Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities in Black Soybean Preparations Fermented with Various Microorganisms

Black soybeans [Glycine max（L.） Merrill] were fermented with various GRAS（generally recognized as safe） microorganisms,including Aspergillus sp.,Bacillus sp.and yeast（Issatchenkia orientalis） at 30°C for 3 d.The antioxidant contents,including total phenolics and total flavonoids,and the antioxidant activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine（DPPH）,ferric reducing antioxidant power（FRAP） and HO.scavenging were analyzed in preparations of fermented black soybeans.Fermented cultures proved to yield significant levels of antioxidants compared with non-fermented cultures（P 〈 0.05）.Fermented black soybean preparations possessed antioxidant activities could be attributed to the total phenolics and flavonoids present.

Screening of flocculant-producing microorganisms and flocculating activity

A strain saccharomycete STSM-1 with high flocculanting activity was isolated from activated sludge with conventional methods. The high production rate and the low cost STSM-1 medium was obtained by selecting different kinds of media, carbon source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt ion. The best flocculant-producing conditions were found by changing medium initial pH, culture temperature and ventilation flow. The best flocculating effect was obtained by changing positive ion types, density and concentration of flocculant.

Chromium accumulation, microorganism population and enzyme activities in soils around chromium-containing slag heap of steel alloy factory

The environmental risk of chromium pollution is pronounced in soils adjacent to chromate industry. It is important to investigate the functioning of soil microorganisms in ecosystems exposed to long-term contamination by chromium. 45 soil samples obtained from different places of the slag heap in a steel alloy factory were analyzed for chromium contamination level and its effect on soil microorganisms and enzyme activities. The results show that the average concentrations of total Cr in the soil under the slag heap, adjacent to the slag heap and outside the factory exceed the threshold of Secondary Environmental Quality Standard for Soil in China by 354%, 540% and 184%, respectively, and are 15, 21 and 9 times higher than the local background value, respectively. Elevated chromium loadings result in changes in the activity of the soil microbe, as indicated by the negative correlations between soil microbial population and chromium contents. Dehydrogenase activity is greatly depressed by chromium in the soil. The results imply that dehydrogenase activity can be used as an indicator for the chromium pollution level in the area of the steel alloy factory.

Effects of Heavy Metals on Activated Sludge Microorganism

The efforts of heavy metals on activated sludge microorganisms are reviewed. Although some heavy metals play an important role in the life of microorganism, heavy metals concentrations above toxic levels inhibit biological processes. Copper, zinc, nickel,cadmium and chromium were mostly studied because of their toxicity and widely used, regardless of single or combination. The microorganism response to these heavy metals varied with species and concentrations of metals,factors such as pH, sludge age, MLSS etc. also affect toxicity on the microorganism. The acclimation could extend the microorganism tolerance of heavy metals. The effects of heavy metals on sludge microorganisms could be described with different models, such as Sigmoidal and Monod equation. The kinetic constants are the useful indexes to estimate the heavy metals inhibition on activated sludge system. Methods to measure the toxicity and effects on microorganism community were also reviewed.

Changes in Active Components before and after Microorganism Fermentation of Rhizoma Paridis(Chonglou)

[Objectives] To study the changes in active components before and after microorganism fermentation of Rhizoma Paridis( Chonglou). [Methods]Analytical methods using total saponins and total flavonoids as indicators were established. UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the changes in active components before and after fermentation of Rhizoma Paridis. [Results] The content of total saponins decreased after fermentation,while the content of total flavonoids increased. [Conclusions]The content of total saponins decreased after fermentation and the content of total flavonoids increased. The fermentation process of Monascus purpureus Went. needs further optimization.

Mixed convection in gravity-driven nano-liquid film containing both nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms

Analysis of a gravity-induced film flow of a fluid containing both nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms along a convectively heated vertical surface is presented.The Buongiorno model is applied. Two kinds of boundary conditions, the passive and the active boundary conditions, are considered to investigate this film flow phenomenon.Through a set of similarity variables, the ordinary differential equations that describe the conservation of the momentum, the thermal energy, the nanoparticles, and the microorganisms are derived and then solved numerically by an efficient finite difference technique.The effects of various physical parameters on the profiles of momentum, thermal energy,nanoparticles, microorganisms, local skin friction, local Nusselt number, local wall mass flux, and local wall motile microorganisms flux are investigated. It is expected that the passively controlled nanofluid model can be much more easily achieved and applied in real circumstances than the actively controlled model.

