A concise review on surface and structural modification of porous zeolite scaffold for enhanced hydrogen storage

Investigating zeolites as hydrogen storage scaffolds is imperative due to their porous nature and favorable physicochemical properties.Nevertheless,the storage capacity of the unmodified zeolites has been rather unsatisfactory(0.224%-1.082%(mass))compared to its modified counterpart.Thus,the contemporary focus on enhancing hydrogen storage capacities has led to significant attention towards the utilization of modified zeolites,with studies exploring surface modifications through physical and chemical treatments,as well as the integration of various active metals.The enhanced hydrogen storage properties of zeolites are attributed to the presence of aluminosilicates from alkaline and alkaline-earth metals,resulting in increased storage capacity through interactions with the charge density of these aluminosilicates.Therefore,there is a great demand to critically review their role such as well-defined topology,pore structure,good thermal stability,and tunable hydrophilicity in enhanced hydrogen storage.This article aimed to critically review the recent research findings based on modified zeolite performance for enhanced hydrogen storage.Some of the factors affecting the hydrogen storage capacities of zeolites that can affect the rate of reaction and the stability of the adsorbent,like pressure,structure,and morphology were studied,and examined.Then,future perspectives,recommendations,and directions for modified zeolites were discussed.

Microstructure and properties of the joints of ZrO2 ceramic/ stainless steel brazed in vacuum with AgCuTi active filler metal

The ZrO2 ceranfic was successfully jointed to stainless steel by vacuum brazing with active filler metal. The AgCuTi active filler metal was used and the joining was performed at a temperature of 850 ℃ for 10 rain. The microstructures of the joints were characterized by metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）. Metallographic microscopy analysis shows that the morphology of the cross section was a sandwich structure and the TiO is observed in the surface of ZrO2/ stainless steel. The diffusion and enrichment of the elements are the key roles in the brazing of ZrO2 ceramic and stainless steel. The formation of TiCu compounds inhibited the further diffusion of titanium into stainless steel or the ZrO2 ceramic to form TiO compound. In the experimental conditions, the average tensile strength is 80MPa for the joint of ZrO2 ceramic / AgCuTi/ stainless steel systems. A complete joint is formed between the ZrO2 ceramic and stainless steel with the leakage rate at the degree of 10 ^-12 Pa · m^3/s.

Synthesis of β-aminoesters and α-selenoesters via Active Metal Bismuth Produced by Sm/BiCl_3 System in Aqueous Media

Active metal bismuth is produced in situ via Sin/BiCl_3, system in aqueous media. Promoted by this active species. β-aminoesters and α-selenoesters are synthesized via reaction of α-bromoesters with 1 -(α-aminoalkyl ) benzotriazole and diselenides in moderate to good yields.

Fabrication of polyetheretherketone(PEEK)-based 3D electronics with fine resolution by a hydrophobic treatment assisted hybrid additive manufacturing method

Additive manufacturing(AM)is a free-form technology that shows great potential in the integrated creation of three-dimensional(3D)electronics.However,the fabrication of 3D conformal circuits that fulfill the requirements of high service temperature,high conductivity and high resolution remains a challenge.In this paper,a hybrid AM method combining the fused deposition modeling(FDM)and hydrophobic treatment assisted laser activation metallization(LAM)was proposed for manufacturing the polyetheretherketone(PEEK)-based 3D electronics,by which the conformal copper patterns were deposited on the 3D-printed PEEK parts,and the adhesion between them reached the 5B high level.Moreover,the 3D components could support the thermal cycling test from-55℃ to 125℃ for more than 100 cycles.Particularly,the application of a hydrophobic coating on the FDM-printed PEEK before LAM can promote an ideal catalytic selectivity on its surface,not affected by the inevitable printing borders and pores in the FDM-printed parts,then making the resolution of the electroless plated copper lines improved significantly.In consequence,Cu lines with width and spacing of only60μm and 100μm were obtained on both as-printed and after-polished PEEK substrates.Finally,the potential of this technique to fabricate 3D conformal electronics was demonstrated.

