Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements of integrated water vapor(IWV)for two years(2014 and 2015)are presented in this paper.Variation of IWV during active and break spells of Indian summer monsoon has been studie...Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements of integrated water vapor(IWV)for two years(2014 and 2015)are presented in this paper.Variation of IWV during active and break spells of Indian summer monsoon has been studied for a tropical station Hyderabad(17.4°N,78.46°E).The data is validated with ECMWF Re-Analysis(ERA)91 level data.Relationships of IWV with other atmospheric variables like surface temperature,rain,and precipitation efficiency have been established through cross-correlation studies.A positive correlation coefficient is observed between IWV and surface temperature over two years.But the coefficient becomes negative when only summer monsoon months(June,July,August,and September)are considered.Rainfall during these months cools down the surface and could be the reason for this change in the correlation coefficient.Correlation studies between IWV-precipitation,IWVprecipitation efficiency(P.E),and precipitation-P.E show that coefficients are-0.05,-0.10 and 0.983 with 95%confidence level respectively,which proves that the efficacy of rain does not depend only on the level of water vapor.A proper dynamic mechanism is necessary to convert water vapor into the rain.The diurnal variations of IWV during active and break spells have been analyzed.The amplitudes of diurnal oscillation and its harmonics of individual spell do not show clear trends but the mean amplitudes of the break spells are approximately double than those of the active spells.The amplitudes of diurnal,semidiurnal and ter-diurnal components during break spells are 1.08 kg/m^(2),0.52 kg/m;and 0.34 kg/m;respectively.The corresponding amplitudes during active spells are 0.68 kg/m^(2),0.41 kg/m;and 0.23 kg/m;.展开更多
Using a low-order spectral model derived from the equatorial equilibrium model, possible physical mechanisms are interpreted by the theory of multiple equilibria states for the active and break phases of the South Asi...Using a low-order spectral model derived from the equatorial equilibrium model, possible physical mechanisms are interpreted by the theory of multiple equilibria states for the active and break phases of the South Asian Monsoon, with consideration of the effects of heating by cumulus heating and cooling by radiation. The result shows that the South Asian Monsoon is active when the cumulus convection intensifies (or the radiation cooling weakens). the monsoon breaks when the convection weakens (or the cooling intensifies). It is consistent with the hypothesis of cloud-radiation by Krishnamurti et al.展开更多
Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of the principle of activating blood circulation to break stasis (ABCBS) and its influence on platelet membranous protein particle (GMP-140) and D 2 dimer (D-dimer) before...Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of the principle of activating blood circulation to break stasis (ABCBS) and its influence on platelet membranous protein particle (GMP-140) and D 2 dimer (D-dimer) before and after treatment. Methods: Eighty-eight patients with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) of acute cerebral infarction (ACI) were randomly divided into two groups, both of which were treated with conventional treatment, i.e. with western medicine (WM), with Salvia injection added through intravenously dripping.One of the two groups was used as the control and the other group as the treated group who had ABCBS herbs orally taken in addition. The duration of treatment course for both groups was 3 weeks. Results: There were changes in both groups over clinical symptoms, nerve function deficit scoring and GMP-140, D-dimer, but the treated group showed significantly better than that of the control group, ( P <0.05). Conclusion: ABCBS principle could serve as an important auxiliary treating method for BSS of ACI, as it can effectively alter the blood of ACI patients which was viscous, condense, coagulant and aggregating.展开更多
Time reversal asymmetry and spatial anisotropy are considered two prerequisites for Brownian ratchet.An intriguing realization can be achieved by placing an asymmetric gear in the suspension of motile rod-like bacteri...Time reversal asymmetry and spatial anisotropy are considered two prerequisites for Brownian ratchet.An intriguing realization can be achieved by placing an asymmetric gear in the suspension of motile rod-like bacteria.Usually,alignment interactions caused by anisotropic collisions or hydrodynamics would boost the ratchet effect.Here,we are concerned with a perfectly isotropic system,i.e.,symmetric gear immersed in a bath of spherical active Brownian particles.We find that,under certain conditions,kinetic symmetry-breaking arises spontaneously,i.e.,the symmetric gear keeps rotating in one direction.Unexpectedly,such ratchet phenomenon does not rely on the direct many-particle interactions and moreover the introduction of alignment interaction would counterintuitively prevent it from happening!Further investigation reveals that such spontaneous symmetry-breaking phenomenon shares similarities with the equilibrium phase transition of the Ising model.Our results provide new insights and enhance our understanding of the fundamental aspects of active ratchet phenomena.展开更多
