Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) refers to a clinical entity characterized by episodes of acute pancreatitis which occurs on more than one occasion. Recurrence of pancreatitis generally occurs in a setting of normal...Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) refers to a clinical entity characterized by episodes of acute pancreatitis which occurs on more than one occasion. Recurrence of pancreatitis generally occurs in a setting of normal morpho-functional gland, however, an established chronic disease may be found either on the occasion of the first episode of pancreatitis or during the follow-up. The aetiology of ARP can be identified in the majority of patients. Most common causes include common bile duct stones or sludge and bile crystals; sphincter of oddi dysfunction; anatomical ductal variants interfering with pancreatic juice outflow; obstruction of the main pancreatic duct or pancreatico-biliary junction; genetic mutations; alcohol consumption. However, despite diagnostic technologies, the aetiology of ARP still remains unknown in up to 30% of cases: in these cases the term “idiopathic” is used. Because occult bile stone disease and sphincter of oddi dysfunction account for the majority of cases, cholecystectomy, and eventually the endoscopic biliary and/or pancreatic sphincterotomy are curative in most of cases. Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy appeared to be a curative procedure per se in about 80% of patients. Ursodeoxycholic acid oral treatment alone has also been reported effective for treatment of biliary sludge. In uncertain cases toxin botulin injection may help in identifying some sphincter of oddi dysfunction, but this treatment is not widely used. In the last twenty years, pancreatic endotherapy has been proven effective in cases of recurrent pancreatitis depending on pancreatic ductal obstruction, independently from the cause of obstruction, and has been widely used instead of more aggressive approaches.展开更多
Presented in this paper is our experience in the diagnosis and management of abdominal compartment syndrome during severe acute pancreatitis. On the basis of the history of severe acute pancreatitis, after effective ...Presented in this paper is our experience in the diagnosis and management of abdominal compartment syndrome during severe acute pancreatitis. On the basis of the history of severe acute pancreatitis, after effective fluid resuscitation, if patients developed renal, pulmonary and cardiac insufficiency after abdominal expansion and abdominal wall tension, ACS should be considered. Cystometry could be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Emergency decompressive celiotomy and temporary abdominal closure with a 3 liter sterile plastic bag must be performed. It is also critical to prevent reperfusion syndrome. In 23 cases of ACS, 18 cases received emergency decompressive celiotomy and 5 cases did not. In the former, 3 patients died (16.7 %) while in the later, 4 (80%) died. Total mortality rate was 33.3% (7/21). In 7 death cases, 4 patients developed acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC). All the patients who received emergency decompressive celiotomy 5 h after confirmation of ACS survived. The definitive abdominal closure took place mostly 3 to 5 days after emergency decompressive celiotomy, with longest time being 8 days. 6 cases of ACS at infection stage were all attributed to infected necrosis in abdominal cavity and retroperitoneum. ACS could occur in SIRS stage and infection stage during SAP, and has different pathophysiological basis. Early diagnosis, emergency decompressive celiotomy and temporary abdominal closure with a 3L sterile plastic bag are the keys to the management of the condition.展开更多
In this Topic Highlight, the causes, diagnosis, and treat-ment of acute pancreatitis in children are discussed. Acute pancreatitis should be considered during the dif-ferential diagnosis of abdominal pain in children ...In this Topic Highlight, the causes, diagnosis, and treat-ment of acute pancreatitis in children are discussed. Acute pancreatitis should be considered during the dif-ferential diagnosis of abdominal pain in children and requires prompt treatment because it may become life-threatening. The etiology, clinical manifestations, and course of acute pancreatitis in children are often differ-ent than in adults. Therefore, the specific features of acute pancreatitis in children must be considered. The etiology of acute pancreatitis in children is often drugs, infections, trauma, or anatomic abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms(such as abdominal pain and vomiting), serum pancreatic enzyme levels, and im-aging studies. Several scoring systems have been pro-posed for the assessment of severity, which is useful for selecting treatments and predicting prognosis. The basic pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis does not greatly dif-fer between adults and children, and the treatments for adults and children are similar. In large part, our under-standing of the pathology, optimal treatment, assess-ment of severity, and outcome of acute pancreatitis in children is taken from the adult literature. However, we often find that the common management of adult pan-creatitis is difficult to apply to children. With advances in diagnostic techniques and treatment methods, severeacute pancreatitis in children is becoming better under-stood and more controllable.展开更多
Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is a rare event with wide variation in the incidence, ranging from 1:1000 to 1:10000. Pancreatitis in pregnancy presents the same etiological causes as in general population. Howeve...Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is a rare event with wide variation in the incidence, ranging from 1:1000 to 1:10000. Pancreatitis in pregnancy presents the same etiological causes as in general population. However, differences are observed in the underlying mechanisms and the prevalence of each cause in the pregnant population. Acute pancreatitis is a complicated in diagnosis and treatment disease with various complications and severe prognosis in general population as well as pregnant women. The severity of acute pancreatitis is probably the most important issue that must be elucidated as early as possible since pancreatitis is an evolving disease. Clinical characteristics of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy do not differ from the non-pregnancy state. The most important disease during the first trimester which should be differentiated from acute pancreatitis is hyperemesis gravidarum. Complications of acute pancreatitis affect differently the mother and the fetus during pregnancy. Management of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy is a controversial issue since the initial treatment is similar to the non-pregnant patient but the subsequent management might differ due to the risk of fetal disturbances or teratogenesis. The initial management of acute pancreatitis is restricted in aggressive intravenous hydration. The interventional treatment of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy can be divided into three subcategories;the operational intervention for the disease itself, the operational intervention for biliary tract cormobidities and the endoscopic intervention. In conclusion, the initial assessment of acute pancreatitis severity and the initial management of the patient are of great importance in order to support the function and avoid failure of main organs.展开更多
Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a common acute abdominal condition of the digestive system.In recent years,treatment concepts,methods,and strategies for the diagnosis of AP have advanced,and this has played an important role...Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a common acute abdominal condition of the digestive system.In recent years,treatment concepts,methods,and strategies for the diagnosis of AP have advanced,and this has played an important role in promoting the standardization of AP diagnosis and treatment and improving the treatment quality of AP patients.On the basis of previous guidelines and expert consensus,this guideline adopts an evidence-based,problem-based expression;synthesizes important clinical research data at home and abroad in the most recent 5 years;and forms 29 recommendations through multidisciplinary expert discussion,including diagnosis,treatment,and follow-up.It is expected to provide evidence support for the treatment of AP in the clinical setting in China.展开更多
文摘Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) refers to a clinical entity characterized by episodes of acute pancreatitis which occurs on more than one occasion. Recurrence of pancreatitis generally occurs in a setting of normal morpho-functional gland, however, an established chronic disease may be found either on the occasion of the first episode of pancreatitis or during the follow-up. The aetiology of ARP can be identified in the majority of patients. Most common causes include common bile duct stones or sludge and bile crystals; sphincter of oddi dysfunction; anatomical ductal variants interfering with pancreatic juice outflow; obstruction of the main pancreatic duct or pancreatico-biliary junction; genetic mutations; alcohol consumption. However, despite diagnostic technologies, the aetiology of ARP still remains unknown in up to 30% of cases: in these cases the term “idiopathic” is used. Because occult bile stone disease and sphincter of oddi dysfunction account for the majority of cases, cholecystectomy, and eventually the endoscopic biliary and/or pancreatic sphincterotomy are curative in most of cases. Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy appeared to be a curative procedure per se in about 80% of patients. Ursodeoxycholic acid oral treatment alone has also been reported effective for treatment of biliary sludge. In uncertain cases toxin botulin injection may help in identifying some sphincter of oddi dysfunction, but this treatment is not widely used. In the last twenty years, pancreatic endotherapy has been proven effective in cases of recurrent pancreatitis depending on pancreatic ductal obstruction, independently from the cause of obstruction, and has been widely used instead of more aggressive approaches.
