Objective： The mucus production is an indicator for the histological grade of mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer （mEOC）. In our previous study, Crk expression was targeted in the human ovarian mucinous adenocarcino...Objective： The mucus production is an indicator for the histological grade of mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer （mEOC）. In our previous study, Crk expression was targeted in the human ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma cell line MCAS through RNA interference, resulting in the establishment of Crk knock down cells. These cells exhibited decreased tumorigenic potential both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate if there is any change in the capability of forming mucus in these Crk knock down cells. Methods： Cytoplasmic periodic acid Schiff （PAS） staining and particle excluding assay were conducted to assess the mucus formation within and around cells, respectively. Additionally, the amount of mucus formed in tumor lumps from nude mice model was measured following HE and PAS staining. Results： The increased mucus production in Crk knockdown mEOC cells （MCAS） was manifested by increased number of enlarged cells filled with vacuoles-like mucus observed by phase-contrast microscope and cytoplasmic PAS staining; and enhanced mucus secretion was represented by the assembly of pericellular matrix in particle excluding assay and increased mucus area in tumor lumps from nude mice models. Conclusion： The course of carcinogenesis in mEOC is associated with the altered pattern of mucus production and secretion. The adaptor protein Crk is implicated in both pathways.展开更多
Pollen development is a,pre-requisite for sexual reproduction of angiosperms, during which various cellular activities are involved. Pollen development accompanies dynamic remodeling of vacuoles through fission and fu...Pollen development is a,pre-requisite for sexual reproduction of angiosperms, during which various cellular activities are involved. Pollen development accompanies dynamic remodeling of vacuoles through fission and fusion, disruption of which often compromises pollen viability. We previously reported that the Y subunit of adaptor protein 1 （AP1G） mediates synergid degeneration during pollen tube reception. Here, we demonstrate that AP1G is essential for pollen development. AP1G loss-of-function resulted in male gametophytic lethality due to defective pollen development. By ultrastructural analysis and fluorescence labeling, we demonstrate that AP1G loss-of-function compromised dynamic vacuolar remodeling during pollen development and impaired vacuolar acidification of pollen. Results presented here support a key role of vacuoles in gametophytic pollen development.展开更多
Signal transduction pathways activated by receptor tyrosine kinases （RTK） play a critical role in many aspects of cell function. Adaptor proteins serve an important scaffolding function that facilitates key signalin...Signal transduction pathways activated by receptor tyrosine kinases （RTK） play a critical role in many aspects of cell function. Adaptor proteins serve an important scaffolding function that facilitates key signaling transduction events downstream of RTKs. Recent work integrating both structural and functional genomic approaches has identified several adaptor proteins as new oncogenes. In this review, we locus on the discovery, structure and function, and therapeutic implication of three of these adaptor oncogenes. CRKL. GAB2, and FRS2. Each of the three genes is recurrently amplified in lung adenocarcinoma or ovarian cancer, and is essential to cancer cell lines that harbor such amplification. Overexpression of each gene is able to transform immortalized human cell lines in in vitro or in vivo models. These observations identify adaptor protein as a distinct class of oncogenes and potential therapeutic targets.展开更多
p66she is a 66 kDa Src homology 2 domain containing （Shc） adaptor protein homolog. Previous studies have demonstrated that p66she is a proapoptotic protein involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress and i...p66she is a 66 kDa Src homology 2 domain containing （Shc） adaptor protein homolog. Previous studies have demonstrated that p66she is a proapoptotic protein involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress and in regulating mammalian lifespan. However, accumulating evidence also indicates its critical role in solid tumor progression. The expression of p66she varies in different types of solid tumors, and it can paradoxically promote as well as suppress tumor progression, survival, and metastasis, depending on the cellular context. In this review, we discuss its functions in various solid tumors, the mechanisms by which it mediates the process of anoikis （detachment-induced