IMPLEMENTING SECURITY FOR ACTIVE NETWORKS IN INTERNET

Active networks is primarily a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA)-funded project focusing on the research of mechanisms, applications, and operating systems to develop a reconfigurable network infrastructure. This letter proposes an Secure Active Tracing System (SATS) to implementing security for active networking in Internet. Unlike currently existing schemes, SATS reduces the computational overloads by executing the filtering operation on selected packet streams only when needed.

Characteristics of wind-sand transportation along railways in the eastern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert and sand control system

This paper focuses on the Korla-Ruoqiang desert railway line,utilizing ERAS(ERA5 is the fifth generation of ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)atmospheric reanalysis global climate data)wind data to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the wind energy environment along the line in all aspects,reveals the characteristics of wind-sand transport,and puts forward the countermeasures to prevent and control wind-sand disasters.The results of the study indicate that:(1)the wind-sand along the line mainly occurs in the spring and summer seasons,and the dominant sand-moving directions are easterly(ENE,E and NNE)and northeasterly(NE).(2)The average annual sand-moving wind speed ranges from 5.80 m/s to 7.25 m/s,and the annual frequency of sand-moving ranges from 11.99%to 37.26%.(3)The annual sand drift potential(DP)along the line ranges from 69.20 VU to 607.24 VU,with three types of wind energy environments:low,medium and high.The resultant drift potential(RDP)ranges from 45.52 VU to 547.49 VU,and the wind variability index(RDP/DP)is between 0.54 and 0.90.(4)The average sand transport quantity along the line ranges from 2.92 m^(3)/m/a to 9.09 m3/m/a.Based on these results,we optimize the sand blocking,sand fixing and wind erosion prevention measures for different types of wind-sand environments,establish a scientific and efficient wind-sand protection and control system to solve the wind-sand problems and provide a scientific foundation for the prevention and control of wind-sand disasters along the line.

Seasonal Changes in Photosynthetic Characteristics of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus

Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of Ammopiptantus mongolicus (Maxim. )Chen f. were studied. When the net photosynthetic rate decreased with the elevation of air temperature, thestomatal conductance and stomatal limitation value tended to decline simultaneously, while the interoellularCO2 concentration was increased. According to the two criteria discriminating the stomatal limitation of Photosynthesis suggeSted by Fmrquhar and Sharkey, the seasonal changes in these parameters indicated that the decrease in Pn may not be due to stomatal factor. These studies proved that the relative contents of the large subunit of Rubisco and the photochemical activities correlated with the seasonal changes in the net photosyntheticrate, whieh may show that these two factors contribute primarily to the seasonal changeS in CO2 assimilation.

Induction of apoptosis by TPA and VP-16 is through translocation of TR3

AIM: To investigate the role of TR3 in induction of apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. METHODS: Human gastric cancer cell line, MGC80-3, was used. Expression of TR3 mRNA and its protein was detected by Northern blot and Western blot. Localization of TR3 protein was showed by immunofluorescence analysis under laser-scanning confocal microscope. Apoptotic morphology was observed by DAPI fluorescence staining, and apoptotic index was counted among 1000 cells randomly. Stable transfection assay was carried out by Lipofectamine. RESULTS: Treatment of MGC80-3 cells with TPA and VP-16 resulted in apoptosis, accompanied by the repression of Bcl-2 protein in a time-dependent manner. At the same time, TPA and VP-16 also up-regulated expression level of TR3 mRNA in MGC80-3 cells that expressed TR3 mRNA. When antisense-TR3 expression vector was transfected into the cells, expression of TR3 protein was repressed. In this case, TPA and VP-16 did not induce apoptosis. In addition, TPA and VP-16-induced apoptosis involved in translocation of TR3. In MGC80-3 cells, TR3 localized concentrative in nucleus, after treatment of cells with TPA and VP-16, TR3 translocated from nucleus to cytosol obviously. However, when this nuclear translocation was blocked by LMB, apoptosis was not occurred in MGC80-3 cells even in the presence of TPA and VP-16. CONCLUSION: Induction of apoptosis by TPA and VP-16 is through induction of TR3 expression and translocation of TR3 from nucleus to cytosol, which may be a novel signal pathway for TR3, and represent the new biological function of TR3 to exert its effect on apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.