Free cupric ions in contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine in eastern Nanjing City, China

To determine the environmental free metal ion activity was a recent hot issue. A method to measure low-level free cupric ion activity in soil solution extracted with 0.01 mol/L KNO3 was developed by using cupric ion-selective electrode （ISE） and calibrating with Cu-buffer solution. Three copper buffers including iminodiacetic acid （IDA）, ethylenediamine （EN）, and glycine （Gly） were compared for calibrating the Cu-ISE curves in the range of free cupric ions （pCu^2＋） 7-13. The Cu-EN buffer showed the best electrode response and thus was applied as the calibration buffer. The pCu^2＋ of 39 contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine was measured, ranging from 5.03 to 9.20. Most Cu in the soil solutions was found to be complexed with dissolved soil organic matters, averaging 98.1%. The proportion of free Cu^2＋ ions in the soil solutions decreased with the increasing of solution pH. Soluble Cu and free Cu^2＋ ions concentrations were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the effects of soil properties on metal levels and speciation. The results showed that soil solution pH was the most significant factor influencing pCu^2＋ （with R^2 value of 0.76）, while not important for the soluble Cu concentration.

Aligned carbon nanostructures based 3D electrodes for energy storage

Electrochemical energy storage systems with high specific energy and power as well as long cyclic stability attract increasing attention in new energy technologies. The principles for rational design of electrodes are discussed to reduce the activation, concentration, and resistance overpotentials and improve the active ma- terial efficiency in order to simultaneously achieve high specific energy and power. Three dimensional （3D） nanocomposites are currently considered as promising electrode materials due to their large surface area, reduced electronic and ionic diffusion distances, and synergistic effects. This paper reviews the most recent progress on the synthesis and application of 3D thin film nanoelectrode arrays based on aligned carbon nan- otubes （ACNTs） directly grown on metal foils for energy storages and special attentions are paid on our own representative works. These novel 3D nanoelectrode arrays on metal foil exhibit improved electrochemical performances in terms of specific energy, specific power and cyclic stability due to their unique structures. In this active materials coated ACNTs over conductive substrate structures, each component is tailored to address a different demand. The electrochemical active material is used to store energy, while the ACNTs are employed to provide a large surface area to support the active material and nanocable arrays to facilitate the electron transport. The thin film of active materials can not only reduce ion transport resistance by shorten- ing the diffusion length but also make the film elastic enough to tolerate significant volume changes during charge and discharge cycles. The conductive substrate is used as the current collector and the direct contact of the ACNT arrays with the substrate reduces significantly the contact resistance. The principles obtained from ACNT based electrodes are extended to aligned graphene based electrodes. Similar improvements have been achieved which confirms the reliability of the principles obtained. In addition, we also discuss and view the ongoing trends in development of aligned carbon nanostructures based electrodes for energy storage.

Electrocatalytic Activity of Ni/C Electrodes Prepared by Metal Vapor Synthesis For Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Solution

The metal vapor synthesis (MVS) methed was used to prepare activatedcarbon supported nickel electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of the electrode forhydrogen evolution reaction(HGR) in alkaline solution was studied. Cathodicpolarization curves showed the electrocatalytic activity of Ni/C electrode prepared byMVS method was higher than that of the one prepared by conventional method.

Reductive Cyclodimerization of Arylidenecyanoacetates Promoted by Sm/InCl_3·4H_2O System in Aqueous Media

Promoted by active indium produced in situ by Sm/InCl3 ?4H2O system, arylidenecyano- acetates undergo reductive cyclodimerization to afford cyclopentamine derivatives with high stereoselectivity under mild conditions in aqueous media.