cell death）, and the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate its expression. These studies indicate the potential of p66she as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for the prevention of tumor progression and metastasis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Adaptor protein,phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1(APPL1)plays a crucial role in regulating insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.Mutations in the APPL1 gene have been associ...BACKGROUND Adaptor protein,phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1(APPL1)plays a crucial role in regulating insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.Mutations in the APPL1 gene have been associated with the development of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 14(MODY14).Currently,only two mutations[c.1655T>A(p.Leu552*)and c.281G>A p.(Asp94Asn)]have been identified in association with this disease.Given the limited understanding of MODY14,it is imperative to identify additional cases and carry out comprehensive research on MODY14 and APPL1 mutations.AIM To assess the pathogenicity of APPL1 gene mutations in diabetic patients and to characterize the functional role of the APPL1 domain.METHODS Patients exhibiting clinical signs and a medical history suggestive of MODY were screened for the study.Whole exome sequencing was performed on the patients as well as their family members.The pathogenicity of the identified APPL1 variants was predicted on the basis of bioinformatics analysis.In addition,the pathogenicity of the novel APPL1 variant was preliminarily evaluated through in vitro functional experiments.Finally,the impact of these variants on APPL1 protein expression and the insulin pathway were assessed,and the potential mechanism underlying the interaction between the APPL1 protein and the insulin receptor was further explored.RESULTS A total of five novel mutations were identified,including four missense mutations(Asp632Tyr,Arg633His,Arg532Gln,and Ile642Met)and one intronic mutation(1153-16A>T).Pathogenicity prediction analysis revealed that the Arg532Gln was pathogenic across all predictions.The Asp632Tyr and Arg633His variants also had pathogenicity based on MutationTaster.In addition,multiple alignment of amino acid sequences showed that the Arg532Gln,Asp632Tyr,and Arg633His variants were conserved across different species.Moreover,in in vitro functional experiments,both the c.1894G>T(at Asp632Tyr)and c.1595G>A(at Arg532Gln)mutations were found to downregulate the expression of APPL1 on both protein and mRNA levels,indicating their pathogenic nature.Therefore,based on the patient’s clinical and family history,combined with the results from bioinformatics analysis and functional experiment,the c.1894G>T(at Asp632Tyr)and c.1595G>A(at Arg532Gln)mutations were classified as pathogenic mutations.Importantly,all these mutations were located within the phosphotyrosinebinding domain of APPL1,which plays a critical role in the insulin sensitization effect.CONCLUSION This study provided new insights into the pathogenicity of APPL1 gene mutations in diabetes and revealed a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.展开更多
淋巴细胞胞质蛋白2(lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2,LCP2)是一种衔接蛋白质,在T细胞受体信号通路中扮演重要角色,激活下游信号因子以完成机体的免疫应答过程。LCP2也在恶性肿瘤的发生发展与转移中发挥重要作用,其高表达会导致不良的预...淋巴细胞胞质蛋白2(lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2,LCP2)是一种衔接蛋白质,在T细胞受体信号通路中扮演重要角色,激活下游信号因子以完成机体的免疫应答过程。LCP2也在恶性肿瘤的发生发展与转移中发挥重要作用,其高表达会导致不良的预后效果,降低患者生存率,其具体作用机制涉及多条信号通路。本文不仅对LCP2的分子结构以及基本功能进行了介绍,而且重点综合评述了LCP2通过参与NF-κB、MAPK、JAK/STAT以及PD-1/PD-L1信号通路调控恶性肿瘤发生与发展的分子机制。总结了LCP2作为肿瘤治疗靶点的潜在作用,为将来用于相关疾病的诊断、治疗和标志物筛选等提供理论基础和参考依据。展开更多
目的·探究衔接子相关蛋白激酶1(adaptor-associated protein kinase 1,AAK1)新的相互作用蛋白,以及除网格蛋白介导的内吞作用外AAK1介导的生物学功能。方法·通过在HEK-293T细胞中分别外源性转染带有标签的AAK1载体与空白对照...目的·探究衔接子相关蛋白激酶1(adaptor-associated protein kinase 1,AAK1)新的相互作用蛋白,以及除网格蛋白介导的内吞作用外AAK1介导的生物学功能。方法·通过在HEK-293T细胞中分别外源性转染带有标签的AAK1载体与空白对照载体,利用标签特异性的琼脂糖凝胶进行免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,CoIP),并联合质谱分析的方法获得潜在与AAK1相互作用的蛋白;通过CoIP初步验证质谱结果;通过荧光共聚焦成像观察AAK1与其潜在结合蛋白在细胞内的空间定位;通过体外纯化重组蛋白,利用谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶融合蛋白沉降实验(glutathione-S-transferase pulldown,GST Pulldown)进一步明确蛋白间是否为直接的相互作用;通过嘌呤霉素结合实验观察AAK1对于细胞内整体翻译水平的调控作用。结果·质谱结果提示AAK1可能与以脆性X相关蛋白1(fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 1,FXR1)、FXR2、脆性X智力低下蛋白(fragile X mental retardation protein 1,FMRP)三者为核心的一系列蛋白形成复合体。外源性转染AAK1-3xFLAG及FMRP-MYC质粒,利用抗FLAG琼脂糖凝胶富集AAK1-3xFLAG后,可以检测到FMRPMYC的表达;利用内源性抗体进行CoIP,发现富集AAK1可以检测到FMRP的表达。荧光共聚焦成像显示EGFP-AAK1与mCherry-FMRP在细胞质中存在部分空间共定位。GST Pulldown显示FMRP可以直接沉淀HIS6-AAK1重组蛋白。嘌呤霉素结合实验显示相同时间内嘌呤霉素标记的细胞内新合成肽段数量与AAK1蛋白表达量呈正相关。结论·AAK1与FMRP在细胞质内存在直接的相互作用,且AAK1可以提高细胞内的翻译水平。展开更多
