Screening of active fractions from Radix of Actinidiae chinensis in vitro

Objective Radix of Actinidiae chinensis,a medicinal plant used in China,is the dry root of Actini-diaceae plant and has been extensively employed to treat cancers of various organs,including the lung,liver and digestive system.However,up to now,its active antitumor and antiviral fractions remain unclear.The main purpose of this study is to identify the antitumor and antiviral sites of Radix of Actinidiae chinensis,which provides evidences for its further development.Methods Radix of Actinidiae chinensis was extracted by the refluxing sequentially with acetidin,ethanol and water,followed by the column chromatography and thin layer chromatography.The antitumor effects on Bel-7402,SW-620 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells were investigated to screen the active antitumor sites by cell inhibition,the growth curve and the apoptosis staining.Meanwhile,to screen the active anti-hepatovirus fractions,the cell growth and the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells were evaluated by the MTT test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively.Results The acetidin fraction Y(Y1+Y2),the ethanol fraction A(A1+A3+A4) and B(A1+A4+A6),and the fraction compound C(A1+A4+Y1) have strong inhibitive effects on Bel-7402,SW-620 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cell lines.Moreover,the tumor cell apoptosis could be induced by the ethanol fraction B and the fraction compound C.In HepG2.2.15 cells,the treatment indexes of the acetidin fraction Y,the ethanol fraction A and the fraction compound C all exceeded 2 on the secretion of HBsAg,indicating the suppre-ssive effects of them on hepatitis B virus.The fraction yields of A,B and C exceeded 50%(60.28%,54.35% and 62.64% respectively),while that of Y did not(17.7%).Conclusion The ethanol fraction B and the fraction compound C are the antitumor sites of Actinidiae chinensis Radix,while the ethanol fraction A and the fraction compound C are its antiviral sites.

美味猕猴桃MYB家族鉴定及其对水淹胁迫的响应

基于美味猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa)二代转录组测序数据,通过多种生物信息学手段鉴定和分析了AcMYB家族基因。结果表明,在美味猕猴桃转录组数据中共获得64个具有完整ORF序列的AcMYB家族成员,将其分成4个亚族,其中亚族Ⅰ共34个成员,亚族Ⅱ共18个成员,亚族Ⅲ共10个成员,亚族Ⅳ共2个成员。水淹处理前后表达分析显示,AcMYB_214187、AcMYB_25788等AcMYB成员美味猕猴桃根中的表达水平明显降低,快速响应水淹胁迫,而叶中的表达水平差异不明显。AcMYB_19450、AcMYB_30021等AcMYB成员根中的表达水平差异不明显,但叶中的表达水平明显降低,可能原因是根接收到低氧胁迫信号后,将其传递到地上部并发挥作用,通过转录水平调控美味猕猴桃对低氧胁迫的响应。研究结果为后续开展美味猕猴桃MYB转录因子研究、促进抗逆境育种、提高产量提供了依据。

不同浓度镉污染土壤对猕猴桃的影响

利用盆栽模拟试验,设置3种浓度镉(Cd)污染土壤处理和空白对照,探究不同浓度Cd污染土壤对猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)生长的影响以及Cd在猕猴桃中的富集和转移规律。结果表明,在低浓度Cd污染土壤中,猕猴桃的鲜重、根茎部直径、根长、叶面积均无显著影响,在中高浓度Cd污染土壤中,猕猴桃的生长发育被抑制,鲜重、根茎部直径、根长、叶面积均下降,且浓度越高生长受到的抑制越严重;随着土壤Cd浓度的增加,猕猴桃叶的吸收能力增加而富集能力不变、猕猴桃茎吸收能力增加而富集能力先减小后增加、猕猴桃根吸收能力增强而富集能力先下降后趋于稳定;随着土壤Cd浓度的增加,猕猴桃的转移系数先下降后趋于稳定,转移系数均小于1,重金属Cd主要富集在猕猴桃根部;在不同浓度Cd污染条件下,猕猴桃根、茎、叶的富集系数均表现为根>茎>叶。

Two plant NLR proteins confer strain-specific resistance conditioned by an effector from Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae

Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae(Psa)causes bacterial canker,a devastating disease threatening the Actinidia fruit industry.In a search for non-host resistance genes against Psa,we find that the nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptor(NLR)protein ZAR1 from both Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana(Nb)recognizes Hop Z5 and triggers cell death.The recognition requires ZED1 in Arabidopsis and JIM2 in Nb plants,which are members of the ZRK pseudokinases and known components of the ZAR1 resistosome.Surprisingly,Arabidopsis ZAR1 and RPM1,another NLR known to recognize Hop Z5,confer disease resistance to Hop Z5 in a strain-specific manner.Thus,ZAR1,but not RPM1,is solely required for resistance to P.s.maculicola ES4326(Psm)carrying hop Z5,whereas RPM1 is primarily required for resistance to P.s.tomato DC3000(Pst)carrying hop Z5.Furthermore,the ZAR1-mediated resistance to Psm hop Z5 in Arabidopsis is insensitive to SOBER1,which encodes a deacetylase known to suppress the RPM1-mediated resistance to Pst hop Z5.In addition,hop Z5 enhances P.syringae virulence in the absence of ZAR1 or RPM1 and that SOBER1 abolishes such virulence function.Together the study suggests that ZAR1 may be used for improving Psa resistance in Actinidia and uncovers previously unknown complexity of effectortriggered immunity and effector-triggered virulence.

Genome wide association analysis identifies candidate genes for fruit quality and yield in Actinidia eriantha

Quality and yield are the primary concerns in kiwifruit breeding,but research on the genetic mechanisms of fruit size,shape,and ascorbic acid(ASA)content is currently very limited,which restricts the development of kiwifruit molecular breeding.In this study,we obtained a total of 8.88 million highly reliable single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers from 140 individuals from the natural hybrid offspring of Actinidia eriantha cv.‘White’using whole genome resequencing technology.A genome-wide association study was conducted on eight key agronomic traits,including single fruit weight,fruit shape,ASA content,and the number of inflorescences per branch.A total of 59 genetic loci containing potential functional genes were located,and candidate genes related to single fruit weight,fruit length,ASA content,number of inflorescences per branch and other traits were identified within the candidate interval,such as AeWUSCHEL,AeCDK1(cell cycle dependent kinase),AeAO1(ascorbic oxidase)and AeCO1(CONSTANS-like 4).After constructing an RNAi vector for AeAO1 and injecting it into the fruit of cv.‘Midao 31’to interfere with the expression of the AeAO1 gene,the results showed that the activity of ascorbic oxidase in the fruit of‘Midao 31’significantly decreased,while the content of ASA significantly increased.This study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of variation in A.eriantha fruit traits,which may benefit molecular marker-assisted breeding efforts.

基于改进后局部搜索算法的猕猴桃预估产量在种植区域的分配性能

为进一步提高猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)预估产量在种植区域的分配性能,通过麻雀搜索算法、可变螺旋因子来改进局部搜索算法,并利用逐维透镜学习策略加快改进后局部搜索算法的收敛速度。结果表明,当猕猴桃预估产量不变时,随着可变螺旋因子数值增加,分配时间逐渐降低;当可变螺旋因子数值不变时,猕猴桃预估产量增加,分配时间也增加。猕猴桃预估产量分别为10、20、30、40、50、60 t,4个种植区域面积分别为500、650、700、850 m^(2)。建议当猕猴桃预估产量为10~60 t时,可变螺旋因子数值设定为4;当预估产量为10~40 t时,种植区域3可以满足最佳种植间隔,当预估产量为50~60 t时,种植区域4可以满足最佳种植间隔,根据不同预估产量及种植区域面积合理进行猕猴桃种植间隔分配,保证猕猴桃获得充足的养分。改进后局部搜索算法的收敛速度较快,在迭代500次时,算法已趋于收敛,深度学习、粒子群算法及灰狼算法的收敛速度均小于改进后局部搜索算法。

Integrated Green Prevention and Control Techniques for Kiwifruit Canker Disease in "Guichang" Kiwifruit in Xiuwen County, Guizhou Province

Kiwifruit canker disease seriously affects the yield and quality of"Guichang"kiwifruit in Xiuwen County,Guizhou Province.In order to scientifically,safely,greenly and efficiently prevent and control the disease,theory was combined with prevention and control techniques to optimize existing prevention and control techniques,so as to improve the production yield and quality of kiwifruit.Specifically,biocontrol strains targeting local kiwifruit canker disease were screened,and reduced and mixed use of agrochemicals with improved efficiency was studied;and the effects and application techniques of disease resistance inducers and bioorganic fertilizers in inducing systemic disease resistance in kiwifruit trees were explored,and finally,an integrated green prevention and control scheme for kiwifruit canker disease that is suitable for kiwifruit production areas in Guizhou Province and has strong operability was proposed.This study provides technical support for green,efficient,standardized production technical services and sustainable and healthy development of kiwifruit industry.

