Acute kidney injury is a critical but commonly occurring medical condition that presents with a sudden decline in kidney function. This comprehensive review article provides an in-depth examination of the risk element...Acute kidney injury is a critical but commonly occurring medical condition that presents with a sudden decline in kidney function. This comprehensive review article provides an in-depth examination of the risk elements, etiology, diagnosis, management, and preventive approach of AKI. The causes that contribute to the development of AKI include prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal. The diagnostic approach to AKI includes clinical, laboratory, and imaging studies to evaluate the root cause analysis and to find out the severity of kidney injury. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for initiating appropriate management strategies. The treatment strategies may include fluid and electrolyte management, medication adjustments, nutritional support, and renal replacement therapy. The prospect of recovery diverges as it relies on the individual factors, reasons, and gravity of the condition. This review highlights the importance of raising awareness among healthcare professionals and the public about AKI, early recognition of risk factors, and prompt management. Further research is needed to explore novel therapeutic approaches and refine existing management guidelines for this critical condition.展开更多
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate product of methionine formed by its demethylation. Hcy can be metabolized via remethylation to methionine or transsulfuration to cysteine which is dependent on several enzymes and...Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate product of methionine formed by its demethylation. Hcy can be metabolized via remethylation to methionine or transsulfuration to cysteine which is dependent on several enzymes and cofactors. It is deleterious to blood vessel including glomeruli. Kidney is a major organ that metabolizes Hcy. More than 80% of patients with chronic renal disease develop hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy). Accessible data of plasma Hcy in nephritic syndrome (NS) patients are controversial with increased, decreased and unchanged values reported. In renal patients, plasma Hcy concentration can be reduced by administration of folic acid. Absolute or relative deficiencies of folate, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 may also play a role. Therefore, plasma Hcy, folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were accessed in this study. Hcy, folic acid vitamin B12, B6 and renal function such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) were analyzed 12 pediatric patients with AGN and 15 age and sex matched healthy children served as controls. The results revealed that a?significant increase in plasma Hcy in children with acute AGN when compared with controls. For simple regression analysis, Hcy was positively correlated with BUN, Cr, ferritin and uric acid but negatively correlated with serum glutathione. This research indicated hHcy suggests enhanced risks for inflammation and endothelial injury,?which lead to kidney disease. Folic acid has also been shown to improve endothelial function, suggesting an alternative explanation for the effect of folic acid on endothelial function. Careful considerations of not only dietary measures are necessary but also folate and vitamin B supplementation for reducing hHcy in AGN need to be investigated.展开更多
AGN and 34 healthy children were investigated in this study to research FRs and PGs roles in the patbyphysiology process with AGN.We measured the plasma levels of TXB2,6-KPGF1a,LPO, SOD,GSH-px,etc.by radioimmunoassay ...AGN and 34 healthy children were investigated in this study to research FRs and PGs roles in the patbyphysiology process with AGN.We measured the plasma levels of TXB2,6-KPGF1a,LPO, SOD,GSH-px,etc.by radioimmunoassay method.The result showed that,in acute phase of AGN,the level of LPO and TXB2 increased(P< 0. 01,P<0.001),but that of GSH-px and 6KPGF1a decreased(both P<0.001 )significantly. Meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation between LPO and TXB2(r=0. 475,P<0.001 ), and a negative correlation between LPO and 6-KPGF1a(r=-0. 636,P<0. 001).All these indicate that FRs and PGs were all involved in the process of AGN and FRs destroyed renal tissue and physiology function themselves or by PGs generating.展开更多
in this study serum complement mediated immune complex solubilizing capacity (CMSC) and immune complement precipitation capacity (ICPIC) of 32 children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were measured. The data showe...in this study serum complement mediated immune complex solubilizing capacity (CMSC) and immune complement precipitation capacity (ICPIC) of 32 children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were measured. The data showed that the level of serum CMSC and ICPIC was markedly decreased in acute phase and returned to normal in the 7th week after onset of disease.Correlation analysis revealed that there were positive correlation between the level of serum CMSC and ICPIC and the serum concentration of CH50, C3, C4, but no linear correlation between the level of serum CMSC and ICPIC and the amount of CIC. These results suggest that the declined serum CMSC and ICPIC in AGN may be associ ated with the pathogenesis of AGN.展开更多