Impact of Some Agronomic Practices on Paddy Field Soil Health Under Varied Ecological Conditions: I. Influence of Soil Moisture

The effects of individual and combined additions of urea (100 μg N g-1 soil) and insecticide (triazophos at field rate, FR) under different moisture levels of air-dried soil (AD), 50% of water-holding capacity (WHC), 100% WHC and flooded soil (FS) on some selected soil properties in a paddy field soil were examined in a laboratory incubation study. The results indicated that after 21-day incubation at 25℃, the different moisture levels led to significant changes in the parameters studied. Flooding of soil with distilled water significantly increased the electron transport system (ETS) /dehydrogenase activity and phenol contents of the soil compared to the other moisture levels, while protein and phospholipids behaved differently at varied moisture levels with or without the addition of urea and/or triazophos. Increased ETS activity was observed with N addition at higher moisture levels while insecticide incorporation decreased it at all moisture levels as compared to the control (moisture only). The phenol contents slightly decreased and increased with N and insecticide applications, respectively. The soil protein contents were found to be unaffected among all the soil treatments at all moisture levels. However, among different moisture levels, reduced quantities of proteins were estimated at 50% WHC, suggesting more N-mineralization. Lower quantities of soil biomass phospholipids, among all treatments, were recorded at higher moisture levels (100% WHC and FS) than at the lower levels. An overall slight enhancement in phospholipid contents with N and small reduction with insecticide addition, respectively, was noticed against the untreated soil. The toxicity of fertilizer and insecticide decreased as the soil moisture contents increased, suggesting rapid degradation of agrochemicals.

Effects of Some Management Practices on Electron Transport System (ETS) Activity in Paddy Soil

Electron transport system (ETS ) / dehydrogenase activity in a paddy field soil was measured under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2- (p-iodophenyl- 3- (p-nitrophenyl ) -5- phellyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INTF). The results exhibited a high positive correlation between the ETS activity and the incubation temperature and soil moisture. Dehydrogenase/ETS activity displayed a negative correlation with insecticide concentrations, and the activity affected adversely as the concentration of the insecticide increased. The higher doses, 5 and 10 field rates (1 field rate ~ 1500 mL ha-1), of insecticide significantly inhibited ETS activity, while lower rates failed to produce any significant reducing effect. Inorganic N (as urea) of concentrations from 0 to 100 ug N g-1 soil showed a positive response to ETS activity. However, at concentrations of 200 and 400 ug N g-1, the activity was reduced significantly.

Transcriptional activation of glucose transporter 1 in orthodontic tooth movement-associated mechanical response

The interplay between mechanoresponses and a broad range of fundamental biological processes, such as cell cycle progression,growth and differentiation, has been extensively investigated. However, metabolic regulation in mechanobiology remains largely unexplored. Here, we identified glucose transporter 1(GLUT1)—the primary glucose transporter in various cells—as a novel mechanosensitive gene in orthodontic tooth movement(OTM). Using an in vivo rat OTM model, we demonstrated the specific induction of Glut1 proteins on the compressive side of a physically strained periodontal ligament. This transcriptional activation could be recapitulated in in vitro cultured human periodontal ligament cells(PDLCs), showing a time-and dose-dependent mechanoresponse. Importantly, application of GLUT1 specific inhibitor WZB117 greatly suppressed the efficiency of orthodontic tooth movement in a mouse OTM model, and this reduction was associated with a decline in osteoclastic activities. A mechanistic study suggested that GLUT1 inhibition affected the receptor activator for nuclear factor-κ B Ligand(RANKL)/osteoprotegerin(OPG)system by impairing compressive force-mediated RANKL upregulation. Consistently, pretreatment of PDLCs with WZB117 severely impeded the osteoclastic differentiation of co-cultured RAW264.7 cells. Further biochemical analysis indicated mutual regulation between GLUT1 and the MEK/ERK cascade to relay potential communication between glucose uptake and mechanical stress response. Together, these cross-species experiments revealed the transcriptional activation of GLUT1 as a novel and conserved linkage between metabolism and bone remodelling.