Rain-fed fig culture is known to provide a good quality of dried figs, while almost no research has been reported so far on the enzyme activity comparisons of seasonal variations among terminal buds in this plant. Tow...Rain-fed fig culture is known to provide a good quality of dried figs, while almost no research has been reported so far on the enzyme activity comparisons of seasonal variations among terminal buds in this plant. Toward this goal, we evaluated the physiochemical changes of terminal buds of fig 'Sabz' and their micromorphology during the dormant season(November to April) using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) analysis during two consecutive years(2016 and 2017). Results indicated that the highest contents of total sugars in terminal fig buds were registered in January and the lowest values were noticed in April. SEM analysis showed the presence of vegetative terminal fig buds during the dormant season and after bud-break in April. An increasing trend was observed for the protein content, length and diameter of terminal buds at the beginning of bud-break. In dormant buds, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes exhibited initially an ascending pattern,while it decreased from December. A second increase for these enzymes occurred during the dormant season until bud-break. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in buds during the dormancy season until bud-break. Proline content remained stable in buds from November to February, while it decreased rapidly until bud-break. Furthermore, a downward trend of the total phenol content in buds was observed between the onset and end of dormant period. In general, the dormant buds in 'Sabz' fig cultivar were metabolically active with a short dormant period under the rain-fed conditions.展开更多
Background: Children spend 70% of the school day sitting in class. Classroom-based active breaks can benefit children's physical health, but if the breaks are cognitively demanding(i.e., combine physical exertion ...Background: Children spend 70% of the school day sitting in class. Classroom-based active breaks can benefit children's physical health, but if the breaks are cognitively demanding(i.e., combine physical exertion and mental engagement), they may also improve focus and cognitive functions. Teachers and students play a crucial role in the successful implementation of active breaks, and their perspectives are critical to the feasibility of these strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing a cognitively challenging motor task as an active break in mainstream and special primary schools.Methods: A total of 5 teachers in 2 mainstream schools and 7 teachers in 1 special school(attended by children with neurodevelopmental disorders) attended a 20-min training on how to implement a 4-min cognitively challenging active break, before conducting a feasibility trial(twice a day for 1 week). To understand individual perceptions, one-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted before and after the trial with teachers, and focus group interviews were conducted with typically developing children after the trial. Questions were based on a predefined framework for feasibility studies. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed in NVivo 11 using a framework approach. A total of 12 teachers(11 females; 7 between 20 and 34 years old) and 34 children(16 girls; 9.3 § 1.7 years, mean § SD) participated in the interviews.Results: In mainstream schools, teachers viewed the cognitively challenging motor task as appropriate and potentially beneficial for children's health and focus. Children reported enjoying the active breaks. Teachers in special schools viewed the task as complex and potentially frustrating for children. In both school types, children's disruptive behavior and lack of time were seen as the main potential barriers to implementation. The use of music, videos, visual cards, and support staff were noted as potential facilitators.Conclusion: The cognitively challenging motor task was a feasible way to interrupt children's sitting time and promote physical activity in mainstream schools, but required changes in special schools. Further research could investigate the effectiveness of these types of task interruptions on children's physical and cognitive health.展开更多
Based on ECMWF reanalysis data of 1979-1993 and TBB data of GMS,an analysis on the onset and its activities of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) is made.It is found that the mean onset date is around 1...Based on ECMWF reanalysis data of 1979-1993 and TBB data of GMS,an analysis on the onset and its activities of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) is made.It is found that the mean onset date is around 16 May,the latest onset is at beginning of June.There is a marked interannual variation of the onset date.There occurs marked southwesterly wind over the SCS in the last dekad of April in some years,but it only persists for a short period,and then,the easterly flow appears again.In the beginning of June,the true onset occurs.From the end of April to the middle of May prior to the onset,strong southwesterly wind appears to the north of 15°N over the SCS,which could not be treated as the onset of the SCS summer monsoon.These strong westerlies are due to the southward propagation of cold front or the strengthening of the subtropical high in the SCS.After the onset,there are active and break periods of the southwesterly summer monsoon,the average break period is about 15 days in one year (from onset of summer monsoon to 20 August).展开更多
