Due Diligence in Mergers and Acquisitions in Emerging Markets： Evaluated Risk Factors From the Academic and Practical View

The obviously ever increasing number of corporate acquisitions in recent decades has improved the general knowledge and awareness of due diligence for both the industry and research. In the current challenging business environment, acquisitions face a higher degree of risk profiles, especially cross-border acquisitions in the emerging markets. Conducting a thorough due diligence investigation in the context of an acquisition is more important now than ever. In a broad analysis, this paper researches the key risk factors in the acquisition process and their assessment within a due diligence audit in the acquisition phase. The task of this paper is to match the academic and practical view in order to give a more complete understanding of risk factors to be covered in due diligence audit. The starting point is the research of academic findings which basically concentrate on common approaches considering financial, legal, commercial, and some other issues in domestic acquisitions and in developed countries. In contrast, this paper considers risk factors in cross-border and emerging markets transactions. In addition, a number of business consultants publish studies based on surveys on this topic which reflect typical risk factors based on experience of their customers being involved in cross-border acquisitions. Their risk assessment consists of specific regulatory, political, and other factors, which may lead to commercial and reputational impediments in cross-border acquisitions. The outcome of the comparison is a comprehended list of evaluated risk factors, whereby the academic findings are complemented and supported by the practical experience in the business consultant＇s studies. Moreover, the practical approach points to the fact that due diligence scope needs to be suited to the dynamics of the markets. The comparison and the comprehended list of evaluated risk factors call for a more integrated system of due diligence and show herein the research deficit. Hence, the novelty is the compendium of evaluated risk factors which should be assessed in the pre-acquisition phase. The originality of the paper is given by a unique analysis of academic work about acquisition due diligence literature and consultant studies from anonymized practical experience based on insider information.

A Critical Study of Mergers and Acquisitions

This article presents and analyses the theories with respect to mergers and acquisitions, and list why companies or firms need to be reorganised. Different types of mergers occur under different situations. Mergers between companies which have same products or services called horizontal mergers; mergers between companies which have buyer-seller relationship called vertical mergers; and companies which have different business fields always use conglomerate mergers. The main motive of companies or firms choosing merger or acquisition is synergy.

Modeling the factors that influence knowledge transfer in mergers and acquisitions

This paper constructs a model on the factors that influence knowledge transfer in mergers and acquisitions(M&A) and validates it via questionnaire surveys. Using 125valid collected questionnaires, multiple linear regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis showed that five out of the ten factors had a positive effect on knowledge transfer effect. The ranking of factor importance, from high to low, was knowledge explicitness, relationship quality, learning intent, advanced transfer activities, and learning capability, which is fairly consistent with positive factors observed in other interorganizational knowledge transfer researches. Our results also showed that one of the control variables(size of acquired firm) had neither a direct or indirect effect on knowledge transfer in M&A. Additionally, our research found that knowledge distance and degree of M&A integration had a positive influence on knowledge transfer effect at the early stage after M&A, but had a negative influence at the late stage. Based on this research, several suggestions for knowledge transfer in M&A are proposed.

Mergers and Acquisitions: An Efficiency Evaluation

This article sheds light on how synergies arise through mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Enterprises go through the process of Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) with the goal of improving performance, increasing efficiency and obtaining business synergy. Prior literature suggests that synergies could arise due to taxes, market power or efficiency improvements. This study evaluates the efficiency of M&A in Brazil among publicly-traded companies. We used models with multiple objectives from Goal Programming and Data Envelopment Analysis (GPDEA), employing accounting indicators as input and output variables, and thus evaluated the emergence of synergy gains. These models allow us to analyze and classify the M&A according to the efficiency obtained in such processes. Some of the M&A cases analyzed were mistakenly considered efficient when used traditional models. And, as expected, the GPDEA was proved to be superior to classical models;however it was noticed that few of the cases investigated were proved to be effective. We presented a new application for multi-objective approach that can be used to assess mergers and acquisitions. The dualapplication of GPDEA provided a greater understanding of efficiency generation in synergy creation by means of M&A.

Selection of Mergers and Acquisitions by Foreign Capital in Open Economies

By a linear Cournot model, the factors associated with the integration of two firms are discussed in terms of their effects on the private surplus and the social welfare in economies with varying extent of openness. Meanwhile, the trade policy of the host government is taken into account. It is concluded that the more open the economy and the more intense the competition, the less profitable the integration; the most important determinant to the changes of the domestic social welfare is the industry strength of the host country. The host authority can enhance the domestic social welfare in two ways： to adjust the trade policy and to only approve the socially desirable cross-border mergers and acquisitions.