基金a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.C30672432,No.30772330)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City(No.2007BB5319)the Japan-China Sasakawa Medical Fellowship
文摘Objective： The mucus production is an indicator for the histological grade of mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer （mEOC）. In our previous study, Crk expression was targeted in the human ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma cell line MCAS through RNA interference, resulting in the establishment of Crk knock down cells. These cells exhibited decreased tumorigenic potential both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate if there is any change in the capability of forming mucus in these Crk knock down cells. Methods： Cytoplasmic periodic acid Schiff （PAS） staining and particle excluding assay were conducted to assess the mucus formation within and around cells, respectively. Additionally, the amount of mucus formed in tumor lumps from nude mice model was measured following HE and PAS staining. Results： The increased mucus production in Crk knockdown mEOC cells （MCAS） was manifested by increased number of enlarged cells filled with vacuoles-like mucus observed by phase-contrast microscope and cytoplasmic PAS staining; and enhanced mucus secretion was represented by the assembly of pericellular matrix in particle excluding assay and increased mucus area in tumor lumps from nude mice models. Conclusion： The course of carcinogenesis in mEOC is associated with the altered pattern of mucus production and secretion. The adaptor protein Crk is implicated in both pathways.
基金supported by Major Research Plan(2013CB945102)from the Ministry of Science,Technology of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China(31625003 and 31471304 to Y.Z.)partially supported by Tai-Shan Scholar Program by Shandong Provincial Government
文摘Pollen development is a,pre-requisite for sexual reproduction of angiosperms, during which various cellular activities are involved. Pollen development accompanies dynamic remodeling of vacuoles through fission and fusion, disruption of which often compromises pollen viability. We previously reported that the Y subunit of adaptor protein 1 （AP1G） mediates synergid degeneration during pollen tube reception. Here, we demonstrate that AP1G is essential for pollen development. AP1G loss-of-function resulted in male gametophytic lethality due to defective pollen development. By ultrastructural analysis and fluorescence labeling, we demonstrate that AP1G loss-of-function compromised dynamic vacuolar remodeling during pollen development and impaired vacuolar acidification of pollen. Results presented here support a key role of vacuoles in gametophytic pollen development.
基金supported in part by grants from the U.S. NIH (U01 CA176058)the H.L. Snyder Medical Research Foundation and a HHMI Medical Student Fellowship
文摘Signal transduction pathways activated by receptor tyrosine kinases （RTK） play a critical role in many aspects of cell function. Adaptor proteins serve an important scaffolding function that facilitates key signaling transduction events downstream of RTKs. Recent work integrating both structural and functional genomic approaches has identified several adaptor proteins as new oncogenes. In this review, we locus on the discovery, structure and function, and therapeutic implication of three of these adaptor oncogenes. CRKL. GAB2, and FRS2. Each of the three genes is recurrently amplified in lung adenocarcinoma or ovarian cancer, and is essential to cancer cell lines that harbor such amplification. Overexpression of each gene is able to transform immortalized human cell lines in in vitro or in vivo models. These observations identify adaptor protein as a distinct class of oncogenes and potential therapeutic targets.
文摘p66she is a 66 kDa Src homology 2 domain containing （Shc） adaptor protein homolog. Previous studies have demonstrated that p66she is a proapoptotic protein involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress and in regulating mammalian lifespan. However, accumulating evidence also indicates its critical role in solid tumor progression. The expression of p66she varies in different types of solid tumors, and it can paradoxically promote as well as suppress tumor progression, survival, and metastasis, depending on the cellular context. In this review, we discuss its functions in various solid tumors, the mechanisms by which it mediates the process of anoikis （detachment-induced cell death）, and the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate its expression. These studies indicate the potential of p66she as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for the prevention of tumor progression and metastasis.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation,No.81974124and Taishan Scholar Project,No.tsqn20161071.
