Clinical characteristics of acute non-varicose upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the effect of endoscopic hemostasis

BACKGROUND Acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)constitutes a prevalent emergency within Gastroenterology,encompassing 80%-90%of all gastrointestinal hemorrhage incidents.This condition is distinguished by its abrupt onset,swift progression,and notably elevated mortality rate.AIM To gather clinical data from patients with ANVUGIB at our hospital in order to elucidate the clinical characteristics specific to our institution and analyze the therapeutic effectiveness of endoscopic hemostasis.METHODS We retrospectively retrieved the records of 532 patients diagnosed with ANVUGIB by endoscopy at our hospital between March 2021 and March 2023,utilizing our medical record system.Data pertaining to general patient information,etiological factors,disease outcomes,and other relevant variables were meticulously collected and analyzed.RESULTS Among the 532 patients diagnosed with ANVUGIB,the male-to-female ratio was 2.91:1,with a higher prevalence among males.Notably,43.6%of patients presented with black stool as their primary complaint,while 27.4%had hematemesis as their initial symptom.Upon admission,17%of patients exhibited both hematemesis and black stool,while most ANVUGIB patients primarily complained of overt gastrointestinal bleeding.Urgent routine blood examinations at admission revealed that 75.8%of patients had anemia,with 63.4%experiencing moderate to severe anemia,and 1.5%having extremely severe anemia(hemoglobin<30 g/L).With regard to etiology,53.2%of patients experienced bleeding without a definitive trigger,24.2%had a history of using gastric mucosa-irritating medications,24.2%developed bleeding after alcohol consumption,2.8%attributed it to improper diet,1.7%to emotional excitement,and 2.3%to fatigue preceding the bleeding episode.Drug-induced ANVUGIB was more prevalent in the elderly than middle-aged and young individuals,while bleeding due to alcohol consumption showed the opposite trend.Additionally,diet-related bleeding was more common among the young age group compared to the middle-aged group.Gastrointestinal endoscopy identified peptic ulcers as the most frequent cause of ANVUGIB(73.3%),followed by gastrointestinal malignancies(10.9%),acute gastric mucous lesions(9.8%),and androgenic upper gastrointestinal bleeding(1.5%)among inpatients with ANVUGIB.Of the 532 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding,68 underwent endoscopic hemostasis,resulting in an endoscopic treatment rate of 12.8%,with a high immediate hemostasis success rate of 94.1%.

Efficacy and safety of over-the-scope-clips in the therapy of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding:Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)is a frequent lifethreatening acute condition in gastroenterology associated with high morbidity and mortality.Over-the-scope-clip(OTSC)is a new endoscopic hemostasis technique,which is being used in ANVUGIB and is more effective.AIM To summarize and analyze the effects of the OTSC in prevention of recurrent bleeding,clinical success rate,procedure time,hospital stay,and adverse events in the treatment of ANVUGIB,to evaluate whether OTSC can replace standard endoscopic therapy as a new generation of treatment for ANVUGIB.METHODS The literature related to OTSC and standard therapy for ANVUGIB published before January 2023 was searched in PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,Cochrane,Google,and CNKI databases.Changes in recurrent bleeding(7 or 30 days),clinical results(clinical success rate,conversion rate to surgery,mortality),therapy time(procedure time,hospital stay),and adverse events in the OTSC intervention group were summarized and analyzed,and the MD or OR of 95%CI is calculated by Review Manager 5.3.RESULTS This meta-analysis involved 11 studies with 1266 patients.Total risk of bias was moderate-to-high.For patients in the OTSC group,7-and 30-days recurrent bleeding rates,as well as procedure time,hospital stay,and intensive care unit stay,were greatly inhibited.OTSC could significantly improve the clinical success rate of ANVUGIB.OTSC therapy did not cause serious adverse and was effective in reducing patient mortality.CONCLUSION OTSC may provide more rapid and sustained hemostasis,and thus,promote recovery and reduce mortality in patients with ANVUGIB.In addition,the safety of OTSC is assured.