Effect of Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MAG multipass weld metal

Metal active gas （ MAG） welding has been carried out on microalloy controlled rolling steel （S355J2W） by two kinds of welding wires with different Ti content. The mechanical tests have been carried out on the welded joint. The optical microscope and scanning electron microscope （SEM） observations have been performed to investigate the effect of microalloy element Ti on the microstructure of weld metal and impact fracture, respectively. The microstrueture of the MAG multipass weld metal includes the columnar grain zone （CGZ） consisting of primary ferrite （ PF）, ferrite with second phase （FS） and acicularferrite （AF）, and the fine grain zone （FGZ） consisting of polygonal ferrite due to the heat effect of subsequent welding pass. It has been found that the small amount of Ti can significantly increase the impact energy of the weld metal at low temperature and weakly affect tensile strength of welded joint. By adding small amount of Ti, the inclusions have changed from Mn-Si-O inclusions to Ti-bearing inclusions, which causes the Mn-depleted zones（MDZs） much larger and is beneficial to the impact energy by promoting the AF formation, refining the PF and pinning the austenite grain boundary during the subsequent transformation process.

EFFECT OF METAL IONS ON ACTIVITY OF INTERLEUKIN-2

1 IntrodutionInterleukin-2(IL-2)was found to selectively keep growth of T lymphocytes for longperiod in vitro in 1976,and was then named T cell growth factor,TCGF.After that,IL-2 was found to promote proliferation of various cells,mainly including T,B,NK,and to in-crease activity of T cell and NK cell.Discovery of its surprising effect in treatment of can-cer,tumor through inducing LAK(lymphokine-activated killer cells)or activating TIL(tumor infiltrated lymphocytes)to kill cancer cell made it very attractive.Therefore it wasfound a wide application in therapy of cancer,immunodeficiency and diseases relating toinfection.However,in its application,problem was found that it had very serious side-effect,and very high dose made the side effect even more serious.The aim of this study was to find a simple way to stabilize IL-2 so as to lower the doserequired in application and in turn to solve the problem.

Template-assisted synthesis of hierarchically porous Co3O4 with enhanced oxygen evolution activity

Oxygen evolution reaction（OER） is one of the most important reactions in the energy storage devices such as metal–air batteries and unitized regenerative fuel cells（URFCs）. However, the kinetically sluggishness of OER and the high prices as well as the scarcity of the most active precious metal electrocatalysts are the major bottleneck in these devices. Developing low-cost non-precious metal catalysts with high activity and stability for OER is highly desirable. A facile, in situ template method combining the dodecyl benzene sulfuric acid sodium（SDBS） assisted hydrothermal process with subsequent high-temperature treatment was developed to prepare porous Co3O4 with improved surface area and hierarchical porous structure as precious catalysts alternative for oxygen evolution reaction（OER）. Due to the unique structure, the as-prepared catalyst shows higher electrocatalytic activity than Co3O4 prepared by traditional thermal-decomposition method（noted as Co3O4-T） and commercial IrO2 catalyst for OER in 0.1M KOH aqueous solution. Moreover, it displays improved stability than Co3O4-T. The results demonstrate a highly efficient, scalable, and low cost method for developing highly active and stable OER electrocatalysts in alkaline solutions.

Research on K-V-rare Earth Metal Catalysts for Diesel Soot Oxidation

Five types of KNO_3-NH_4VO_3-rare earth metal nitrate（K-V-rare earth metal） catalysts supported on a-porous alumina ceramic substrates were prepared by a coating method. All the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry. Catalytic activities were evaluated by a soot oxidation reaction using a temperature-programmed reaction system. The experimental results show that the addition of rare earth metal compound could obviously improve the catalytic activities of the K-V-based catalysts. The proper ratio of K-V-rare earth metal catalysts can not only lower the soot onset ignition temperature, but also quicken the soot oxidation rate. The crystalline phases formed by K, V, and rare earth metal are stable.