猕猴桃‘脐红’与‘徐香’越冬期转录组的比较分析

以不同抗寒能力的中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)‘脐红’和美味猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa)‘徐香’为材料,在越冬期取样并分析生理指标,发现‘脐红’低温耐受性高于‘徐香’。对2个品种的转录组进行分析,GO聚类中细胞成分组织或生物生成、细胞器部分等差异较大;KEGG聚类中膜运输、翻译、转录、复制和修复等差异较大。对2个品种进行富集分析,淀粉和蔗糖代谢、植物激素信号转导、苯丙类化合物的生物合成和黄酮类化合物的生物合成通路存在差异表达,解析了2个品种在越冬期转录水平的变化。

A high-quality genome of Actinidia eriantha provides new insight into ascorbic acid regulation

Actinidia eriantha is one of the species of kiwifruit with a particularly high ascorbic acid (AsA) content.However, the molecular mechanism driving AsA richness in fruit remains unclear.In order to reveal the molecular mechanism of AsA richness in A. eriantha, this study constructed a regulatory network related to AsA metabolism by combining genomics,metabolomics and transcriptomics.We assembled a high-quality genome of A. eriantha ‘Ganlv 1’ with only five remaining gaps.The assembly is comprised of 29 pseudochromosomes with a total size of 615.95 Mb, and contig N50 of 20.35 Mb.Among them,24 of the pseudochromosomes were obtained directly from telomere-to-telomere.The LTR assembly index score and consensus quality value were 21.34 and 39.90%, respectively.Subsequently, 61 metabolites and 2 092genes were found to be differentially accumulated/expressed during fruit development by metabolome and transcriptome assays, respectively.AsA metabolism and the cyclic regeneration pathway were found to have high expression levels throughout fruit growth and development,suggesting its crucial role in the regulation of AsA.Furthermore,the AsA contents are highly associated with ascorbate peroxidase genes.The genome obtained in this study provides genomic resources for the genetic and breeding research ofA. eriantha, and the constructed regulatory network can provide a public data platform for future research on kiwifruit.

Actinidia deliciosa as a complemental therapy against nephropathy and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant role of Actinidia deliciosa(kiwifruits)aqueous extract in streptozotocin-treated rats.Animals were distributed into;control,A.deliciosa aqueous extract(ADAE;1 g/kg orally),streptozotocin(STZ;50 mg/kg,i.p,single dose),and STZ plus ADAE,respectively.Results showed that ADAE had high antioxidant and radical scavenging potency.Elevation in blood sugar level,lipid peroxidation(LPO),kidney function biomarkers,and perturbations in hematological parameters were observed in diabetic rats.While,enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants,protein content,and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity declined.Furthermore,histological,immunohistochemical alpha-smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity(α-SMA-ir)and histochemical(collagen,total protein,DNA,and RNA)alterations were observed in rat kidneys.Moreover,STZ produced upregulation of inflammatory associated genes(tumor necrosis factor-alpha;TNF-αand transforming growth factorβ1;TGF-β1)and triggered apoptosis by upregulating apoptotic related gene[Bcl2-associated X protein(Bax)]and downregulating anti-apoptotic related gene B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)based on real-time PCR data.Moreover,diabetic rats administered with ADAE showed significant restoration in LPO,antioxidant status,and biochemical indices besides tissue architecture,and genes improvement regarding STZ group.Conclusively,A.deliciosa has a valuable ameliorative infl uence and can restore glucose levels and improve kidney dysfunction in diabetic rats.

Polyphenols and pectin enriched golden kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) alleviates high fructose-induced glucolipid disorders and hepatic oxidative damage in rats:in association with improvement of fatty acids metabolism

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of fleshes from two Actinidia chinensis(ACF), pericarps from two A. chinensis(ACP), and fleshes with pericarps from two A. chinensis(ACFP)on high fructose(HF)-instigated dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and fatty acid metabolism disorders in rats. In general, the above abnormalities were improved after 10 weeks intervention of ACF, ACP, and ACFP. Especially, ACFP considerably ameliorated HF-induced abnormal changes in body weight gain, serum TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C levels, as well as serum and hepatic SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs contents. ACFP also alleviated HF-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, stabilized HF-caused increase in hepatic MDA and serum ALT, AST levels, and restored HF-declined hepatic T-SOD and GSH-Px activities. Besides, histopathology of the liver further endorsed the protective effects of ACFP on hepatocellular injury. Moreover, ACFP increased HF-dropped acetic, propionic and butyric acid levels. Overall, ACFP employs more efficacious protective effects against HF-induced metabolic disorders and liver damage than ACF and ACP. This study delivers a scientific foundation for developing kiwifruit(counting peel)-based dietary supplements for those with glucolipid-metabolic disorders and liver damage.