The built environment correlates of objectively measured physical activity in Norwegian adults:A cross-sectional study

Background: Built environments that are designed to provide accessible, attractive, and convenient locales promote regular physical activity(PA).Norway has great variability in its geographic, natural, and built environment features. Urban areas have well-developed built environment features, whereas the rural areas are less walkable and this may influence the mode of transport. In general, active transport is more common in urban centers. Further, public transportation is more developed in urban areas, whereas motorized transport may be more widespread in the rural areas. Despite this, in Sogn & Fjordane, a rural county in western Norway, high PA levels are frequently observed. Thus, the aims of this study were to(1) explore perceived built environment features and characterize their associations with objectively measured PA levels in Norwegian adults and(2) explore the differences in these correlates between Sogn & Fjordane and the rest of Norway.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants used questionnaires to rate perceptions of their built environments, and their PA was objectively measured for 7 consecutive days using the Acti Graph GT1 M accelerometer. There were 972 Norwegian adults who were included in the study. The average age was 46.9 ± 6.5 years and 43.8% of participants were men. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression.Results: Total PA and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) were both associated with perceived walkability, the community perception score, and active transport for commuting(all p ≤ 0.004). We also observed geographic-area-specific associations: the community perception score was negatively associated with total PA and MVPA in the rest of Norway(p ≤ 0.012) but not in Sogn & Fjordane. Public transport for commuting was positively associated with MVPA in Sogn & Fjordane(p = 0.03) but not in the rest of Norway.Conclusion: Total PA level and MVPA were associated with built environment factors, such as perceptions of community, perceived walkability,and engaging in active transport for commuting. Geographic differences in the PA correlates were observed, and thus, locally customized environmental population approaches aimed at increasing PA levels may be essential complements to individual behavior and lifestyle strategies.Further, objective measures of Norwegian built environments, such as geographic information system data, and validated walk-and bike-scores would advance the field.

Alteration of certain soil microbiological and biochemical indices of a paddy soil under anthropogenic stress

A 21-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of pesticides (insecticide, herbicide, fungicide) on paddy field soil health under controlled moisture (flooded soil) and temperature (25 ℃) environment. The electron transport system (ETS)/Dehydrogenase activity showed negative correlation with pesticides concentrations, decreased with increase of pesticide concentration. The higher doses(5 to 10 times field rates) of pesticides significantly inhibited ETS activity, while lower rates failed to produce any significant reducing effect on the control. The toxicity of pesticides in decreasing the ETS activity was in the order: insecticide > fungicide > herbicide, irrespective of their rates of application. The pesticides increased the soil phenol content, which increased with increasing concentration of agrochemicals. The pesticide application did not produce any significant change in soil protein content. The response of biomass phospholipid content was nearly similar to that of ETS activity. The phospholipid content decreased with the addition of pesticides in the order insecticide > fungicide > herbicide and the toxicity was in the order: 10 FR (field rate) > 5 FR > 1.0 FR > 0.5 FR > control.