Application of Ag-Cu-Ti active metal composite filler in ceramic joining:a review

As a structural and functional material with excellent properties,ceramics play an extremely important role in a wide range of industries,including life and production.To expand the range of applications for ceramic materials,ceramics are often joined to metals and then used.Among the physical and chemical joining methods of ceramics to metals,the AMB method is efficient and simple,suitable for industrial applications,and has been a hot topic of research.However,due to the problems of residual stresses caused by the large difference in thermal expansion coefficients between ceramic and metal brazing,composite fillers have become a very worthwhile solution by regulating the physical properties of the brazing material and improving the weld structure.This review describes the wetting principle and application of Ag‒Cu‒Ti active metal filler in the field of ceramic joining,with emphasis on the current stage of composite filler,and discusses the influence on the former brazing properties and organization after the introduction of dissimilar materials.

Advances in selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH_(3)-SCO): A review of catalyst structure-activity relationship and design principles

NH_(3) in ambient air directly leads to an increase in the aerosol content in the air. These substances lead to the formation of haze to various environmental problems after atmospheric circulation and diffusion. Controlling NH_(3) emissions caused by ammonia escaping from mobile and industrial sources can effectively reduce the NH_(3) content in ambient air. Among the various NH_(3) removal methods, the selective catalytic oxygen method (NH_(3)-SCO) is committed to oxidizing NH_(3) to environmentally harmless H_(2)O and N_(2);therefore, it is the most valuable and ideal ammonia removal method. In this review, the characteristics of loaded and core-shell catalysts in NH_(3)-SCO have been reviewed in the context of catalyst structure-activity relationships, and the H_(2)O resistance and SO2 resistance of the catalysts are discussed in the context of practical application conditions. Then the effects of the valence state of the active center, oxygen species on the catalyst surface, dispersion of the active center and acidic sites on the catalyst performance are discussed comprehensively. Finally, the shortcomings of the existing catalysts are summarized and the catalyst development is discussed based on the existing studies.

New insight into adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge for heavy metals

The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge were investigated by adsorbing Pb2＋and Zn2＋in aqueous single-metal solutions. A p H value of the metal solutions at 6.0 was beneficial to the high adsorption quantity of the biosorbent. The optimal mass ratio of the biosorbent to metal ions was found to be 2. A higher adsorption quantity of the biosorbent was achieved by keeping the reaction temperature below 55°C. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the biosorption processes, and the developed mathematical equations showed high determination coefficients（above 0.99 for both metal ions） and insignificant lack of fit（p = 0.0838 and 0.0782 for Pb2＋and Zn2＋, respectively）. Atomic force microscopy analyses suggested that the metal elements were adsorbed onto the biosorbent surface via electrostatic interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated the presence of complexation（between –NH2,-CN and metal ions） and ion-exchange（between –COOH and metal ions）. The adsorption mechanisms could be the combined action of electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion-exchange between functional groups and metal ions.

A Barbier type reaction promoted by in situ formed active metal bismuth from NaBH_4 and BiCl_3 in aqueous media

In the presence of active metal bismuth (Bi) which was prepared from the combination of bismuth trichloride and sodium borohydride,aldehydes have been found to react with allyl bromide in aqueous media,and the corresponding homoallylic alcohols were obtained in excellent yields with high chemo-and stereoselectivity.

Effect of Active Gas on Weld Shape and Microstructure of Advanced A-TIG-Welded Stainless Steel

Advanced A-TIG method was conducted to increase the weld penetration and compared with the conventional TIG welding process.A two-pipeline setup was designed to apply Ar ＋ CO_2 mixed gas as the outer layer,while pure argon was applied as the inner layer to prevent any consumption of the tungsten electrode.The results indicate that the presence of active gas in the molten pool led to the change in the temperature coefficient of surface tension so that the Marangoni convection turns inward and forms a deep weld zone.The increase in gas flow rate causes a decrease in the weld efficiency which is attributed to the increase in oxygen content in the weld pool and the formation o f a thicker oxide layer on the weld surface.Moreover,the stir and the temperature fluctuation,led by double shielding gas,create more homogeneous nucleation sites in the molten pool so that a fine grain micros true ture was obtained.