The effect of prophylactic antibiotics in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients in the emergency department

BACKGROUND: Currently, prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for cirrhotic patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding(AUGIB);however, the benefit for other AUGIB patients remains undetermined. We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes between patients with AUGIB with and without prophylactic antibiotics to identify the population that requires this therapy.METHODS: Patients with AUGIB admitted between 1st January 2019 and 31st December 2021 in the Emergency Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were enrolled. Patients were divided into the antibiotic and non-antibiotic groups. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was the onset of new infection. The risk factors for mortality and infection were analyzed, and stratification analysis of prophylactic antibiotics was performed. Continuous data were analyzed using the t-test or nonparametric rank sum test, and categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Indicators with significant differences between the groups were included for logistic regression analysis. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 392 individuals were included, among them, 281 patients received prophylactic antibiotics, and 111 patients did not receive prophylactic antibiotics. The mortality rates were significantly lower in the antibiotic group than in the non-antibiotics group(6.41% vs. 17.12%, P=0.001). The risk factors for infection were varicose veins(P=0.045) and endotracheal intubation(P=0.005) in the prophylactic antibiotic group, and endoscopic treatment(P=0.010) in the non-prophylactic antibiotic group. Stratified analyses showed that patients with age ≥ 65 years, endotracheal intubation, endoscopic treatment, and AUGIB of variceal etiologies benefited from prophylactic antibiotics.CONCLUSION: AUGIB patients may benefit from prophylactic antibiotics to decrease mortality, especially those aged ≥ 65 years and those with endotracheal intubation, endoscopic treatment, and variceal etiologies.

Predictive utility of the Rockall scoring system in patients suffering from acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage

BACKGROUND Acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)represents a sig-nificant clinical challenge due to its unpredictability and potentially severe out-comes.The Rockall risk score has emerged as a critical tool for prognostic asse-ssment in patients with ANVUGIB,aiding in the prediction of rebleeding and mo-rtality.However,its applicability and accuracy in the Chinese population remain understudied.AIM To assess the prognostic value of the Rockall risk score in a Chinese cohort of patients with ANVUGIB.METHODS A retrospective analysis of 168 ANVUGIB patients’medical records was condu-cted.The study employed statistical tests,including the t-test,χ^(2) test,spearman correlation,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analysis,to assess the re-lationship between the Rockall score and clinical outcomes,specifically focusing on rebleeding events within 3 months post-assessment.RESULTS Significant associations were found between the Rockall score and various clinical outcomes.High Rockall scores were significantly associated with rebleeding events(r=0.735,R2=0.541,P<0.001)and strongly positively correlated with adverse outcomes.Low hemoglobin levels(t=2.843,P=0.005),high international normalized ratio(t=3.710,P<0.001),active bleeding during endoscopy(χ^(2)=7.950,P=0.005),large ulcer size(t=6.348,P<0.001),and requiring blood transfusion(χ^(2)=6.381,P=0.012)were all significantly associated with rebleeding events.Furthermore,differences in treatment and management strategies were identified between patients with and without rebleeding events.ROC analysis indicated the excellent discriminative power(sensitivity:0.914;specificity:0.816;area under the curve:0.933;Youden index:0.730)of the Rockall score in predicting rebleeding events within 3 months.CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights into the prognostic value of the Rockall risk score for ANVUGIB in the Chinese population.The results underscore the potential of the Rockall score as an effective tool for risk strati-fication and prognostication,with implications for guiding risk-appropriate management strategies and optimizing care for patients with ANVUGIB.

A Case of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Liver Cirrhosis Complicated by Acute Cerebral Infarction and Acute Myelitis

Background: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis combined with acute cerebral infarction is uncommon in clinical work, and then combined with acute myelitis is even rarer and more complex, which poses a greater challenge to clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper reports a case of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis complicated by acute cerebral infarction and acute myelitis, which be hoped to provide a reference for clinical work. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical information of a 68-year-old female admitted to the Digestive Medical Department with acute gastrointestinal bleeding and appeared limb movement disorder on the third day. Results: The patient was eventually diagnosed with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in liver cirrhosis complicated by acute cerebral infarction and acute myelitis. Conclusions: When patients with liver cirrhosis have abnormal neurological symptoms, in addition to liver cirrhosis-related complications, doctors need to consider cerebrovascular diseases and myelitis.