Impact of Some Agronomic Practices on Paddy Field Soil Health Under Varied Ecological Conditions: II. Influence of Soil Temperature

A 21-d incubation experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to study the effects of elevated temperatures (10, 25, and 40 ℃) on some microbiological and biochemical properties in flooded paddy soil amended or unamended with urea at 100 μg N g-1 soil and/or insecticide (triazophos) at field rate (FR). Enhancements in temperature led to increase the electron transport system (ETS) / dehydrogenase activity and phospholipid contents of the soil, while soil organic matter phenol and protein contents decreased with increasing temperature with or without the addition of inputs. An increase of temperature from 10 ℃ to 25 or 40 ℃ enhanced the ETS activity 2 folds (on average for all soils), while the inclusion of N and insecticide increased and decreased it, respectively, compared to the control. The soil phenol and protein contents were highly correlated with temperatures (for all soils, r = -0.936 and -0.971, respectively) and the additions of N and insecticide produced slight reductions and enhancements in them, respectively. At a particular temperature, the soil protein contents remained unaffected among all the soil treatments. An overall slight increase in phospholipid contents with N and a small decline with insecticide addition were noticed against the untreated soil. The toxicity of fertilizer and insecticide decreased as the incubation temperature increased, suggesting faster degradation of agrochemicals with raising temperature.

Pharmacological role of efflux transporters: Clinical implications for medication use during breastfeeding

The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life and in combination with solid food thereafter. This recommendation was introduced based on research showing numerous health benefits of breastfeeding for both the mother and the infant. However, there is always concern regarding the transfer of medications from mother to their breastfed baby via milk. Pharma-cokinetic properties of a drug are usually used to pre-dict its transferability into breast milk. Although most drugs are compatible with breastfeeding, cases of toxic drug exposure have been reported. This is thought to be due to active transport mechanisms whereby effux transporter proteins expressed in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland actively secrete drugs into milk. An example of such effux transporters including the breast cancer resistance protein which is strongly induced during lactation and this could result in contamination of milk with the substrates of this transporter which may place the suckling infant at risk of toxicity. Furthermore, there is little known about the substrate specifcity of most effux transporters as we have highlighted in this review. There also exists some degree of contradiction between in vivo and in vitro studies which makes it difficult to conclusively predict outcomes and drug-drug interactions.

The Physiological Mechanism of Postphloem Sugar Transport in Citrus Fruit

The dynamics of translocation and partitioning of 14C-phothsynthates, the concentration of sucrose in fruit tissues and the effects of the membrane carrier- and ATPase-specific inhibitors on 14C-sucrose uptake by juice sacs of the satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase)fruit were examined at the stage of fruit enlargement and fruit full ripe. Kinetic data of 14C-photosynthate translocation indicated that the rate of photosynthate transport into juice sacs decreased with fruit maturation and sugar accumulation. Along the photosynthate translocation path, i. e. from vascular bundles to segment epidermis then to juice sacs, a descending sugar gradient was observed. With fruit maturation and sugar accumulation in juice sacs, the 14C photosynthate gradient increased, whereas the static sucrose concentration gradient decreased with fruit maturation and sugar accumulation. The higher gradient of specific 14C radioactivity was considered to favor diffusion and sugar transport into juice sacs at the later stage of fruit development. The rate of uptake 14C-sucrose by juice sacs of satsuma mandarin fruit was markedly reduced by PCMBS, EB, DNP and NO3-treatment. The above results suggested the participation of a carrier-mediated, energy-dependent sugar active transport process in juice sacs of satsuma mandarin fruit.

Fluid and Osmotic Pressure Balance and Volume Stabilization in Cells Dedicated to Professor Karl Stark Pister for his 95th birthday

A fundamental problem for cells with their fragile membranes is the control of their volume.The primordial solution to this problem is the active transport of ions across the cell membrane to modulate the intracellular osmotic pressure.In this work,a theoretical model of the cellular pump-leak mechanism is proposed within the general framework of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics.The model is expressed with phenomenological equations that describe passive and active ionic transport across cell membranes,supplemented by an equation for the membrane potential that accounts for the electrogenicity of the ionic pumps.For active ionic transport,the model predicts that the intracellular fluid pressure will be balanced by the osmotic pressure and a new pressure component that arises from the active ionic fluxes.A model for the pump-leak mechanism in an idealized human cell is introduced to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed theory.