Compositional Shifts in Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganism Communities of Eight Geographically Different Paddy Soils —Biogeographical Distribution of Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms

Soil nitrification is mediated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), which occupy different specialized ecological niches. However, little is known about the diversification of AOA and AOB communities in a large geographical scale. Here, eight paddy soils collected from different geographic regions in China were selected to investigate the spatial distribution of AOA and AOB, and their potential nitrification activity (PNA). The result showed that the abundance of AOA was predominant over AOB, indicating that the rice fields favor the growth of AOA. PNA highly varied from 0.43 to 3.57 μg NOX-N·g·dry·soil·h-1, and was positively related with soil NH3 content, the abundance of AOA community, and negatively related with the diversity of AOB community (P amoA genes revealed remarkable differences in the compositions of AOA and AOB community. Phylogenetic analyses of amoA genes showed that Nitrosospiracluster-3-like and Nitrosomonas cluster 7-like AOB extensively dominated the AOB communities, and 54d9-like AOA within the soil group 1.1b predominated in AOA communities in paddy soils. Redundancy analysis suggested that the spatial variations of AOA community structure were influenced by soil TN content (P < 0.01), while no significant correlation between AOB community structure and soil properties was found. Findings highlight that ammonia oxidizers exhibit spatial variations in complex paddy fields due to the joint influence of soil variables associated with N availability.

Microorganisms Associated with Vegetable Oil Polluted Soil

Vegetable oil Spills are becoming frequent and are potentially more challenging than petroleum hydrocarbon spills. Microbial lipases occupy a place of prominence among biocatalysts are often used for remediation of vegetable oil-polluted sites. This work was carried out to isolate microorganisms from oil-polluted sites and screen them for their lipolytic activity. Microorganisms were isolated from eight experimental soil samples contaminated with different types of vegetable oil, soil from an oil mill in Ibadan, and normal uncontaminated soil as a control. The isolates were characterized, identified and those common to at least one of the experimental sites and oil mill sites were screened for their lipolytic activity. Data obtained were analysed using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Seventy three microorganisms were isolated from the polluted soil and identified as species of Bacillus (16), Pseudomonas (12), Flavobacterium (6), Alcaligenes (2), Proteus (3), Micrococcus (1), Aspergillus (9), Penicillium (6), Saccharomyces (4), Geotrichum (1), Kluveromyces (1). Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformic, Pseudomonas cepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacterium sp., Alcaligenes sp. and Candida parapsilosis which were common to at least one of the experimental site and oil mill site were preliminarily screened for lipolytic activity and all nine confirmed by presence of halos around the colonies. These screened organisms have potential for the degradation of fatty waste. They could therefore be employed in environmental clean-up of vegetable oil spill site.

Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms from Burn Patients Admitted in Tertiary Medical College Hospital and Their Antimicrobial Patterns

Object: To isolate and identify the microorganisms from the burn patients admitted to the National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery Unit in Tertiary Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. A total number of fifty wound surface swab samples of first and second-degree burn patients were collected and the microbial analysis as well as the study of antibacterial susceptibility was conducted. The study showed the bacterial isolates were found. 45 (90%) of wound swab were positive among 50 and only 5 samples (10%) were negative in bacterial growth, which presented invasive burn wound infection from both sex age groups marked 12 - 60 years. The total viable count TVC-11651 CFU/plate was found and the highest amount in the second-degree burn patients. The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was common in all positive samples 6636 CFU/plate (57%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 4070 CFU/plate (35%), Klebsiella spp. 450 CFU/plate (5%), Proteus spp. 243 CFU/plate (2%), and E. coli 162 CFU/plate (1%). Most of the pathogens were found to be drug-resistant while several isolates were noted to be multi-drug resistant. The growth of multidrug-resistant organisms should be considered as a serious risk factor in a burn unit. Aggressive infection control measures should be applied to limit the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens.