Staphylococcus associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) is an uncommon infection-related glomerulonephritis. Although infection is typically ongoing when patients present with SAGN, in the case of deep-seated infections, ...Staphylococcus associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) is an uncommon infection-related glomerulonephritis. Although infection is typically ongoing when patients present with SAGN, in the case of deep-seated infections, the presence of infection may not be apparent. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of renal biopsy when the diagnosis is not obvious. We present a case of staphylococcus associated glomerulonephritis in a patient treated with beta-lactam antibiotics for staphylococcus bacteraemia. A renal biopsy helped differentiate between interstitial nephritis and staphylococcus associated glomerulonephritis.展开更多
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN)is the major cause of acute glomerulonephritis among children,especially in low-and middle-income countries.APSGN commonly occurs following pharyngitis due to the acti...Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN)is the major cause of acute glomerulonephritis among children,especially in low-and middle-income countries.APSGN commonly occurs following pharyngitis due to the activation of antibodies and complements proteins against streptococcal antigens through the immune-complex-mediated mechanism.APSGN can be presented as acute nep-hritic syndrome,nephrotic syndrome,and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,or it may be subclinical.The management of APSGN is mainly supportive in nature with fluid restriction,anti-hypertensives,diuretics,and renal replacement therapy with dialysis,when necessary,as the disease is self-limiting.Congestive heart failure,pulmonary edema,and severe hypertension-induced encephalopathy might occur during the acute phase of APSGN due to hypervolemia.APSGN generally has a favorable prognosis with only a small percentage of patients with persistent urinary abnormalities,persistent hypertension,and chronic kidney disease after the acute episode of APSGN.Decreased complement levels,increased C-reactive protein,and hypoalbuminemia are associated with disease severity.Crescent formations on renal biopsy and renal insufficiency on presentation may be the predictors of disease severity and poor outcomes in APSGN in children.展开更多
BACKGROUND Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease with a range of clinical manifestations,from a flu-like illness with fever and myalgias to a severe systemic disease with multisystem organ failure.Although renal involv...BACKGROUND Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease with a range of clinical manifestations,from a flu-like illness with fever and myalgias to a severe systemic disease with multisystem organ failure.Although renal involvement is not a common presentation,there have been few cases reporting acute kidney injury from Anaplasmosis.CASE SUMMARY We present a 55-year-old female with anaplasmosis who developed acute kidney injury due to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis(MPGN).The patient originally presented with cough and shortness of breath.She was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia and received antibiotics.During the hospital course she developed severe acute renal failure.Initial serological work up didn’t provide any conclusive diagnosis.Hence,she underwent kidney biopsy which showed MPGN pattern suggesting autoimmune,multiple myeloma or infectious etiology.Extensive work up was undertaken which was negative for autoimmune diseases,vasculitis panel,paraproteinemias but tested positive for IgG anaplasma with high titers indicating Anaplasmosis.CONCLUSION Our case shows a unique presentation of severe acute renal failure from MPGN from tick borne illness.MPGN is usually seen with autoimmune diseases,hepatitis C virus infections,paraproteinemias.Hence,we suggest that tick borne illness should also be considered when evaluating acute renal failure cases in tick borne prevalent regions.展开更多
目的探讨麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗急性肾小球肾炎(AGN)的临床疗效。方法检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库搜集麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗AGN的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限为2010年1月至2022年12月,利...目的探讨麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗急性肾小球肾炎(AGN)的临床疗效。方法检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库搜集麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗AGN的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限为2010年1月至2022年12月,利用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果结果显示,麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗AGN临床总有效率优于常规治疗(OR=8.03,95%CI:4.14~15.57);麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗较常规治疗更能降低AGN患者的24 h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、尿素氮水平;麻黄连翘赤小豆汤在改善血压、减轻水肿、缓解血尿、改善蛋白尿等方面均优于常规治疗。结论麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗AGN可改善肾功能,提高临床疗效,但尚需更多高质量随机对照试验进一步论证。展开更多
A case of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with pathological changes to the crescent glomerulonephritis“C3 glomerulonephritis”in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University was collected...A case of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with pathological changes to the crescent glomerulonephritis“C3 glomerulonephritis”in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University was collected and its diagnosis,clinical manifestation,and pathological characteristics were explored.The experts analyzed the disease from the perspective of its causes,diagnosis,complications and treatment.Timely renal biopsy is required to clarify pathological diagnosis as the primary glomerular disease was newly recognized with a lower incidence.So misdiagnosis and delayed healing is more frequent.The paper aims to enhance the clinician’s understanding of“C3 glomerulonephritis”.展开更多