Rockall score in predicting outcomes of elderly patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding

AIM: To validate the clinical Rockall score in predicting outcomes (rebleeding, surgery and mortality) in elderly patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken in 341 patients admitted to the emergency room and Intensive Care Unit of Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The Rockall scores were calculated, and the association between clinical Rockall scores and patient outcomes (rebleeding, surgery and mortality) was assessed. Based on the Rockall scores, patients were divided into three risk categories: low risk ≤ 3, moderate risk 3-4, high risk ≥ 4, and the percentages of rebleeding/death/surgery in each risk category were compared. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to assess the validity of the Rockall system in predicting rebleeding, surgery and mortality of patients with AUGIB. RESULTS: A positive linear correlation between clinical Rockall scores and patient outcomes in terms of rebleeding, surgery and mortality was observed (r =0.962, 0.955 and 0.946, respectively, P = 0.001). High clinical Rockall scores > 3 were associated with adverse outcomes (rebleeding, surgery and death). There was a significant correlation between high Rockall scores and the occurrence of rebleeding, surgery and mortality in the entire patient population (χ 2 = 49.29, 23.10 and 27.64, respectively, P = 0.001). For rebleeding, the area under the ROC curve was 0.788 (95%CI: 0.726-0.849, P = 0.001); For surgery, the area under the ROC curve was 0.752 (95%CI: 0.679-0.825, P = 0.001) and for mortality, the area under the ROC curve was 0.787 (95%CI: 0.716-0.859, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The Rockall score is clinically useful, rapid and accurate in predicting rebleeding, surgery and mortality outcomes in elderly patients with AUGIB.

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in octοgenarians:Clinical outcome and factors related to mortality

AIM: To evaluate the aetiology, clinical outcome and factors related to mortality of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) in octogenarians. METHODS: We reviewed the records of all patients over 65 years old who were hospitalised with AUGIB in two hospitals from January 2006 to December of 2006. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (65-80 years old) and Group B (> 80 years old). RESULTS: Four hundred and sixteen patients over 65 years of age were hospitalized because of AUGIB. Group A included 269 patients and Group B 147 patients. Co-morbidity was more common in octogenarians (P = 0.04). The main cause of bleeding was peptic ulcer in both groups. Rebleeding and emergency surgery were uncommon in octogenarians and not different from those in younger patients. In-hospital complications were more common in octogenarians (P = 0.05) and more patients died in the group of octogenarians compared to the younger age group (P = 0.02). Inability to perform endoscopic examination (P = 0.002), presence of high risk for rebleeding stigmata (P = 0.004), urea on admission (P = 0.036), rebleeding (P = 0.004) and presenceof severe co-morbidity (P < 0.0001) were related to mortality. In multivariate analysis, only the presence of severe co-morbidity was independently related to mortality (P = 0.032). CONCLUSION: While rebleeding and emergency surgery rates are relatively low in octogenarians with AUGIB, the presence of severe co-morbidity is the main factor of adverse outcome.