<i>In Vitro</i>Antifungal Efficacies of Maize Associated Microorganisms

Microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) were isolated from different parts of yellow maize (stem, cob, husk, leaf, root) as well as from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of maize using conventional microbiological techniques. A total number of twenty-six bacteria and thirteen fungi were isolated. The antagonistic efficacies of these isolates were tested against Sclerotium rolfsii, Aspergillus repens, Penicillium notatum and Pythium sp. using streak bioassay, food poisoning and dual culture techniques. None of the bacteria was antagonistic to the test fungi at 25&#176C on PDA using streak bioassay. However, there was reduction in the population density of the test fungi using food poisoning technique. The fungal isolates were antagonistic to the test fungi in varying degrees. Generally, S. rolfsii was susceptible to seven out of the eight fungal antagonists while P. notatum was least susceptible. The percentage reduction of S. rolfsii ranged from 40.00 ± 5.78 to 64.07 ± 2.31. Efficacies of chemical fungicides;mancozeb, camazeb and red force at 3 different concentrations— 0.05%, 0.1% and 1.0% (w/v) on the test fungi were also determined. No growth of the test fungi was observed at 1% (w/v) of all the fungicides while at lower concentration (0.05%), red force did not have any inhibitory effect. The growth of S. rolfsii was completely inhibited at 0.05% of mancozeb whereas there was reduction in mycelial growth of A. repens. Effect of inoculation time and nutrients (PDA and MEA) was determined on the antagonistic activities of Trichoderma viride. There were significant differences in inhibitory potentials of the two isolates of Trichoderma viride when pre-inoculated on the culture medium. The antagonistic potentials were more pronounced on malt extract agar than potato dextrose agar.

不同施肥处理对‘渝城1号’核桃产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响

以‘渝城1号’核桃为研究对象,设置单施复合肥、单施有机肥、施用核桃配方肥及不施肥4个处理,测定不同施肥处理时核桃产量、品质及核桃园土壤理化性质、微生物数量等,对核桃配方肥的应用效果进行评价。结果表明:施复合肥、有机肥及核桃配方肥均能提高核桃产量,其中,施用核桃配方肥的增产效果最好,经济效益最高,该施肥处理比不施肥的收益提高88.1%。相比于不施肥,施用核桃配方肥时核桃果实的蛋白质及脂肪总量显著提高,油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸占比增加,硬脂酸、棕榈酸等饱和脂肪酸占比下降。施用复合肥能促进核桃园土壤有效氮、磷、钾质量分数的增加,但会引起土壤pH及有机质质量分数下降。施用有机肥和核桃配方肥均能促进土壤有机质和有效养分质量分数增加。施用核桃配方肥后,土壤总微生物量增加,固氮菌、解磷菌、解钾菌、纤维降解菌等功能微生物数量均显著增多,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶等活性大幅升高。施用核桃配方肥能显著提升核桃的产量和品质,更利于土壤养分转化和果园可持续经营。

新型活性砂滤罐深度脱氮性能与微生物群落结构研究分析

为进一步减少氮污染物排放,满足城市污水处理厂深度脱氮提标改造的需求,本研究使用新型活性砂滤罐以二沉池出水为对象进行深度脱氮试验,考察不同调控因子对总氮(TN)去除效果以及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,最优水力停留时间(HRT)为0.28 h,最佳碳氮比(C/N)为6:1,在此条件下出水TN浓度低于1.5 mg/L,优于现有深度脱氮工艺;为节约运行成本,HRT可调整至0.13~0.23 h,C/N参数不变,TN出水浓度低于4 mg/L。使用乙酸钠时微生物的响应时间比使用甲醇时更短,但高C/N条件下使用甲醇时脱氮效果比使用乙酸钠更好。16s rRNA高通量测序结果表明,系统主要脱氮功能微生物为Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis、Anaerolineaceae、Longilinea、Rhodocyclaceae、Chlorobium、Thiobacillus、Betaproteobacteria等,Anaerolineaceae主要聚集于装置底部。反冲洗会导致中下部生物膜量较高,但滤床循环运行的方式能将装置底部的反硝化菌转移至滤料顶部,使微生物在装置内的分布更加均匀,从而保证较好的深度脱氮效果。