基金research fellowship offered by ISRO under RESPOND program[No.ISRO/RES/2/406/16-17]。
文摘Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements of integrated water vapor(IWV)for two years(2014 and 2015)are presented in this paper.Variation of IWV during active and break spells of Indian summer monsoon has been studied for a tropical station Hyderabad(17.4°N,78.46°E).The data is validated with ECMWF Re-Analysis(ERA)91 level data.Relationships of IWV with other atmospheric variables like surface temperature,rain,and precipitation efficiency have been established through cross-correlation studies.A positive correlation coefficient is observed between IWV and surface temperature over two years.But the coefficient becomes negative when only summer monsoon months(June,July,August,and September)are considered.Rainfall during these months cools down the surface and could be the reason for this change in the correlation coefficient.Correlation studies between IWV-precipitation,IWVprecipitation efficiency(P.E),and precipitation-P.E show that coefficients are-0.05,-0.10 and 0.983 with 95%confidence level respectively,which proves that the efficacy of rain does not depend only on the level of water vapor.A proper dynamic mechanism is necessary to convert water vapor into the rain.The diurnal variations of IWV during active and break spells have been analyzed.The amplitudes of diurnal oscillation and its harmonics of individual spell do not show clear trends but the mean amplitudes of the break spells are approximately double than those of the active spells.The amplitudes of diurnal,semidiurnal and ter-diurnal components during break spells are 1.08 kg/m^(2),0.52 kg/m;and 0.34 kg/m;respectively.The corresponding amplitudes during active spells are 0.68 kg/m^(2),0.41 kg/m;and 0.23 kg/m;.
文摘Using a low-order spectral model derived from the equatorial equilibrium model, possible physical mechanisms are interpreted by the theory of multiple equilibria states for the active and break phases of the South Asian Monsoon, with consideration of the effects of heating by cumulus heating and cooling by radiation. The result shows that the South Asian Monsoon is active when the cumulus convection intensifies (or the radiation cooling weakens). the monsoon breaks when the convection weakens (or the cooling intensifies). It is consistent with the hypothesis of cloud-radiation by Krishnamurti et al.
文摘Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of the principle of activating blood circulation to break stasis (ABCBS) and its influence on platelet membranous protein particle (GMP-140) and D 2 dimer (D-dimer) before and after treatment. Methods: Eighty-eight patients with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) of acute cerebral infarction (ACI) were randomly divided into two groups, both of which were treated with conventional treatment, i.e. with western medicine (WM), with Salvia injection added through intravenously dripping.One of the two groups was used as the control and the other group as the treated group who had ABCBS herbs orally taken in addition. The duration of treatment course for both groups was 3 weeks. Results: There were changes in both groups over clinical symptoms, nerve function deficit scoring and GMP-140, D-dimer, but the treated group showed significantly better than that of the control group, ( P <0.05). Conclusion: ABCBS principle could serve as an important auxiliary treating method for BSS of ACI, as it can effectively alter the blood of ACI patients which was viscous, condense, coagulant and aggregating.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21774091(K.C.)and 21674078(W.T.))
文摘Time reversal asymmetry and spatial anisotropy are considered two prerequisites for Brownian ratchet.An intriguing realization can be achieved by placing an asymmetric gear in the suspension of motile rod-like bacteria.Usually,alignment interactions caused by anisotropic collisions or hydrodynamics would boost the ratchet effect.Here,we are concerned with a perfectly isotropic system,i.e.,symmetric gear immersed in a bath of spherical active Brownian particles.We find that,under certain conditions,kinetic symmetry-breaking arises spontaneously,i.e.,the symmetric gear keeps rotating in one direction.Unexpectedly,such ratchet phenomenon does not rely on the direct many-particle interactions and moreover the introduction of alignment interaction would counterintuitively prevent it from happening!Further investigation reveals that such spontaneous symmetry-breaking phenomenon shares similarities with the equilibrium phase transition of the Ising model.Our results provide new insights and enhance our understanding of the fundamental aspects of active ratchet phenomena.