Effect of Pesticides on Certain Soil Biological and Biochemical Indices of a Paddy Soil

A 21-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of pesticides (Triazophos, Butachlor and Jinggangmycin) on a paddy field soil health under controlled moisture (flooded soil) and temperature (25℃) conditions. The electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity displayed a negative correlation with pesticides concentrations, and the activity was affected adversely as the concentration of the pesticides increased. The higher doses of pesticides, 5 and 10 folds field rates, significantly inhibited ETS activity, while lower rates failed to produce any significant reducing effect against the control. The relative toxicity level of pesticides in decreasing the ETS activity was in the following order: Triazophos>Jinggangmycin>Butachlor, irrespective of their rates of application. The pesticides caused an improvement in the soil phenol content and it increased with increasing the concentration of agrochemicals. The pesticide incorporation did not produce any significant change in soil protein content. The response of biomass phospholipid content was nearly similar to ETS activity. The phospholipid content was decreased with the addition of pesticides in the given order of Triazophos>Jinggangmycin>Butachlor; and the toxicity was in the order: 10 FR (times of field rate)>5 FR>1.0 FR>0.5 FR>control.

Nonlinear magneto-mechanical-thermo coupling characteristic analysis for transport behaviors of carriers in composite multiferroic piezoelectric semiconductor nanoplates with surface effect

In this paper,to better reveal the surface effect and the screening effect as well as the nonlinear multi-field coupling characteristic of the multifunctional piezoelectric semiconductor(PS)nanodevice,and to further improve its working performance,a magneto-mechanical-thermo coupling theoretical model is theoretically established for the extensional analysis of a three-layered magneto-electro-semiconductor coupling laminated nanoplate with the surface effect.Next,by using the current theoretical model,some numerical analyses and discussion about the surface effect,the corresponding critical thickness of the nanoplate,and the distributions of the physical fields(including the electron concentration perturbation,the electric potential,the electric field,the average electric displacement,the effective polarization charge density,and the total charge density)under different initial state electron concentrations,as well as their active manipulation via some external magnetic field,pre-stress,and temperature stimuli,are performed.Utilizing the nonlinear multi-field coupling effect induced by inevitable external stimuli in the device operating environment,this paper not only provides theoretical support for understanding the size-dependent tuning/controlling of carrier transport as well as its screening effect,but also assists the design of a series of multiferroic PS nanodevices.

Impact of triazophos insecticide on paddy soil environment

A laboratory incubation study was carried out to elucidate the dynamic response of insecticide (triazophos) on a paddy field soil health under controlled moisture (flooded soil) and temperature (25℃). The insecticide was applied at five levels that were 0.0 (control), 0.5 field rate (FR), 1.0 FR, 5.0 FR, and 10.0 FR, where FR was 1500 ml/hm 2, and the parameters were studied at 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatments' addition. The electron transport system (ETS)/dehydrogenase activity exhibited a negative correlation with insecticide concentrations, and the activity affected adversely as the concentration increased. The higher doses of 5 and 10 field rates significantly reduced the ETS activity, while lower rates failed to produce any significant inhibiting effect against the control. The toxicity of insecticide decreased towards decreasing the ETS activity with the advancement of incubation period. The insecticide caused an improvement in the soil phenol content and it increased with increasing concentration of insecticide. The insecticide incorporation applied at various concentrations did not produce any significant change in soil protein content and it remained stable throughout the incubation period of 21-days. The response of biomass phospholipid content was nearly similar to ETS activity. The phospholipid content was decreased with the addition of insecticide and the toxicity was in the order: 10 FR (field rate)>5 FR>1.0 FR>0.5 FR>control and it also decreased with incubation period.

