T-cell activation requires the formation of the immunological sy napse(IS)bet ween a T-cll and anantigen-presenting cell(AP C)to control the development of the adaptive immune response.How-ever,calcium release,an init...T-cell activation requires the formation of the immunological sy napse(IS)bet ween a T-cll and anantigen-presenting cell(AP C)to control the development of the adaptive immune response.How-ever,calcium release,an initial signal of T-cell activation,has been found to occur before IS for-mation.The mechanism for triggering the calcium signaling and relationship bet ween calciumrelease and IS format ion remains unclear.Herein,using live-cell imaging,we found that int ercellularadhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1),an essential mdlecule for IS formation,accumulated and then wasdepleted at the center of the synapse before complete IS formation.During the proces of ICAM1depletion,calcium was released.if ICAM-1 failed to be depleted from the center of the synapse,thesustained calcium signaling could not be induced.Moreover,depletion of ICAM-1 in ISs preferen-tially ccurred with the contact of antigen-specific T-cels and dendritic clls(DCs).Blocking thebinding ofICA M-1 and lymphocy te finction-associated antigen 1(LFA-1),ICAM-1 failed to depleteat the center of the synapse,and calcium release in T-clls decreased.In studying the mechanism ofhow the depletion ofiCA M1 could influence calcium release in T-clls,we found that the movementof ICAM-1 was associat ed with the localization of LFA-1 in the IS,which afected the localization ofcalcium microdomains,ORAIl and mitochondria in IS.Therefore,the depletion of ICAM-1 in the center of the synapse is an important factor for an initial sust ained calcium release in T-cells.展开更多
Osteoclast differentiation depends on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB(RANK) signaling,which can be divided into triggering,amplifying and targeting phases based on how active the master regulator nuclear fact...Osteoclast differentiation depends on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB(RANK) signaling,which can be divided into triggering,amplifying and targeting phases based on how active the master regulator nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1(NFATc1) is. The triggering phase is characterized by immediateearly RANK signaling induced by RANK ligand(RANKL) stimulation mediated by three adaptor proteins,tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,Grb-2-associated binder-2 and phospholipase C(PLC)γ2,leading to activation of IκB kinase,mitogen-activated protein kinases and the transcription factors nuclear factor(NF)-κB and activator protein-1(AP-1). Mice lacking NF-κB p50/p52 or the AP-1 subunit c-Fos(encoded by Fos) exhibit severe osteopetrosis due to a differentiation block in the osteoclast lineage. The amplification phase occurs about 24 h later in a RANKLinduced osteoclastogenic culture when Ca2+ oscillation starts and the transcription factor NFATc1 is abundantly produced. In addition to Ca2+ oscillation-dependent nuclear translocation and transcriptional auto-induction of NFATc1,a Ca2+ oscillation-independent,osteoblastdependent mechanism stabilizes NFATc1 protein in dif-ferentiating osteoclasts. Osteoclast precursors lacking PLCγ2,inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors,regulator of G-protein signaling 10,or NFATc1 show an impaired transition from the triggering to amplifying phases. The final targeting phase is mediated by activation of numerous NFATc1 target genes responsible for cell-cell fusion and regulation of bone-resorptive function. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms for each of the three phases of RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation.展开更多
Extracellular amyloid beta(Aβ) plaques are main pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the specific type of neuro ns that produce Aβ peptides in the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease are unknown.In...Extracellular amyloid beta(Aβ) plaques are main pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the specific type of neuro ns that produce Aβ peptides in the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease are unknown.In this study,we found that 5-hydroxytryptamin receptor 3A subunit(HTR3A) was highly expressed in the brain tissue of transgenic amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mice(an Alzheimer’s disease model) and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.To investigate whether HTR3A-positive interneurons are associated with the production of Aβ plaques,we performed double immunostaining and found that HTR3A-positive interneurons were clustered around Aβ plaques in the mouse model.Some amyloid precursor protein-positive or β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1-positive neurites near Aβ plaques were co-localized with HTR3A interneurons.These results suggest that HTR3A-positive interneurons may partially contribute to the generation of Aβ peptides.We treated 5.0-5.5-month-old model mice with tro pisetron,a HTR3 antagonist,for 8 consecutive weeks.We found that the cognitive deficit of mice was partially reversed,Aβ plaques and neuroinflammation we re remarkably reduced,the expression of HTR3 was remarkably decreased and the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cell 4 signaling pathway was inhibited in treated model mice.These findings suggest that HTR3A interneurons partly contribute to generation of Aβ peptide at the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease and inhibiting HTR3 partly reve rses the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers,as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint(IC)confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells.Multiple ICs,such as programmed cell dea...Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers,as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint(IC)confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells.Multiple ICs,such as programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4),can bind to their respective receptors and reduce tumor immunity in a variety of ways,including blocking immune cell activation signals.IC blockade(ICB)therapies targeting these checkpoint molecules have demonstrated significant clinical benefits.This is because antibody-based IC inhibitors and a variety of specific small molecule inhibitors can inhibit key oncogenic signaling pathways and induce durable tumor remission in patients with a variety of cancers.Deciphering the roles and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules will provide crucial theoretical guidance for clinical treatment.In this review,we summarize the current knowledge on the functional and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules at multiple levels,including epigenetic regulation,transcriptional regulation,and post-translational modifications.In addition,we provide a summary of the medications targeting various nodes in the regulatory pathway,and highlight the potential of newly identified IC molecules,focusing on their potential implications for cancer diagnostics and immunotherapy.展开更多
基金supported by the National Major Scientic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB910404)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61227017,31400772 and 81273215)+3 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.61425006)the grants of the Project for Laureate of Taishan Scholar(Grant No.ts201511075)the Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences,the Projects of medical and health technology development program in Shandong province(No.2015WS0194)the science and technology program from Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2015-25).