Economic Policy Uncertainty and Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions

In recent years,the frequent adjustment of the government’s economic policies and the uncertainty of foreign economic situations have made the degree of uncertainty of China’s economic policies rise continuously.The increasing degree of policy uncertainty will inevitably affect the investment and financing decisions of micro enterprises.Then,how does economic policy uncertainty(EPU)affect mergers and acquisitions(M&A)behavior?What’s the mechanism?Based on the above questions,this paper uses the data of non-financial listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2008 to 2018 as a sample to explore the relationship between EPU and M&A.The study shows that rising EPU will promote corporate M&A behavior,and this effect is more significant in slow-growth companies.The relationship between EPU and M&A is affected by corporate governance,stock price volatility and financing constraints.Specifically,the company’s M&A size is more sensitive to EPU with higher level of corporate governance,higher level of stock price volatility,and lesser financing constraints.Further research shows that the rise of EPU will significantly promote the improvement of M&A performance in the short-term,but this effect does not exist in the long-term.Various robustness checks do not change the empirical results of this paper.

The Efficient Market Theory and Mergers and Acquisitions （M＆As） Puzzle： Evidence From Italy

The efficient market theory is a central point in finance. If the capital market is competitive, the investors cannot expect superior gains from their investment strategies with respect to the risk profile. Event studies are an approach to verify the impact of the information on the stock prices. In an efficient market, stock prices should fully, promptly, and quickly capture all the information. Instead, the market shows phenomena of an under-reaction and over-reaction for both the short and the long run. The mergers and acquisitions （M＆As） are examples of anomalies. Often, the bidder companies record the negative abnormal returns for both the short and the long run. In contrast to the efficient market theory, the empirical evidence shows that this phenomenon is widespread in all （or most of） the countries of the world. This work examines the long-run performance in M＆As. For this purpose, 40 bidders were observed in Italy during the period of 1994-2008 among listed companies. The buy and hold abnormal returns （BHARs） methodology was used, with which it was possible to observe the returns for three years following the deal.

Enhancing mergers and acquisition quality,accelerating technological innovation and achieving the second leap of China's steel industry

Over the past 10 years, China＇s steel industry has made a substantial development in terms of scale, and has finally become a steel giant in the world. In the upcoming 10 years, fundamental changes will be made with the economic growth in China. Against this background, China＇ s steel industry will shift from a rapid development to a slow but sound development. In order to fulfill the second leap of China＇s steel industry, based on its current developing status and characteristics, and from the perspective of both national and corporate development, mergers and acquisition are both effective ways to raise the quality of the existing stock of asset in the steel industry, while technological innovation is the solid foundation for its second leap.

Effect of Cross-Border Acquisitions on Businesses Performance of Slovak Acquiring Companies

Currently, businesses or companies apply various tools of financial engineering on improvement of their performance. One of such tools refers to acquisitions through which companies can profit from synergic effects, reduce operating cost and tax expenses, and improve their market position. This paper is aimed at examining the effect of cross-border acquisitions made by Slovak companies in order to improve their performance. Authors applied the method of simultaneous equation model to examine this relation. The result confirmed the hypothesis that cross-border acquisitions positively influence a company performance.

媒体报道如何影响并购重组知情交易:合流还是监督?

媒体报道既可能发挥积极的外部监督作用制约知情交易,也可能受到操纵而被信息知情人利用。本文收集2009—2022年A股上市公司并购重组数据,检验事前媒体负面报道倾向对并购重组中知情交易程度的影响。研究结果表明,并购重组首次公告日前媒体负面报道倾向越高,知情交易程度越低;媒体会通过增加诉讼风险和声誉渠道发挥治理作用。进一步分析表明,良好的公司治理环境能够强化媒体负面报道倾向对知情交易的影响;媒体发挥的治理功能在国有企业中相对较弱。事前分析师预测会提升市场整体知情交易水平并弱化媒体的功能。从媒体类型来看,网络媒体对于知情交易的约束作用大于纸媒。此外,媒体对知情交易的抑制效果在480日后不再存在。本研究对于发挥媒体监督作用、提升知情交易监管效率、保护投资者合法利益、维护资本市场公平具有一定的借鉴意义。