A Nomogram Model for Predicting Type-2 Myocardial Infarction Induced by Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Objective To examine the independent risk factors of type-2 myocardial infarction(T2MI)elicited by acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding(AUGIB),and to establish a nomogram model for the prediction of AUGIB-induced T2MI.Methods A nomogram model was established on the basis of a retrospective study that involved 533 patients who suffered from AUGIB in the Department of Critical Care Medicine(CCM)or Emergency Intensive Care Unit(EICU)of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan,China,from January 2017 to December 2020.The predictive accuracy and discriminative power of the nomogram were initially evaluated by internal validation,which involved drawing the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,calculating the area under the curve(AUC),plotting the calibration curve derived from 1000 resampled bootstrap data sets,and computing the root mean square error(RMSE).The predictive ability of the nomogram was further validated through the prospective and multicenter study conducted by the investigators,which enrolled 240 AUGIB patients[including 88 cases from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,73 cases from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University(Qingdao),and 79 cases from Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital)],who were admitted to the Department of CCM or EICU,from February 2021 to July 2021.Results Among the 533 patients in the training cohort,78(14.6%)patients were assigned to the T2MI group and 455(85.4%)patients were assigned to the non-T2MI group.The multivariate analysis revealed that age>65,hemorrhagic shock,cerebral stroke,heart failure,chronic kidney disease,increased blood urea nitrogen,decreased hematocrit,and elevated D-Dimer were independent risk factors for AUGIB-induced T2MI.All these factors were incorporated into the nomogram model.The AUC for the nomogram for predicting T2MI was 0.829(95%CI,0.783-0.875)in the internal validation cohort and 0.848(95%CI,0.794-0.902)in the external validation cohort.The calibration curve for the risk of T2MI exhibited good consistency between the prediction by the nomogram and the actual clinical observation in both the internal validation(RMSE=0.016)and external validation(RMSE=0.020).Conclusion The nomogram was proven to be a useful tool for the risk stratification of T2MI in AUGIB patients,and is helpful for the early identification of AUGIB patients who are prone to T2MI for early intervention,especially in emergency departments and intensive care units.

A Nomogram Model for Prediction of Mortality Risk of Patients with Dangerous Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding:A Two-center Retrospective Study

Objective:This study aimed to establish a nomogram model to predict the mortality risk of patients with dangerous upper gastrointestinal bleeding(DUGIB),and identify high-risk patients who require emergent therapy.Methods:From January 2020 to April 2022,the clinical data of 256 DUGIB patients who received treatments in the intensive care unit(ICU)were retrospectively collected from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University(n=179)and the Eastern Campus of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University(n=77).The 179 patients were treated as the training cohort,and 77 patients as the validation cohort.Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the independent risk factors,and R packages were used to construct the nomogram model.The prediction accuracy and identification ability were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,C index and calibration curve.The nomogram model was also simultaneously externally validated.Decision curve analysis(DCA)was then used to demonstrate the clinical value of the model.Results:Logistic regression analysis showed that hematemesis,urea nitrogen level,emergency endoscopy,AIMS65,Glasgow Blatchford score and Rockall score were all independent risk factors for DUGIB.The ROC curve analysis indicated the area under curve(AUC)of the training cohort was 0.980(95%CI:0.962-0.997),while the AUC of the validation cohort was 0.790(95%CI:0.685-0.895).The calibration curves were tested for Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit for both training and validation cohorts(P=0.778,P=0.516).Conclusion:The developed nomogram is an effective tool for risk stratification,early identification and intervention for DUGIB patients.

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by esophageal right bronchial artery fistula:A case report

BACKGROUND Fistula between the esophagus and bronchial artery is an extremely rare and potentially life-threatening cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Here,we report a case of fistula formation between the esophagus and a nonaneurysmal right bronchial artery(RBA).CASE SUMMARY An 80-year-old woman with previous left pneumonectomy and recent placement of an uncovered self-expandable metallic stent for esophageal adenocarcinoma was admitted due to hematemesis.Emergent computed tomography showed indirect signs of fistulization between the esophagus and a nonaneurysmal RBA,in the absence of active bleeding.Endoscopy revealed the esophageal stent correctly placed and a moderate amount of red blood within the stomach,in the absence of active bleeding or tumor ingrowth/overgrowth.After prompt multidisciplinary evaluation,a step-up approach was planned.The bleeding was successfully controlled by esophageal restenting followed by RBA embolization.No signs of rebleeding were observed and the patient was discharged home with stable hemoglobin level on postoperative day 7.CONCLUSION This was a previously unreported case of an esophageal RBA fistula successfully managed by esophageal restenting followed by RBA embolization.