文摘T-cell activation requires the formation of the immunological sy napse(IS)bet ween a T-cll and anantigen-presenting cell(AP C)to control the development of the adaptive immune response.How-ever,calcium release,an initial signal of T-cell activation,has been found to occur before IS for-mation.The mechanism for triggering the calcium signaling and relationship bet ween calciumrelease and IS format ion remains unclear.Herein,using live-cell imaging,we found that int ercellularadhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1),an essential mdlecule for IS formation,accumulated and then wasdepleted at the center of the synapse before complete IS formation.During the proces of ICAM1depletion,calcium was released.if ICAM-1 failed to be depleted from the center of the synapse,thesustained calcium signaling could not be induced.Moreover,depletion of ICAM-1 in ISs preferen-tially ccurred with the contact of antigen-specific T-cels and dendritic clls(DCs).Blocking thebinding ofICA M-1 and lymphocy te finction-associated antigen 1(LFA-1),ICAM-1 failed to depleteat the center of the synapse,and calcium release in T-clls decreased.In studying the mechanism ofhow the depletion ofiCA M1 could influence calcium release in T-clls,we found that the movementof ICAM-1 was associat ed with the localization of LFA-1 in the IS,which afected the localization ofcalcium microdomains,ORAIl and mitochondria in IS.Therefore,the depletion of ICAM-1 in the center of the synapse is an important factor for an initial sust ained calcium release in T-cells.
基金Supported by Grants from MEXT Japan,No.23790265(to Kuroda Y)and No.21390425(to Matsuo K)
文摘Osteoclast differentiation depends on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB(RANK) signaling,which can be divided into triggering,amplifying and targeting phases based on how active the master regulator nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1(NFATc1) is. The triggering phase is characterized by immediateearly RANK signaling induced by RANK ligand(RANKL) stimulation mediated by three adaptor proteins,tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,Grb-2-associated binder-2 and phospholipase C(PLC)γ2,leading to activation of IκB kinase,mitogen-activated protein kinases and the transcription factors nuclear factor(NF)-κB and activator protein-1(AP-1). Mice lacking NF-κB p50/p52 or the AP-1 subunit c-Fos(encoded by Fos) exhibit severe osteopetrosis due to a differentiation block in the osteoclast lineage. The amplification phase occurs about 24 h later in a RANKLinduced osteoclastogenic culture when Ca2+ oscillation starts and the transcription factor NFATc1 is abundantly produced. In addition to Ca2+ oscillation-dependent nuclear translocation and transcriptional auto-induction of NFATc1,a Ca2+ oscillation-independent,osteoblastdependent mechanism stabilizes NFATc1 protein in dif-ferentiating osteoclasts. Osteoclast precursors lacking PLCγ2,inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors,regulator of G-protein signaling 10,or NFATc1 show an impaired transition from the triggering to amplifying phases. The final targeting phase is mediated by activation of numerous NFATc1 target genes responsible for cell-cell fusion and regulation of bone-resorptive function. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms for each of the three phases of RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation.
基金supported by the Notional Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81371213 and 8107098 7the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,No.21ZR1468400 (all to QLY)。
文摘Extracellular amyloid beta(Aβ) plaques are main pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the specific type of neuro ns that produce Aβ peptides in the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease are unknown.In this study,we found that 5-hydroxytryptamin receptor 3A subunit(HTR3A) was highly expressed in the brain tissue of transgenic amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mice(an Alzheimer’s disease model) and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.To investigate whether HTR3A-positive interneurons are associated with the production of Aβ plaques,we performed double immunostaining and found that HTR3A-positive interneurons were clustered around Aβ plaques in the mouse model.Some amyloid precursor protein-positive or β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1-positive neurites near Aβ plaques were co-localized with HTR3A interneurons.These results suggest that HTR3A-positive interneurons may partially contribute to the generation of Aβ peptides.We treated 5.0-5.5-month-old model mice with tro pisetron,a HTR3 antagonist,for 8 consecutive weeks.We found that the cognitive deficit of mice was partially reversed,Aβ plaques and neuroinflammation we re remarkably reduced,the expression of HTR3 was remarkably decreased and the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cell 4 signaling pathway was inhibited in treated model mice.These findings suggest that HTR3A interneurons partly contribute to generation of Aβ peptide at the initial stage of Alzheimer’s disease and inhibiting HTR3 partly reve rses the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2700903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81672791 and 81872300)+2 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.LR18C060002)the Huadong Medicine Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LHDMY22H160006)the ZJU-QILU Joint Research Institute and Qilu Group.
文摘Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers,as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint(IC)confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells.Multiple ICs,such as programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4(CTLA-4),can bind to their respective receptors and reduce tumor immunity in a variety of ways,including blocking immune cell activation signals.IC blockade(ICB)therapies targeting these checkpoint molecules have demonstrated significant clinical benefits.This is because antibody-based IC inhibitors and a variety of specific small molecule inhibitors can inhibit key oncogenic signaling pathways and induce durable tumor remission in patients with a variety of cancers.Deciphering the roles and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules will provide crucial theoretical guidance for clinical treatment.In this review,we summarize the current knowledge on the functional and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules at multiple levels,including epigenetic regulation,transcriptional regulation,and post-translational modifications.In addition,we provide a summary of the medications targeting various nodes in the regulatory pathway,and highlight the potential of newly identified IC molecules,focusing on their potential implications for cancer diagnostics and immunotherapy.