资本市场开放对企业并购融资的影响研究——基于“陆港通”多期双重差分的经验证据

“陆港通”政策是中国资本市场开放的重要举措。利用这一外生事件,以2010—2019年中国沪深A股并购事件为样本,运用多期双重差分模型检验“陆港通”对企业并购融资的影响,研究结果表明:“陆港通”实施可以降低并购的股权融资成本和债务融资成本,扩大并购的外部融资规模,缓解并购的融资约束程度,并且这种作用在非多元化和非关联企业并购中更加显著。进一步地探究“陆港通”对并购融资的影响机制,可以发现该政策通过改善信息环境和加强治理效应两种途径缓解企业的并购融资问题。因此,并购企业应积极响应“陆港通”政策,从而引入更多成熟的境外投资者,达到提高并购效率、提升并购效果的目的。

2023年全球油气资源并购市场特点及前景展望

2023年,全球油气资源并购交易总数量仅为201宗,基本达到20年内最低水平;但并购交易总金额超过2335亿美元,创下自2012年以来的最高值。2023年世界油气并购市场总体呈现4个方面的特点:一是北美地区交易金额创历史新高,俄罗斯-中亚地区交易数量接近历史最低值;二是各类国际石油公司并购金额整体增加,国际石油巨头发起多宗“超级并购”;三是并购交易的评价油价创2014年来新高,与国际油价走势差异明显;四是北美地区非常规资产并购活动保持活跃,页岩油相关资产交易金额创历史新高。展望2024年,预计油气资源并购交易市场活跃程度将持续提升,国际石油公司将着手优化“并购后”资产组合,国家石油公司或将加大上游资产购买力度。

数字技术并购对企业创新的影响研究

在数字经济蓬勃发展的趋势下,技术并购成为企业数字化转型的重要途径。文章基于2007—2021年中国A股上市公司数据,利用三重差分法探究数字技术并购对企业创新的影响。研究发现,数字技术并购能够显著促进企业创新,并且研发资源挤入效应、知识溢出效应和市场规模效应是三个重要的作用渠道。异质性分析表明,当主并企业所属行业竞争激烈、所在地区知识溢出便利,主并企业属于劳动密集型,目标企业为大型或科技型企业时,数字技术并购的创新促进作用更明显。此外,数字技术并购能够显著促进目标数字企业创新,当其规模较大、处于成长期或为科技型企业时,促进作用更明显。研究结论为企业数字化转型路径选择和数字经济政策设计实现“创新双赢”提供启示。

全球金矿资源分布特征、勘查开发格局及展望

黄金是关乎国家安全,具有重要储备意义的战略性矿产资源。全球金矿资源丰富、分布广泛,但大部分查明储量和产量集中于少数国家,开展全球金矿资源分布特征和勘查开发格局研究,对有效布局境外优质金矿资源的勘查开发合作和矿业投资具有重要意义。研究结果表明:①全球90%以上的金储量集中分布于澳大利亚、俄罗斯、南非等18个国家;②北美洲和加拿大是全球大型-超大型金矿床数量最多的国家和地区;③全球大部分金查明储量和大型-超大型金矿床主要分布于显生宙造山带和前寒武纪地块中;④亚洲和中国、南非、俄罗斯是全球金矿勘查开发程度相对较高的地区和国家;⑤金矿勘查投资引领全球固体矿产勘查投资走势,大型矿业公司、金矿资源大国是投资主体;⑥全球金矿勘查热点国家集中于北美洲和南美洲;⑦全球70%的黄金年产量集中于中国、澳大利亚、俄罗斯、加拿大等12个国家;⑧全球黄金需求仍强劲,中国和印度领跑全球,美洲和南部非洲是全球黄金净出口地,亚洲和欧洲是全球黄金净进口地;⑨全球金矿矿业并购活跃,但高度集中于澳大利亚、加拿大两国。展望未来,全球金矿勘查找矿潜力和开发潜力巨大,预测黄金产量与需求量会持续上升,中国将持续为世界最大的黄金消费国。