九里坪紫肉软枣猕猴桃的气候生态适应性

对2018—2021年九里坪紫肉软枣猕猴桃[Actinidia arguta(Siebold&Zucc.)Planch.ex Miq.]紫猕A12的气候生态适应性进行了评价。结果表明,因种植地段春季气温年际间差异大,紫猕A12萌芽物候期年际间差异较大,一般年份为3月中下旬;其他物候期年际间差异相对较小,4月下旬现蕾,5月下旬始花,6月初盛花,8月下旬至9月上旬成熟,10月下旬落叶。该品种多数年份11月初至次年3月上旬处于休眠阶段,比其他猕猴桃种群落叶进入休眠期早;3月中下旬树液开始流动,春季萌动的起点温度明显低于中华猕猴桃。明确初春冷空气活动对紫肉软枣猕猴桃的影响,是今后九里坪紫肉软枣猕猴桃气候生态适应性深入研究的重点。

Actinidia chinensis Planch.root extract downregulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to treat gastric cancer:a mechanism study based on network pharmacology

Background:Actinidia chinensis Planch.roots(AcRoots)have been applied as an anti-inflammatory and antitumor drug in the treatment of gastric cancer(GC).However,their mechanisms against GC cells remain unclear.To investigate the anticancer effect of AcRoots in GC and the possible underlying mechanism by using network pharmacology.Methods:Differentially expressed genes between gastric precancerous lesions and cancer were analyzed in Gene Expression Omnibus datasets,and these genes were overlapped with potential targets of AcRoots.Potential targets and pathways for AcRoots treatment of GC predicted by network pharmacology.Furthermore,we used the GC cell line HGC27 to explore the molecular mechanisms in the context of hub genes in apoptosis,invasion,metastasis,and epithelial to mesenchymal transition-promoting factors.Molecular docking between hub targets and active drug components was also performed.Results:Network pharmacological analysis suggested that the potential mechanism was related to the Wnt pathway and predicted nine hub genes.In in vitro studies,AcRoots significantly decreased HGC27 cell viability and promoted apoptosis by upregulating caspase3 and downregulating Bcl2.Moreover,it suppressed invasion and metastasis as well as the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related factors.In addition,AcRoots affected the phosphorylation level of GSK3β(Ser9)in the Wnt pathway to promote the degradation ofβ-catenin,resulting in the downregulation of the downstream target genes c-myc,cyclin D1 and snail.All the experimental results were consistent with the network pharmacology results.Conclusion:This study combined network pharmacology with in vitro experiments to provide valid evidence for the clinical promotion of AcRoots.

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病研究进展

笔者总结了近年来国内外学者对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的研究和发现,详细介绍了猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的症状、危害和传播途径以及致病菌Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae的特征、分类和起源,分析了其可能的致病机理,并总结了猕猴桃的抗病性研究。基于目前对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的防治方法和相关研究发现,展望了猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的研究方向和防治措施,提出采取预防致病菌传入、增强树势和药剂防治相结合的防治措施,为以后的研究和生产实践提供理论依据。

RCP8.5情景下气候变化对四川省猕猴桃溃疡病病菌地理分布的影响

基于当前和RCP8.5情景,选用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对猕猴桃溃疡病病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae)在四川省的潜在分布区进行预测,并分析21世纪30年代、50年代、70年代和80年代的适生区变化。结果表明,利用ROC曲线对模型模拟的准确度进行评价,训练数据和测试数据AUC分别介于0.915~0.970、0.924~0.956之间,预测结果准确。当前气候条件下,猕猴桃溃疡病病菌在四川省的高适生区主要位于成都市、德阳市、绵阳市、广元市、巴中市、达州市和雅安市,中适生区在四川省21地市(州)均有分布。RCP8.5情景下,与当前情景相比,高适生区和低适生区面积均显著增加,中适生区面积先增加后减少,不同适生区几何中心位置和迁移规律均有所不同,但总体上均向北移动。