土壤微塑料来源及其对土壤氮循环影响的研究进展

微塑料(<5 mm)是一种新兴污染物,由于其具有迁移、转化、吸附和降解等特性,对生态环境和人类健康构成严重危害和潜在风险。氮循环在生物地球化学循环中起决定性作用,其关键过程主要由微生物驱动,而微塑料进入环境后通过影响微生物的种群、丰度和类型进而影响氮循环。为保护土壤生态环境,降低塑料对农业生产的危害提供参考,综述土壤微塑料来源和微塑料对土壤酶活性、微生物、氮循环及其相关基因的影响等方面的研究进展,并从扩大微塑料类型、粒径和开展浓度及土壤-微生物-植物多因素耦合长期野外试验等方面展望其研究方向。

干腌火腿抗氧化肽的研究进展

自由基过量累积会导致人体许多慢性疾病的产生,如衰老、慢性炎症、心血管疾病等,目前常规的解决方法是使用抗氧化剂。然而人工合成的抗氧化剂对人体有潜在危害,因此无毒副作用的抗氧化肽成为了当今研究的热点。作为发酵肉制品之一的干腌火腿,因其蛋白质含量丰富,且在发酵过程中受到内源酶和微生物的影响,会对蛋白质进行分解,从而产生具有抗氧化活性的小肽。大量的研究表明,来源于干腌火腿的肽具有极强的抗氧化活性。因此,干腌火腿作为天然抗氧化肽的潜在来源,备受研究人员的关注。本文综述了干腌火腿中抗氧化肽研究的最新进展,主要包括抗氧化肽的形成、制备、纯化鉴定及抗氧化机制4个方面,其中特别指出外源微生物对抗氧化肽形成的影响,以期为干腌火腿抗氧化肽的进一步研究提供理论基础。

森林根际土壤细菌的分离、鉴定及生物活性筛选

【目的】从无量山国家级自然保护区森林根际土壤发掘具有多种生物活性的功能菌株,探究其开发应用潜力。【方法】采集无量山地区25个区域植物的根际土壤,采用选择培养基,分离鉴定磷酸盐溶解、固氮、溶锌和拮抗等活性菌株,进一步测定菌株分泌铁载体、ACC脱氨酶和吲哚乙酸等生物活性,并验证促番茄种子发芽和生长效果。【结果】分离鉴定得到解磷菌70株,固氮菌27株,解钾菌8株,拮抗镰刀菌的菌株51株。其中,YIM B08401和YIM B08402形态学结合生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列测序,鉴定为白色伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia alba)和青岛假单胞菌(Pseudomonas qingdaonensis),两个菌株均具有磷酸盐溶解、固氮、溶锌和分泌铁载体的活性,最大可溶性磷含量为(455.63±59.65)mg/L和(878.95±64.78)mg/L;两株菌的促种子发芽试验结果接近,施加稀释10倍、10^(2)倍和10^(3)倍的发酵上清液后,发芽率都维持在82%-93%,明显高于对照组的56%和49%,施加菌株发酵液的处理组相较于空白对照组的长度都有显著增加。盆栽实验证明,两株菌株促生效果最明显的处理组在地上部长度、鲜重、干重、茎粗、根长、根鲜重、根干重方面的数据都显著优于对照组,YIM B08401的上述指标相对于对照组分别显著增加了89%、495%、268%、62%、53%、385%和469%,YIM B08402的上述指标相对于对照组分别显著增加了118%、528%、477%、55%、37%、413%和747%。此外,菌株YIM B08401还具有拮抗病原菌和分泌ACC脱氨酶活性,YIM B08402则还具有分泌吲哚乙酸的活性。【结论】无量山森林根际土壤蕴含具有多种生物活性的功能菌株,白色伯克霍尔德氏菌(B. alba, YIM B08401)和青岛假单胞菌(P. qingdaonensis, YIM B08402)具备开发为新型微生物肥料的应用潜力。