文摘BACKGROUND Adaptor protein,phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1(APPL1)plays a crucial role in regulating insulin signaling and glucose metabolism.Mutations in the APPL1 gene have been associated with the development of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 14(MODY14).Currently,only two mutations[c.1655T>A(p.Leu552*)and c.281G>A p.(Asp94Asn)]have been identified in association with this disease.Given the limited understanding of MODY14,it is imperative to identify additional cases and carry out comprehensive research on MODY14 and APPL1 mutations.AIM To assess the pathogenicity of APPL1 gene mutations in diabetic patients and to characterize the functional role of the APPL1 domain.METHODS Patients exhibiting clinical signs and a medical history suggestive of MODY were screened for the study.Whole exome sequencing was performed on the patients as well as their family members.The pathogenicity of the identified APPL1 variants was predicted on the basis of bioinformatics analysis.In addition,the pathogenicity of the novel APPL1 variant was preliminarily evaluated through in vitro functional experiments.Finally,the impact of these variants on APPL1 protein expression and the insulin pathway were assessed,and the potential mechanism underlying the interaction between the APPL1 protein and the insulin receptor was further explored.RESULTS A total of five novel mutations were identified,including four missense mutations(Asp632Tyr,Arg633His,Arg532Gln,and Ile642Met)and one intronic mutation(1153-16A>T).Pathogenicity prediction analysis revealed that the Arg532Gln was pathogenic across all predictions.The Asp632Tyr and Arg633His variants also had pathogenicity based on MutationTaster.In addition,multiple alignment of amino acid sequences showed that the Arg532Gln,Asp632Tyr,and Arg633His variants were conserved across different species.Moreover,in in vitro functional experiments,both the c.1894G>T(at Asp632Tyr)and c.1595G>A(at Arg532Gln)mutations were found to downregulate the expression of APPL1 on both protein and mRNA levels,indicating their pathogenic nature.Therefore,based on the patient’s clinical and family history,combined with the results from bioinformatics analysis and functional experiment,the c.1894G>T(at Asp632Tyr)and c.1595G>A(at Arg532Gln)mutations were classified as pathogenic mutations.Importantly,all these mutations were located within the phosphotyrosinebinding domain of APPL1,which plays a critical role in the insulin sensitization effect.CONCLUSION This study provided new insights into the pathogenicity of APPL1 gene mutations in diabetes and revealed a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
文摘淋巴细胞胞质蛋白2(lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2,LCP2)是一种衔接蛋白质,在T细胞受体信号通路中扮演重要角色,激活下游信号因子以完成机体的免疫应答过程。LCP2也在恶性肿瘤的发生发展与转移中发挥重要作用,其高表达会导致不良的预后效果,降低患者生存率,其具体作用机制涉及多条信号通路。本文不仅对LCP2的分子结构以及基本功能进行了介绍,而且重点综合评述了LCP2通过参与NF-κB、MAPK、JAK/STAT以及PD-1/PD-L1信号通路调控恶性肿瘤发生与发展的分子机制。总结了LCP2作为肿瘤治疗靶点的潜在作用,为将来用于相关疾病的诊断、治疗和标志物筛选等提供理论基础和参考依据。
文摘目的·探究衔接子相关蛋白激酶1(adaptor-associated protein kinase 1,AAK1)新的相互作用蛋白,以及除网格蛋白介导的内吞作用外AAK1介导的生物学功能。方法·通过在HEK-293T细胞中分别外源性转染带有标签的AAK1载体与空白对照载体,利用标签特异性的琼脂糖凝胶进行免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,CoIP),并联合质谱分析的方法获得潜在与AAK1相互作用的蛋白;通过CoIP初步验证质谱结果;通过荧光共聚焦成像观察AAK1与其潜在结合蛋白在细胞内的空间定位;通过体外纯化重组蛋白,利用谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶融合蛋白沉降实验(glutathione-S-transferase pulldown,GST Pulldown)进一步明确蛋白间是否为直接的相互作用;通过嘌呤霉素结合实验观察AAK1对于细胞内整体翻译水平的调控作用。结果·质谱结果提示AAK1可能与以脆性X相关蛋白1(fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 1,FXR1)、FXR2、脆性X智力低下蛋白(fragile X mental retardation protein 1,FMRP)三者为核心的一系列蛋白形成复合体。外源性转染AAK1-3xFLAG及FMRP-MYC质粒,利用抗FLAG琼脂糖凝胶富集AAK1-3xFLAG后,可以检测到FMRPMYC的表达;利用内源性抗体进行CoIP,发现富集AAK1可以检测到FMRP的表达。荧光共聚焦成像显示EGFP-AAK1与mCherry-FMRP在细胞质中存在部分空间共定位。GST Pulldown显示FMRP可以直接沉淀HIS6-AAK1重组蛋白。嘌呤霉素结合实验显示相同时间内嘌呤霉素标记的细胞内新合成肽段数量与AAK1蛋白表达量呈正相关。结论·AAK1与FMRP在细胞质内存在直接的相互作用,且AAK1可以提高细胞内的翻译水平。