Robust Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Modeling the Effectof Oxides Thermal Properties on AMIG 304L Stainless Steel Welds

There are several advantages to the MIG(Metal Inert Gas)process,which explains its increased use in variouswelding sectors,such as automotive,marine,and construction.A variant of the MIG process,where the sameequipment is employed except for the deposition of a thin layer of flux before the welding operation,is the AMIG(Activated Metal Inert Gas)technique.This study focuses on investigating the impact of physical properties ofindividual metallic oxide fluxes for 304L stainless steel welding joint morphology and to what extent it can helpdetermine a relationship among weld depth penetration,the aspect ratio,and the input physical properties ofthe oxides.Five types of oxides,TiO_(2),SiO_(2),Fe_(2)O_(3),Cr_(2)O_(3),and Mn_(2)O_(3),are tested on butt joint design withoutpreparation of the edges.A robust algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization(PSO)technique is appliedto optimally tune the models’parameters,such as the quadratic error between the actual outputs(depth and aspectratio),and the error estimated by the models’outputs is minimized.The results showed that the proposed PSOmodel is first and foremost robust against uncertainties in measurement devices and modeling errors,and second,that it is capable of accurately representing and quantifying the weld depth penetration and the weld aspect ratioto the oxides’thermal properties.

Free Cu^(2+) Ions,Cu Fractionation and Microbial Parameters in Soils from Apple Orchards Following Long-Term Application of Copper Fungicides

Soil samples were collected from apple orchards 5,15,20,30,and 45 years old,and one adjacent forest soil was used as reference to investigate the free Cu2+ion activity in soil solution and the soil Cu fractionation in the solid phase following long-term application of copper fungicide,Bordeaux mixture,in apple orchards and to investigate the relationships among soil free Cu2+ions,Cu fractionation and soil microbial parameters.The total Cu concentration in the orchard soils varied from 21.8 to 141 mg kg-1,increasing with the orchard age,and the value for the reference soil was 12.5 mg kg-1.The free Cu2+ion concentrations in the soil solutions extracted by 0.01 mol L-1 KNO3 ranged from 3.13×10-8(reference)to 4.08×10-6 mol L-1(45 years-old orchard).The concentration of Cu complexed in the fulvic fraction increased with orchard age from 5.16 to 52.5 mg kg-1.This was also the case for other soil Cu fractions except the residual one.The residual soil Cu remained practically constant,ranging from 4.28 to 5.66 mg kg-1,suggesting that anthropogenic soil Cu mainly existed in the more labile active fractions.Regression analyses revealed that both the free Cu2+ions in the soil solution and the humic acid-complexed Cu fraction in the solid phase were strongly related with soil microbial parameters.

Ultrathin porous graphitic carbon nanosheets activated by alkali metal salts for high power density lithium-ion capacitors

Graphitic carbons with reasonable pore volume and appropriate graphitization degree can provide efficient Li+/electrolyte-transfer channels and ameliorate the sluggish dynamic behavior of battery-type carbon negative electrode in lithium-ion capacitors(LICs).In this work,onion-like graphitic carbon materials are obtained by using carbon quantum dots as precursors after sintering,and the effects of alkali metal salts on the structure,morphology and performance of the samples are focused.The results show that alkali metal salts as activator can etch graphitic carbons,and the specific surface area and pore size distribution are intimately related to the description of the alkali metal salt.Moreover,it also affects the graphitization degree of the materials.The porous graphitic carbons(SGCs)obtained by NaCl activation exhibit high specific surface area(77.14 m^(2)·g^(-1))and appropriate graphitization degree.It is expectable that the electrochemical performance for lithium-ions storage can be largely promoted by the smart combination of catalytic graphitization and pores-creating strategy.High-performance LICs(S-GCs//AC LICs)are achieved with high energy density of 92 Wh·kg^(-1)and superior rate capability(66.3 Wh·kg^(-1)at10 A·g^(-1))together with the power density as high as10020.2 W·kg^(-1).