数字贸易如何影响企业跨国并购

数字贸易逐渐发展成为中国建设贸易强国的新引擎,在促进企业对外投资等方面表现出了强劲的活力。基于2008—2022年中国A股上市公司相关数据,采用Probit模型,实证分析了数字贸易发展与企业跨国并购的关系。研究结果表明,数字贸易的发展能够推动企业跨国并购,并且这一结论在一系列稳健性检验后仍成立;异质性分析结果表明,数字贸易的发展更有利于推动大规模企业、主板上市企业、非两职合一企业及处于成熟期和衰退期的企业进行跨国并购,且对位于中西部地区及市场化程度较低地区的企业跨国并购促进作用更强;机制检验结果表明,数字贸易的发展能够通过促进企业创新水平的提高,降低企业的融资约束水平来促进企业跨国并购。

基于EVA的物流企业并购动因及绩效分析——以S公司并购J公司为例

近年来,国内互联网经济稳步增长,网络购物平台的崛起,带动了物流行业的迅猛发展。市场也对物流企业提出了更高的要求,物流企业为抢占更多市场份额,纷纷选择并购。并购已成为物流企业发展的重要手段。文章以S公司跨国并购J公司为例,分析物流行业并购动因及其对绩效的影响,通过计算S公司近几年的EVA数据,分析企业并购对绩效产生的影响并针对企业的现状提出发展建议,从行业角度出发,助力物流企业实现突破式增长,并为其他物流企业并购提供参考。

政府数字化激励促进企业纵向并购的机制研究

数字经济已然成为赋能产业转型升级、构建新发展格局、实现经济高质量发展的重要驱动力。在数字经济发展的浪潮中,政府数字化激励对于企业管理与经营决策等行为发挥着至关重要的作用,但政府数字化激励对企业纵向并购的作用机理尚未厘清。基于此,使用2012-2022年中国A股上市企业的数据,对政府数字化激励与企业纵向并购之间的因果关系及作用机理展开实证研究。结果表明,政府数字化激励显著促进了企业的纵向并购概率及频率,并通过缓解融资约束、提升企业数字化水平、增强内部控制信息披露等影响机制发挥效用。进一步的异质性分析表明,企业的所有权性质、面临的外部交易成本、行业集中度,以及区域数字经济发展水平对于政府数字化激励发挥纵向并购促进效应具有显著的影响。丰富了政府数字化激励政策在企业并购决策领域的研究,并为企业在数字经济时代中高效开展纵向并购提供了理论依据与实证结果支撑。

数字并购情境下目标方留任数字背景高管如何影响并购方数字创新绩效?

数字人才已经成为企业实现数字化转型和数字创新的关键资源,也是数字并购中并购方重点吸收和保留的数字资源。在数字并购情境下,以新一代信息技术企业为研究对象,基于资源基础理论,将目标方留任数字背景高管视为一种数字资源。将数字化转型划分为数字技术集成和数字技术应用两个维度,考察了目标方留任数字背景高管、并购方数字化转型和并购方数字创新绩效三者的作用机制,并以数字并购事件为研究样本,利用回归分析方法进行了实证检验。研究发现:目标方留任数字背景高管对数字创新短期绩效和长期绩效均具有正向影响;数字技术集成和数字技术应用发挥双重中介效应。在目标方留任数字背景高管与数字创新短期绩效关系中,数字技术集成发挥的中介效应大于数字技术应用;在目标方留任数字背景高管与数字创新长期绩效关系中,数字技术应用发挥的中介效应大于数字技术集成。研究有助于明晰数字并购情境下的数字创新绩效实现机制,帮助企业实现数字化转型和数字创新目标。

技术并购对企业绿色创新的影响研究——来自中国的并购证据

绿色创新是当今社会实现高质量发展的重要支撑与保障,其发展需要企业运用战略进行主动推进,而技术并购正是能够帮助企业推进绿色创新的重要方式。基于2010—2022年沪深A股609家上市公司发生的技术并购事件,通过多时点双重差分法检验了技术并购对绿色创新的影响,研究发现:技术并购能够显著促进企业绿色创新,企业冗余资源与风险感知能力正向调节技术并购与绿色创新之间的关系。为我国企业借助技术并购促进绿色技术创新提供了理论基础与实践依据。

企业跨国并购与离岸外包对技能溢价的影响探讨

全球化时代,不同国家(地区)之间的企业跨国并购行为较为常见,对企业管理、技术、人员等产生深远影响。研究基于我国上市公司相关数据,构建双固定效应模型,实证分析了跨国并购、离岸外包对企业技能溢价的影响。结果显示,跨国并购对企业技能溢价具有显著的正向影响,离岸外包在跨国并购对企业技能溢价的影响中具有部分中介作用。