植物精油对西门塔尔公牛血清抗氧化性能和直肠微生物的影响

试验旨在研究植物精油(PEO)对西门塔尔公牛血清抗氧化性能和直肠微生物的影响。选择56头体重(564.39±7.09)kg、体况良好的西门塔尔公牛,随机分成4组,每组14个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组(CK)饲喂基础饲粮,处理组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.5(PEO1)、1.0(PEO2)、1.5(PEO3)g/(头·d)的PEO。预试期7 d,正式试验期60 d。结果表明:试验第30 d,PEO2组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于CK组(P<0.05)。试验第60 d,PEO2组、PEO3组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于CK组(P<0.05),PEO2组、PEO3组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于CK组和PEO1组(P<0.05)。PEO对Chao1指数(Chao1)、物种观察指数(Observed_species)、香农指数(Shannon)和辛普森指数(Simpson)均无显著影响(P>0.05)。在直肠微生物门水平上,PEO对各菌门的相对丰度无显著影响(P>0.05)。在直肠微生物科水平上,PEO1组韦荣氏菌科(Veillonellaceae)相对丰度显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。PEO2组克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae)相对丰度显著高于CK组、PEO1组和PEO3组(P<0.05)。在直肠微生物属水平上,PEO3组普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著高于CK组和PEO2组(P<0.05)。PEO2组丁酸弧菌(Butyrivibrio)相对丰度显著高于CK组、PEO1组和PEO3组(P<0.05)。研究表明,饲粮中添加PEO可以提高西门塔尔公牛血清抗氧化性能,改善肠道微生物菌群结构,以1.0 g/(头·d)为适宜添加量。

沼液配施化肥对大葱产量和土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的影响

明确沼液替代化肥的合适比例以及沼液对大葱产量和土壤养分、微生物含量以及酶活性的影响,可为沼液的合理施用提供理论依据。试验设计了不施肥(CK)、化肥(CF)、沼液替代25%化肥氮(25BS)、沼液替代50%化肥氮(50BS)、沼液替代75%化肥氮(75BS)、沼液替代100%化肥氮(100BS)6个处理,分析了大葱产量及土壤养分含量、磷脂脂肪酸含量和碳氮磷循环相关酶活性,并通过偏最小二乘法路径模型(PLS-PM)探究上述指标的因果关系。结果表明,与CK相比,CF和各沼液处理(25BS、50BS、75BS和100BS)均能显著提高大葱产量(P<0.05),并且大葱产量随沼液替代化肥比例的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,其中50BS处理的大葱产量最高,达59.9 t·hm^(−2)。施用沼液可有效改善土壤养分状况,与CK相比,施用沼液显著提高土壤有机碳(SOC,19.5%~65.8%)、全氮(TN,40.5%~69.6%)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+),26.8%~77.4%)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(−),30.1%~41.9%)、速效磷(AP,10.5%~40.6%)、速效钾(AK,5.4%~8.5%)含量。施用沼液可有效提高土壤微生物含量以及土壤酶活性,与CK相比,施用沼液显著提高细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的磷脂脂肪酸含量(P<0.05),降低了革兰氏阳性细菌∶革兰氏阴性细菌的比例(P<0.05),有助于提高土壤碳、氮、磷相关循环酶活性(P<0.05);但是,随着沼液替代比例的增加,细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌、总磷脂脂肪酸含量以及碳、氮、磷相关循环酶活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势(P<0.05)。PLS-PM分析表明,沼液通过增加SOC、TN、NH_(4)^(+)、NO_(3)^(−)、AP含量,进而提高土壤微生物含量以及碳、氮循环酶活性,并提升大葱产量,但是过量的沼液可导致土壤电导率升高,并对土壤微生物活性和大葱生长产生抑制效果。本研究表明,短期施用沼液可显著提高大葱产量,有效改善土壤养分状况,并有利于土壤微生物含量以及酶活性提高,其中以沼液替代50%化肥氮的处理效果最优,但是沼液并不能完全替代化肥,施用过量的沼液容易造成土壤盐分累积,不利于大葱和土壤微生物的生长。