猕猴桃自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间自相关分析

本研究采用空间自相关分析方法对同域分布的中华猕猴桃(Actinidiachinensis)和美味猕猴桃(A.deliciosa)自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间结构进行了研究,以探讨猕猴桃自然居群遗传变异的分布特征。选用的9对SSR引物在两物种中共扩增出104个等位基因。选择频率在20–80%的SSR等位基因,运用等样本对频率方法分别对同域分布的中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃各1个居群及其中华/美味猕猴桃复合居群进行了空间自相关系数Moran’sI值计算。结果表明:中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的遗传变异在居群内均存在着一定程度的空间结构,尽管近半数或半数以上的等位基因在居群内表现为随机分布的空间模式,但也有相当比例(29.6–48.0%)的等位基因在种内居群中和复合居群中(河南西峡51.0%,陕西商南44.7%)呈现渐变、衰退、双向衰退或侵扰模式。而且其居群内遗传变异的空间分布规律,不论是在种内还是复合居群中都基本一致:相距在100m以内,特别是30m范围内的个体间的等位基因表现出显著性的正相关,但随着地理距离的增大逐渐显示出负相关,说明猕猴桃属植物的有效传粉距离可能在100m左右,种子散播主要集中在30m的近距离内。猕猴桃自然居群遗传变异的空间结构是其传粉和种子散播等生物学特性与生境共同作用的结果,其中种子近距离的散播、花粉传播的有限距离及人为干扰是最主要的因素。本研究结果揭示了这两个近缘物种居群遗传变异的空间分布特征及相互关系,有助于进一步探讨猕猴桃属植物的遗传变异、居群扩散及其地理系统发育进化等方面的规律,并为制定相应的保育策略和措施提供基础数据和科学依据。

万州区猕猴桃溃疡病的防治药剂室内筛选

为筛选出针对防治万州区猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)溃疡病菌的高效药剂,将初筛出的10种常见商品杀菌剂分别采用纸碟法和平板划线法进行室内抑菌试验,进一步筛选出6种抑菌效果较好的药剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,乙蒜氯霉的抑菌效果最好,EC50为36.34 mg/L;其次是新田秀才6号、农用硫酸链霉素,其EC50分别为83.21、92.34 mg/L。

贵州省修文县猕猴桃果园土壤养分分析

分析贵州省修文县猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)生产地土壤养分现状,为猕猴桃果园合理施肥提供部分理论依据。研究结果表明,修文县猕猴桃果园的土壤有机质平均含量46.53 g/kg,超过61%的土壤有机质含量达到适宜的要求;土壤全氮含量较高,有超过一半果园的土壤碱解氮含量大于120 mg/kg,处于适宜水平;土壤碱解氮含量丰富和很丰富的占25.70%,缺乏的占29.17%;果园土壤的速效磷平均含量为20.01 mg/kg,不能满足猕猴桃生产需要;土壤中速效钾含量处于适宜状态范围内的土壤样本占40.2%,近2/5的土壤缺速效钾。建议在今后的施肥过程中,对磷、钾肥增加施用量,氮肥维持施用量,注重有机肥配施;结合果园养分丰缺,做到有的放矢,科学合理地施肥,以提高肥料的利用率和猕猴桃的产量品质。

湖北猕猴桃主要病害及其有机病害治理技术

猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa)病虫害是制约有机猕猴桃发展的主要问题之一。通过对湖北省猕猴桃病害的调查,发现湖北省猕猴桃主要病害有猕猴桃溃疡病、花腐病、黑斑病、根腐病、黄化病和根结线虫病等,分别就10种较常见病害的危害症状、发生规律及其有机病害治理技术进行了介绍。

猕猴桃果酱制作的研究

比较了常压浓缩和微波浓缩对猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)果酱制作时间、色泽、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸和总酚的影响,并对微波浓缩猕猴桃果酱的配方进行了优化。结果表明,与常压浓缩相比,采用700 W微波制作的猕猴桃果酱可缩短浓缩时间19 min,可保存更多的抗坏血酸(0.37 g/kg);对果酱的营养指标和感官评价分析得出,制作猕猴桃果酱的最优工艺为猕猴桃果浆300 g,白砂糖55%和果胶0.4%,微波功率700 W,浓缩时间11 min。