Treatment of severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by Mallory-Weiss syndrome after primary coronary intervention for acute inferior wall myocardial infarction: A case report

BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB) after an acute myocardial infarction(AMI) is not an uncommon complication. Acute UGIB caused by Mallory-Weiss syndrome(MWS) is usually a dire situation with massive bleeding and hemodynamic instability. Acute UGIB caused by MWS after an AMI has not been previously reported.CASE SUMMARY A 57-year-old man with acute inferior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction underwent a primary coronary intervention of the acutely occluded right coronary artery. Six hours after the intervention, the patient had a severe UGIB,followed by vomiting. His hemoglobin level dropped from 15.3 g/d L to 9.7 g/d L. In addition to blood transfusion and a gastric acid inhibition treatment,early endoscopy was employed and MWS was diagnosed. Bleeding was stopped by endoscopic placement of titanium clips.CONCLUSION Bleeding complications after stent implantation can pose a dilemma. MWS is a rare but severe cause of acute UGIB after an AMI that requires an early endoscopic diagnosis and a hemoclip intervention to stop bleeding.

Massive bleeding from gastric submucosal arterial collaterals secondary to splenic artery thrombosis: A case report

BACKGROUND Gastric submucosal arterial collaterals(GSAC)secondary to splenic artery occlusion is an extraordinary rare and potentially life-threatening cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Here,we report a case of massive bleeding from GSAC successfully treated by means of a multidisciplinary minimally invasive approach.CASE SUMMARY A 60-year-old non-cirrhotic gentleman with a history of arterial hypertension was admitted due to hematemesis.Emergent esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed pulsating and tortuous varicose shaped submucosal vessels in the gastric fundus along with a small erosion overlying one of the vessels.In order to characterize the fundic lesion,pre-operative emergent computed tomography-angiography was performed showing splenic artery thrombosis(SAT)and tortuous arterial structures arising from the left gastric artery and the left gastroepiploic artery in the gastric fundus.GSAC was successfully treated by means of a minimally invasive step-up approach consisting in endoscopic clipping followed by transcatheter arterial embolization(TAE).CONCLUSION This was a previously unreported case of bleeding GSAC secondary to SAT successfully managed by means of a multidisciplinary minimally invasive approach consisting in endoscopic clipping for the luminal bleeding control followed by elective TAE for the definitive treatment.

ANVUGIB患者应用内镜下金属钛夹与注射止血对再出血率的改善探讨

目目的:探讨急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)患者应用内镜下金属钛夹与注射止血对再出血率的改善效果。方法:将78例ANVUGIB患者在随机数字表法干预下分为对照组和研究组,各39例患者,分别行内镜下注射止血治疗,内镜下金属钛夹止血治疗,探究两组患者治疗结果。结果:与对照组比,研究组患者的治疗总有效率更高,有效止血率和即时止血率更高,72h后再出血率更低(P<0.05);两组患者治疗后凝血指标均有所改善,但研究组较对照组改善更为显著(P<0.05)。结论:相较于注射止血治疗,内镜下金属钛夹对于ANVUGIB患者的止血效果更好,可有效降低患者的再出血率,改善凝血功能。

案例整合情景模拟教学模式在急性上消化道出血见习教学中的应用

目的探讨案例整合情景模拟教学模式应用于急性上消化道出血见习教学的教学成效。方法选取广州医科大学临床医学(南山班)2021级40名医学生为研究对象,随机分为两组,其中22名为实验组,采用案例整合情景模教学模式;另18名同学为对照组,采用传统床旁见习教学模式。教学内容为急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血。结果实验组和对照组消化内科学总得分无统计学差异(P>0.05),涉及消化道出血相关内容的得分情况实验组得分明显优于对照组,两组间有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在课后满意度调查中,大部分实验组同学对新教学模式满意度较高并积极参与。结论案例整合情景模拟教学模式在激发学习兴趣、培养医学职业素养、活跃课堂气氛等方面明显优于传统床边教学模式,适于消化内科的实践教学,可作为医学本科见习的常规教学方法进行推广及使用。