文摘Rain-fed fig culture is known to provide a good quality of dried figs, while almost no research has been reported so far on the enzyme activity comparisons of seasonal variations among terminal buds in this plant. Toward this goal, we evaluated the physiochemical changes of terminal buds of fig 'Sabz' and their micromorphology during the dormant season(November to April) using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) analysis during two consecutive years(2016 and 2017). Results indicated that the highest contents of total sugars in terminal fig buds were registered in January and the lowest values were noticed in April. SEM analysis showed the presence of vegetative terminal fig buds during the dormant season and after bud-break in April. An increasing trend was observed for the protein content, length and diameter of terminal buds at the beginning of bud-break. In dormant buds, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes exhibited initially an ascending pattern,while it decreased from December. A second increase for these enzymes occurred during the dormant season until bud-break. Superoxide dismutase activity increased in buds during the dormancy season until bud-break. Proline content remained stable in buds from November to February, while it decreased rapidly until bud-break. Furthermore, a downward trend of the total phenol content in buds was observed between the onset and end of dormant period. In general, the dormant buds in 'Sabz' fig cultivar were metabolically active with a short dormant period under the rain-fed conditions.
基金supported by the Victorian Government - Department of Education and Training
文摘Background: Children spend 70% of the school day sitting in class. Classroom-based active breaks can benefit children's physical health, but if the breaks are cognitively demanding(i.e., combine physical exertion and mental engagement), they may also improve focus and cognitive functions. Teachers and students play a crucial role in the successful implementation of active breaks, and their perspectives are critical to the feasibility of these strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing a cognitively challenging motor task as an active break in mainstream and special primary schools.Methods: A total of 5 teachers in 2 mainstream schools and 7 teachers in 1 special school(attended by children with neurodevelopmental disorders) attended a 20-min training on how to implement a 4-min cognitively challenging active break, before conducting a feasibility trial(twice a day for 1 week). To understand individual perceptions, one-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted before and after the trial with teachers, and focus group interviews were conducted with typically developing children after the trial. Questions were based on a predefined framework for feasibility studies. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed in NVivo 11 using a framework approach. A total of 12 teachers(11 females; 7 between 20 and 34 years old) and 34 children(16 girls; 9.3 § 1.7 years, mean § SD) participated in the interviews.Results: In mainstream schools, teachers viewed the cognitively challenging motor task as appropriate and potentially beneficial for children's health and focus. Children reported enjoying the active breaks. Teachers in special schools viewed the task as complex and potentially frustrating for children. In both school types, children's disruptive behavior and lack of time were seen as the main potential barriers to implementation. The use of music, videos, visual cards, and support staff were noted as potential facilitators.Conclusion: The cognitively challenging motor task was a feasible way to interrupt children's sitting time and promote physical activity in mainstream schools, but required changes in special schools. Further research could investigate the effectiveness of these types of task interruptions on children's physical and cognitive health.
基金the State Ministry of Science and Technology under the key project A of SCSMEXthe project of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Contract KZ951-408
文摘Based on ECMWF reanalysis data of 1979-1993 and TBB data of GMS,an analysis on the onset and its activities of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) is made.It is found that the mean onset date is around 16 May,the latest onset is at beginning of June.There is a marked interannual variation of the onset date.There occurs marked southwesterly wind over the SCS in the last dekad of April in some years,but it only persists for a short period,and then,the easterly flow appears again.In the beginning of June,the true onset occurs.From the end of April to the middle of May prior to the onset,strong southwesterly wind appears to the north of 15°N over the SCS,which could not be treated as the onset of the SCS summer monsoon.These strong westerlies are due to the southward propagation of cold front or the strengthening of the subtropical high in the SCS.After the onset,there are active and break periods of the southwesterly summer monsoon,the average break period is about 15 days in one year (from onset of summer monsoon to 20 August).