文摘Presented in this paper is our experience in the diagnosis and management of abdominal compartment syndrome during severe acute pancreatitis. On the basis of the history of severe acute pancreatitis, after effective fluid resuscitation, if patients developed renal, pulmonary and cardiac insufficiency after abdominal expansion and abdominal wall tension, ACS should be considered. Cystometry could be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Emergency decompressive celiotomy and temporary abdominal closure with a 3 liter sterile plastic bag must be performed. It is also critical to prevent reperfusion syndrome. In 23 cases of ACS, 18 cases received emergency decompressive celiotomy and 5 cases did not. In the former, 3 patients died (16.7 %) while in the later, 4 (80%) died. Total mortality rate was 33.3% (7/21). In 7 death cases, 4 patients developed acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC). All the patients who received emergency decompressive celiotomy 5 h after confirmation of ACS survived. The definitive abdominal closure took place mostly 3 to 5 days after emergency decompressive celiotomy, with longest time being 8 days. 6 cases of ACS at infection stage were all attributed to infected necrosis in abdominal cavity and retroperitoneum. ACS could occur in SIRS stage and infection stage during SAP, and has different pathophysiological basis. Early diagnosis, emergency decompressive celiotomy and temporary abdominal closure with a 3L sterile plastic bag are the keys to the management of the condition.
文摘In this Topic Highlight, the causes, diagnosis, and treat-ment of acute pancreatitis in children are discussed. Acute pancreatitis should be considered during the dif-ferential diagnosis of abdominal pain in children and requires prompt treatment because it may become life-threatening. The etiology, clinical manifestations, and course of acute pancreatitis in children are often differ-ent than in adults. Therefore, the specific features of acute pancreatitis in children must be considered. The etiology of acute pancreatitis in children is often drugs, infections, trauma, or anatomic abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms(such as abdominal pain and vomiting), serum pancreatic enzyme levels, and im-aging studies. Several scoring systems have been pro-posed for the assessment of severity, which is useful for selecting treatments and predicting prognosis. The basic pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis does not greatly dif-fer between adults and children, and the treatments for adults and children are similar. In large part, our under-standing of the pathology, optimal treatment, assess-ment of severity, and outcome of acute pancreatitis in children is taken from the adult literature. However, we often find that the common management of adult pan-creatitis is difficult to apply to children. With advances in diagnostic techniques and treatment methods, severeacute pancreatitis in children is becoming better under-stood and more controllable.
文摘Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy is a rare event with wide variation in the incidence, ranging from 1:1000 to 1:10000. Pancreatitis in pregnancy presents the same etiological causes as in general population. However, differences are observed in the underlying mechanisms and the prevalence of each cause in the pregnant population. Acute pancreatitis is a complicated in diagnosis and treatment disease with various complications and severe prognosis in general population as well as pregnant women. The severity of acute pancreatitis is probably the most important issue that must be elucidated as early as possible since pancreatitis is an evolving disease. Clinical characteristics of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy do not differ from the non-pregnancy state. The most important disease during the first trimester which should be differentiated from acute pancreatitis is hyperemesis gravidarum. Complications of acute pancreatitis affect differently the mother and the fetus during pregnancy. Management of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy is a controversial issue since the initial treatment is similar to the non-pregnant patient but the subsequent management might differ due to the risk of fetal disturbances or teratogenesis. The initial management of acute pancreatitis is restricted in aggressive intravenous hydration. The interventional treatment of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy can be divided into three subcategories;the operational intervention for the disease itself, the operational intervention for biliary tract cormobidities and the endoscopic intervention. In conclusion, the initial assessment of acute pancreatitis severity and the initial management of the patient are of great importance in order to support the function and avoid failure of main organs.
文摘Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a common acute abdominal condition of the digestive system.In recent years,treatment concepts,methods,and strategies for the diagnosis of AP have advanced,and this has played an important role in promoting the standardization of AP diagnosis and treatment and improving the treatment quality of AP patients.On the basis of previous guidelines and expert consensus,this guideline adopts an evidence-based,problem-based expression;synthesizes important clinical research data at home and abroad in the most recent 5 years;and forms 29 recommendations through multidisciplinary expert discussion,including diagnosis,treatment,and follow-up.It is expected to provide evidence support for the treatment of AP in the clinical setting in China.