限制性输血治疗急性上消化道出血的效果及对凝血功能、预后的影响

目的探讨限制性输血治疗急性上消化道出血(AUGIB)的效果及对凝血功能、预后的影响。方法按随机数字表法将2021年5月—2023年10月本院收治的208例AUGIB患者分成对照组(104例)和试验组(104例)。对照组行开放性输血治疗,试验组行限制性输血治疗。比较两组疗效、不同时间点止血率、人均输血量、凝血功能和预后相关指标的差异。结果试验组治疗后的总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗72 h后,试验组的人均输血量、严重贫血纠正时间、血乳酸、BE值、血红蛋白(Hb)均低于对照组,血小板计数高于对照组(P<0.05);两组收缩压、心率均低于同组治疗前,且试验组低于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗72h后的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)均低于同组治疗前,纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)高于同组治疗前,且试验组改善程度优于对照组(P<0.05);试验组的住院时间、再出血率均低于对照组(P<0.05),两组病死率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论限制性输血在AUGIB治疗中疗效显著,能有效维持生命体征平稳及机体代偿平衡,减少输液量,改善凝血功能,降低再出血率,缩短住院时间。

3PR参与式健康教育在老年急性上消化道出血患者治疗中的应用价值

目的探究以参与式研究(participatory research,PR)为基础模块、参与式角色扮演(participatory role-playing,PR)为核心模块、参与式总结(participatory review,PR)为强化模块(简称3PR)的参与式健康教育在老年急性上消化道出血(acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding,AUGIB)患者的应用价值。方法选择2020年1月-2023年6月南京市第二医院急诊科收治的老年AUGIB患者80例,按随机数字表法分成观察组(n=40)和对照组(n=40)。在病情稳定后,对照组采用常规健康教育,观察组采用3PR参与式健康教育。比较2组疾病认知、自我感知负担量表(SPBS)评分、Morisky用药依从性量表(MMAS-8)评分、遵医行为、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)评分和再出血率差异。结果干预后,2组疾病认知、遵医行为、GQOLI-74量表各维度评分均高于同组干预前,SPBS量表各维度评分均低于同组干预前,且观察组改善程度大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组用药依从率高于对照组(P<0.05);随访3个月,观察组再出血率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论3PR参与式健康教育对老年AUGIB患者的干预效果显著,可有效提高疾病认知水平和用药依从性,减轻患者自我感知负担,改善遵医行为,提高生存质量,减少疾病复发。

上消化道出血病因变化及风险评估的研究进展

上消化道出血(UGIB)是临床常见的急危重症之一。近年来由于人口老龄化、胃镜诊疗技术的发展、非甾体抗炎药及抗凝药物的应用增多等因素,UGIB的病因比逐渐发生改变。此外,关于上消化道出血的风险评估也在不断完善。目前国际上Glasgow-Blatchford评分(GBS)、Rockall评分系统(RS)、AIMS65评分及PNED评分在临床上应用较为广泛、认可度较高,但他们的最佳应用情况略有不同,如GBS在预测医院干预的需求方面具有很高的能力,且通过GBS进行分类管理已被证明可以减少住院率、住院时间和成本利用。而RS、AIMS65评分、PNED评分更适应于预测死亡风险,尤其是在住院死亡率方面,AIMS65评分似乎表现更优,而PNED评分则更适用于30 d死亡风险预测。本文通过文献回顾,对近年来关于UGIB病因构成变化及风险评估系统进行综述,以了解相关研究进展。

