击产生垂直裂缝和水平裂缝,射流角度增加后,垂直裂缝出现偏转,且偏转角度逐渐变大,裂缝偏转点也逐渐远离钻孔,水平断裂面呈现中间低四周高的形态;气体峰值压力随着射流方向与最大主应力的角度增加而增加,从0~90°峰值压力呈线性增长;分析声发射信号发现,岩石冲击破坏以张拉破坏为主、剪切破坏为辅,但随着射流角度增加,逐渐转变为剪切破坏为主的拉-剪复合破坏。

含水泥砂岩声发射阶段特征与损伤演化研究

岩石内部的损伤会在水作用下产生劣化,掌握岩石的失稳破坏状态对富水隧洞围岩稳定性的判别具有重要意义。本文以不同含水状态下的泥质粉砂岩为试验对象,结合声发射设备开展非线性对径加载劈裂试验。研究表明:(1)在岩石破坏的5个阶段中b值、S值的演化趋势有明显的阶段特征;(2)不同含水状态的岩样在不同阶段的声发射演化特征存在一定差异,在含水率高于1.0458%后,岩样劣化明显;(3)b值突然攀升、S值突发性跃迁可视作粉砂岩失稳破坏的前兆特征;(4)基于连续损伤介质力学,得出了两种含水状态岩样的本构,并以实验曲线验证了理论曲线的合理性。以上岩样的声发射阶段特征及损伤演化规律可为隧洞涌水情况下岩体稳定性监测提供参考。