目的探究急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎(acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis,APSGN)患儿的流行概况及危险因素分析。方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2019年5月肾内科收治的186例APSGN患儿作为研究对象。收集患儿住院资料以及门诊资料...目的探究急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎(acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis,APSGN)患儿的流行概况及危险因素分析。方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2019年5月肾内科收治的186例APSGN患儿作为研究对象。收集患儿住院资料以及门诊资料,记录患者相关临床检查治疗检查结果,通过电话进行回访。结果2017—2019年APSGN患儿发病率较高;男性APSGN患儿居多;冬季为发病高峰期。家族史、预防接种、龋齿、居住环境、前驱感染、丘疹性荨麻疹等与儿童APSGN发病有关。肉眼血尿、血清C4水平及肾病性范围蛋白尿、尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白、BNP水平是影响重症APSGN发生的相关因素(P<0.05)。肾病性范围蛋白尿、肉眼血尿持续时间、尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白水平、血清C4下降程度及合并支原体、EB病毒感染是影响APSGN长期预后的相关因素(P<0.05)。Logistic分析表明肾病性范围蛋白尿、肉眼血尿持续时间、尿蛋白升高、尿微量白蛋白升高是影响APSGN出院转归以及长期预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。大量蛋白尿及肉眼血尿持续时间长的患儿长期预后较差。结论冬季是APSGN发病高峰期,影响APSGN发病及预后的因素较多。展开更多
文摘Acute kidney injury is a critical but commonly occurring medical condition that presents with a sudden decline in kidney function. This comprehensive review article provides an in-depth examination of the risk elements, etiology, diagnosis, management, and preventive approach of AKI. The causes that contribute to the development of AKI include prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal. The diagnostic approach to AKI includes clinical, laboratory, and imaging studies to evaluate the root cause analysis and to find out the severity of kidney injury. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for initiating appropriate management strategies. The treatment strategies may include fluid and electrolyte management, medication adjustments, nutritional support, and renal replacement therapy. The prospect of recovery diverges as it relies on the individual factors, reasons, and gravity of the condition. This review highlights the importance of raising awareness among healthcare professionals and the public about AKI, early recognition of risk factors, and prompt management. Further research is needed to explore novel therapeutic approaches and refine existing management guidelines for this critical condition.
文摘Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate product of methionine formed by its demethylation. Hcy can be metabolized via remethylation to methionine or transsulfuration to cysteine which is dependent on several enzymes and cofactors. It is deleterious to blood vessel including glomeruli. Kidney is a major organ that metabolizes Hcy. More than 80% of patients with chronic renal disease develop hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy). Accessible data of plasma Hcy in nephritic syndrome (NS) patients are controversial with increased, decreased and unchanged values reported. In renal patients, plasma Hcy concentration can be reduced by administration of folic acid. Absolute or relative deficiencies of folate, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 may also play a role. Therefore, plasma Hcy, folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were accessed in this study. Hcy, folic acid vitamin B12, B6 and renal function such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) were analyzed 12 pediatric patients with AGN and 15 age and sex matched healthy children served as controls. The results revealed that a?significant increase in plasma Hcy in children with acute AGN when compared with controls. For simple regression analysis, Hcy was positively correlated with BUN, Cr, ferritin and uric acid but negatively correlated with serum glutathione. This research indicated hHcy suggests enhanced risks for inflammation and endothelial injury,?which lead to kidney disease. Folic acid has also been shown to improve endothelial function, suggesting an alternative explanation for the effect of folic acid on endothelial function. Careful considerations of not only dietary measures are necessary but also folate and vitamin B supplementation for reducing hHcy in AGN need to be investigated.
文摘AGN and 34 healthy children were investigated in this study to research FRs and PGs roles in the patbyphysiology process with AGN.We measured the plasma levels of TXB2,6-KPGF1a,LPO, SOD,GSH-px,etc.by radioimmunoassay method.The result showed that,in acute phase of AGN,the level of LPO and TXB2 increased(P< 0. 01,P<0.001),but that of GSH-px and 6KPGF1a decreased(both P<0.001 )significantly. Meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation between LPO and TXB2(r=0. 475,P<0.001 ), and a negative correlation between LPO and 6-KPGF1a(r=-0. 636,P<0. 001).All these indicate that FRs and PGs were all involved in the process of AGN and FRs destroyed renal tissue and physiology function themselves or by PGs generating.
文摘in this study serum complement mediated immune complex solubilizing capacity (CMSC) and immune complement precipitation capacity (ICPIC) of 32 children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) were measured. The data showed that the level of serum CMSC and ICPIC was markedly decreased in acute phase and returned to normal in the 7th week after onset of disease.Correlation analysis revealed that there were positive correlation between the level of serum CMSC and ICPIC and the serum concentration of CH50, C3, C4, but no linear correlation between the level of serum CMSC and ICPIC and the amount of CIC. These results suggest that the declined serum CMSC and ICPIC in AGN may be associ ated with the pathogenesis of AGN.
文摘Staphylococcus associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) is an uncommon infection-related glomerulonephritis. Although infection is typically ongoing when patients present with SAGN, in the case of deep-seated infections, the presence of infection may not be apparent. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of renal biopsy when the diagnosis is not obvious. We present a case of staphylococcus associated glomerulonephritis in a patient treated with beta-lactam antibiotics for staphylococcus bacteraemia. A renal biopsy helped differentiate between interstitial nephritis and staphylococcus associated glomerulonephritis.