Urban Mobility in Vitória in Times of Pandemics:Considerations about the Cycle Road System

Mobility is among the urban issues that most affect the population’s quality of life.The complexity inherent to mobility requires the development and application of methods and tools that enable a better understanding of their interrelationships.In this sense,the use of indicators is important for the analysis of current mobility conditions,as well as allowing the monitoring of the impact of public policies and the evolution of certain phenomena and actions.Thus,the objective is to study the cycling modal in urban mobility in the city of Vitória,Espírito Santo,during the period of the new coronavirus pandemic,through the application of two indicators:the cycling network increase and the traffic accident reduction.It is considered that the demand for the use of public transport and motor vehicles has decreased due to social isolation.The methodology includes a literature review on the studied subject;urban mobility indicators selection;data collection from public agencies;and analysis of the results.The results reveal that indicators are required to support the proposition of public policies,targeting of actions,identification of areas in need of investments and mainly can reflect the pandemic influence on urban mobility.

Research on GGT-responsive drug carrier with active transport effect

Although a great quantity research has been done on cancer nano-drug carriers,how to deliver more cancer nano-drugs to tumor sites accurately and then endocytosis by cells is still a key problem in the process of cancer treatment.Since the concentration ofγ-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT)in the microenvironment will be greatly increased when the liver,kidney,other organs become cancerous,we have designed a polymer nanomicelle as drug carrier that can respond to the GGT in the tumor microenvironment.When the drug delivery system participates in blood circulation through the vascular wall cells to the tumor tissue,the overexpressed GGT on the surface of the cancer cells will recognize and cut theγ-glutamyl group on the carrier,the primary amines will be released to make the system with weak positive charge,which not only improves the carrier’s active transport ability for nanodrugs,but also improves the cell’s endocytosis ability for nano-drugs,so as to realize the release of nano-drugs in cancer cells.What’s more,the positive charge on the surface of the carrier also improves the permeability of the carrier in the tumor tissue,so that the cancer cells in the hypoxic area can also endocytosis drugs.

Physical Activity Calculation by Transport Modes Detection Using Fuzzy Logic

This research presents a methodology,to calculate the amount of physical activity during the transportation.It contains the following steps:(1)trip and activity detection(2)speed calculation(3)splitting trips into trip-leg(4)transportation mode detection and(5)physical activity calculation.The Global Positioning System is used to record the transport activities,either single mode or multimode.During the trip execution,the travel behaviour and the travel mode are also observed to obtain the physical activity levels.The physical activity levels are calculated by taking the ratio of the Total Energy Expenditure and the Basal Metabolic Rate.To obtain the results,an automated system is presented which calculates the speed and also detects the mode of each trip-leg.It also calculates the amount of physical activity.The obtained physical activity levels for the recorded 1750 trips are unit less and range from 1.10 to 2.00.By using the motorized transportation mode,the physical activity levels stay low and the subject failed to achieve the recommended health guideline.The minimum value for the moderate level of physical activity is 1.6.The requirement can be fully achieved when the transportation mode is active i.e.walking,cycling,and performed at moderate intensity level for at least 30 min a day.

Light-Induced Heat Driving Active Ion Transport Based on 2D MXene Nanofluids for Enhancing Osmotic Energy Conversion

Osmotic energy from the ocean,also called blue energy,serves as a clean,renewable,and vast energy source for the energy demands of the world.Reverse electrodialysis-based blue energy harvesting via ion-selective membranes,by the regulation and manipulation of directional ion transport,has been greatly developed recently.In particular,light has been employed to enhance directional ion transport for energy conversion through an increase in photo-induced surface charge.Here,the authors demonstrate a novel nanofluidic regulation strategy based on the phenomenon of light-induced heat-driven active ion transport through the lamellar MXene membrane.Due to the great light-induced heat effect,a temperature gradient appears as soon as illumination is applied to an off-center position,inducing an actively temperature gradient-driven ionic species transport.By employing this phenomenon,the authors conducted light-induced heat-enhanced osmotic energy conversion and doubled the osmotic energy conversion power density.This study has extended the scope of light-enhanced osmotic energy conversion and could further bring other photothermal materials into this field.Furthermore,the proposed system provides a new avenue of light-controlled ionic transport for ion gathering,desalination,and energy conversion applications.