内镜下OTSC吻合夹止血在急诊难治性急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血中的应用价值

目的评估内镜吻合夹系统(OTSC)吻合夹止血对急诊难治性急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)患者的止血效果、炎症状态的影响。方法选取125例急诊难治性(ANVUGIB)急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者(来自青岛市中心医院),依据止血夹的不同分为观察组66例和对照组59例,分别应用内镜下OTSC吻合夹、内镜下金属钛夹止血治疗。对比两组患者的临床疗效、术后恢复情况、止血效果、炎症状态以及短期随访结果。结果与对照组相比,观察组患者的有效止血率、即时止血率、转外科或介入手术治疗率、1周内再次出血率等止血效果指标均更优(均P<0.05),潜血转阴时间、住院时间、呕血消失时间等止血效果指标均更短(均P<0.05),以及治疗有效率、住院费用更高(P<0.05)。治疗后两组患者炎症指标均下降,且观察组患者的血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后2个月随访,金属钛夹自行脱落6例,OTSC吻合夹均在原位,差异有显著性(P<0.05),而两组均未出现消化道穿孔、消化道瘘等并发症。结论ANVUGIB患者应用内镜下OTSC吻合夹止血较内镜下金属钛夹止血的效果更佳,可快速康复,减少了外科手术率,提高止血效果,减轻炎症状态,安全可靠;但从经济费用层面来看,费用仍较高。

多种系统评分对肝硬化合并急性上消化道出血患者28 d死亡的预测作用

目的比较MELD评分、AIMS65评分及血小板-白蛋白-胆红素指数(PALBI)在肝硬化合并急性上消化道出血(AUGIB)患者28 d死亡预测中的应用价值,以期为临床筛查最适宜的预后预测评分提供参考依据。方法回顾性纳入2020年1月—2023年12月哈尔滨医科大学第一附属医院重症医学科治疗的378例肝硬化AUGIB患者,根据28 d生存情况分为死亡组60例(15.9%)和生存组318例(84.1%)。通过在线病历系统收集所有肝硬化AUGIB患者的临床资料,计算MELD评分、AIMS65评分及PALBI评分。采用二分类Logistic回归分析MELD评分、AIMS65评分、PALBI评分对肝硬化AUGIB患者死亡的影响,并采用ROC曲线对此3种评分预测肝硬化AUGIB患者死亡的效能进行评定。结果单因素分析显示,与生存组比较,死亡组糖尿病、肝性脑病比例以及凝血酶原时间、红细胞分布宽度、C反应蛋白、MELD评分、AIMS65评分、PALBI评分均升高,白蛋白降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,校正糖尿病、肝性脑病比例、凝血酶原时间等混杂因素后,MELD评分(OR=1.621,95%CI:1.185-2.217)、AIMS65评分(OR=1.914,95%CI:1.361-2.690)、PALBI评分(OR=1.984,95%CI:1.410-2.791)是肝硬化AUGIB患者死亡的独立危险因素。ROC曲线显示,MELD评分、AIMS65评分、PALBI评分预测肝硬化28 d死亡的AUC分别为0.685(95%CI:0.614-0.756)、0.828(95%CI:0.771-0.885)、0.860(95%CI:0.808-0.913)。结论MELD评分、AIMS65评分、PALBI评分均是肝硬化AUGIB患者死亡的独立危险因素,并对预后风险具有提示作用,其中以AIMS65评分、PALBI评分的预测价值最高。

基于临床疗效观察与网络药理学研究宁血方治疗脾虚湿热证急性上消化道出血的机制

目的分析宁血方治疗脾虚湿热证急性上消化道出血(AUGB)的临床效果,通过网络药理学探讨其作用机制。方法收集2019年1月至2023年1月厦门市中医院脾胃科收治的70例符合AUGB(脾虚湿热证)入组标准的患者,按照治疗方案分为宁血方+常规治疗组(观察组)和常规治疗组(对照组)。比较两组治疗效果。并利用TCMSP筛选宁血方的活性成分及作用靶点,应用OMIM等数据库获得急性上消化道出血相关靶点,构建中药-有效成分-作用靶点网络图,以Metascape数据库进行GO分析和KEGG分析。结果临床研究纳入观察组、对照组各35例,治疗前基线水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。治疗后,观察组临床疗效94.29%优于对照组的85.71%(P<0.05);两组的中医症候积分均较治疗前降低,观察组积分低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应情况对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。网络药理学筛选交集靶点143个,核心靶点38个。结论宁血方可有效促进脾虚湿热证上消化道出血患者止血,通过多成分-多靶点-多通路来治疗急性上消化道出血。