文摘Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN)is the major cause of acute glomerulonephritis among children,especially in low-and middle-income countries.APSGN commonly occurs following pharyngitis due to the activation of antibodies and complements proteins against streptococcal antigens through the immune-complex-mediated mechanism.APSGN can be presented as acute nep-hritic syndrome,nephrotic syndrome,and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,or it may be subclinical.The management of APSGN is mainly supportive in nature with fluid restriction,anti-hypertensives,diuretics,and renal replacement therapy with dialysis,when necessary,as the disease is self-limiting.Congestive heart failure,pulmonary edema,and severe hypertension-induced encephalopathy might occur during the acute phase of APSGN due to hypervolemia.APSGN generally has a favorable prognosis with only a small percentage of patients with persistent urinary abnormalities,persistent hypertension,and chronic kidney disease after the acute episode of APSGN.Decreased complement levels,increased C-reactive protein,and hypoalbuminemia are associated with disease severity.Crescent formations on renal biopsy and renal insufficiency on presentation may be the predictors of disease severity and poor outcomes in APSGN in children.
文摘BACKGROUND Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease with a range of clinical manifestations,from a flu-like illness with fever and myalgias to a severe systemic disease with multisystem organ failure.Although renal involvement is not a common presentation,there have been few cases reporting acute kidney injury from Anaplasmosis.CASE SUMMARY We present a 55-year-old female with anaplasmosis who developed acute kidney injury due to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis(MPGN).The patient originally presented with cough and shortness of breath.She was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia and received antibiotics.During the hospital course she developed severe acute renal failure.Initial serological work up didn’t provide any conclusive diagnosis.Hence,she underwent kidney biopsy which showed MPGN pattern suggesting autoimmune,multiple myeloma or infectious etiology.Extensive work up was undertaken which was negative for autoimmune diseases,vasculitis panel,paraproteinemias but tested positive for IgG anaplasma with high titers indicating Anaplasmosis.CONCLUSION Our case shows a unique presentation of severe acute renal failure from MPGN from tick borne illness.MPGN is usually seen with autoimmune diseases,hepatitis C virus infections,paraproteinemias.Hence,we suggest that tick borne illness should also be considered when evaluating acute renal failure cases in tick borne prevalent regions.
文摘目的探讨麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗急性肾小球肾炎(AGN)的临床疗效。方法检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库、维普中文科技期刊数据库搜集麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗AGN的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限为2010年1月至2022年12月,利用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果结果显示,麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗AGN临床总有效率优于常规治疗(OR=8.03,95%CI:4.14~15.57);麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗较常规治疗更能降低AGN患者的24 h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、尿素氮水平;麻黄连翘赤小豆汤在改善血压、减轻水肿、缓解血尿、改善蛋白尿等方面均优于常规治疗。结论麻黄连翘赤小豆汤治疗AGN可改善肾功能,提高临床疗效,但尚需更多高质量随机对照试验进一步论证。
文摘A case of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with pathological changes to the crescent glomerulonephritis“C3 glomerulonephritis”in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University was collected and its diagnosis,clinical manifestation,and pathological characteristics were explored.The experts analyzed the disease from the perspective of its causes,diagnosis,complications and treatment.Timely renal biopsy is required to clarify pathological diagnosis as the primary glomerular disease was newly recognized with a lower incidence.So misdiagnosis and delayed healing is more frequent.The paper aims to enhance the clinician’s understanding of“C3 glomerulonephritis”.
文摘目的探究急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎(acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis,APSGN)患儿的流行概况及危险因素分析。方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2019年5月肾内科收治的186例APSGN患儿作为研究对象。收集患儿住院资料以及门诊资料,记录患者相关临床检查治疗检查结果,通过电话进行回访。结果2017—2019年APSGN患儿发病率较高;男性APSGN患儿居多;冬季为发病高峰期。家族史、预防接种、龋齿、居住环境、前驱感染、丘疹性荨麻疹等与儿童APSGN发病有关。肉眼血尿、血清C4水平及肾病性范围蛋白尿、尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白、BNP水平是影响重症APSGN发生的相关因素(P<0.05)。肾病性范围蛋白尿、肉眼血尿持续时间、尿蛋白、尿微量白蛋白水平、血清C4下降程度及合并支原体、EB病毒感染是影响APSGN长期预后的相关因素(P<0.05)。Logistic分析表明肾病性范围蛋白尿、肉眼血尿持续时间、尿蛋白升高、尿微量白蛋白升高是影响APSGN出院转归以及长期预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。大量蛋白尿及肉眼血尿持续时间长的患儿长期预后较差。结论冬季是APSGN发病高峰期,影响APSGN发病及预后的因素较多。
