Dependence of impact regime boundaries on the initial temperatures of projectiles and targets

Towards higher impact velocities,ballistic events are increasingly determined by the material temperatures.Related effects might range from moderate thermal softening to full phase transition.In particular,it is of great interest to quantify the conditions for incipient or full melting of metals during impact interactions,which result in a transition from still strength-affected to hydrodynamic material behavior.In this work,we investigate to which extent the respective melting thresholds are also dependent on the initial,and generally elevated,temperatures of projectiles and targets before impact.This is studied through the application of a model developed recently by the authors to characterize the transition regime between high-velocity and hypervelocity impact,for which the melting thresholds of materials were used as the defining quantities.The obtained results are expected to be of general interest for ballistic application cases where projectiles or targets are preheated.Such conditions might result,for example,from aerodynamic forces acting onto a projectile during atmospheric flight,explosive shapedcharge-jet formation or armor exposure to environmental conditions.The performed analyses also broaden the scientific understanding of the relevance of temperature in penetration events,generally known since the 1960s,but often not considered thoroughly in impact studies.

A cloud model target damage effectiveness assessment algorithm based on spatio-temporal sequence finite multilayer fragments dispersion

To solve the problem of target damage assessment when fragments attack target under uncertain projectile and target intersection in an air defense intercept,this paper proposes a method for calculating target damage probability leveraging spatio-temporal finite multilayer fragments distribution and the target damage assessment algorithm based on cloud model theory.Drawing on the spatial dispersion characteristics of fragments of projectile proximity explosion,we divide into a finite number of fragments distribution planes based on the time series in space,set up a fragment layer dispersion model grounded in the time series and intersection criterion for determining the effective penetration of each layer of fragments into the target.Building on the precondition that the multilayer fragments of the time series effectively assail the target,we also establish the damage criterion of the perforation and penetration damage and deduce the damage probability calculation model.Taking the damage probability of the fragment layer in the spatio-temporal sequence to the target as the input state variable,we introduce cloud model theory to research the target damage assessment method.Combining the equivalent simulation experiment,the scientific and rational nature of the proposed method were validated through quantitative calculations and comparative analysis.

Transformation power or development pressure:economic growth targets and urban carbon productivity

Maintaining moderate economic growth targets(EGTs)is the key for local governments to effectively implement the“carbon peak and carbon neutrality”goals under the refreshed development pattern.Utilizing panel data of 276 prefecture-level cities in China's Mainland from 2010 to 2020,and employing methods such as intermediary and threshold models,this study empirically analyzes the internal mechanism of EGT’s impact on urban carbon productivity(UCP).Our findings demonstrate that:①The overall EGT during the analyzed period is not conducive to improving UCP.This conclusion remains valid after a series of robustness tests.This effect is more pronounced in the central region and resource-based cities than in the east-west region and non resource-based cities.②EGT not only directly suppresses UCP but also exerts indirect negative impacts on UCP from three aspects:delaying the digital economy(DE),constraining financial expansion(FE),and hindering green technology innovation(GTI).This negative indirect effect is similar to or even surpasses the direct effect,suggesting that the internal relationship between EGT and“dual-carbon”goals should be re-evaluated from a new compound perspective.③EGT not only has a simple linear impact on UCP but also significantly exhibits a dynamic evolution pattern in inverted“U”shape.That is,as EGT continuously upgrades,a nonlinear impact on UCP emerges in the form of“promoting first,suppressing later”.This indicates that surpassing the“degree”limit for EGT will be detrimental to the improvement of UCP.This study broadens the scope of carbon productivity analysis by introducing a new perspective centered on EGT.The insights gleaned from this research offer valuable guidance for local governments to effectively manage economic growth expectations and promote the synchronized achievement of dual-carbon objectives.

Scale effect removal and range migration correction for hypersonic target coherent detection

The detection of hypersonic targets usually confronts range migration(RM)issue before coherent integration(CI).The traditional methods aiming at correcting RM to obtain CI mainly considers the narrow-band radar condition.However,with the increasing requirement of far-range detection,the time bandwidth product,which is corresponding to radar’s mean power,should be promoted in actual application.Thus,the echo signal generates the scale effect(SE)at large time bandwidth product situation,influencing the intra and inter pulse integration performance.To eliminate SE and correct RM,this paper proposes an effective algorithm,i.e.,scaled location rotation transform(ScLRT).The ScLRT can remove SE to obtain the matching pulse compression(PC)as well as correct RM to complete CI via the location rotation transform,being implemented by seeking the actual rotation angle.Compared to the traditional coherent detection algorithms,Sc LRT can address the SE problem to achieve better detection/estimation capabilities.At last,this paper gives several simulations to assess the viability of ScLRT.

Trace Amounts of Triple-Functional Additives Enable Reversible Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries from a Comprehensive Perspective

Although their cost-effectiveness and intrinsic safety,aqueous zinc-ion batteries suffer from notorious side reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction,Zn corrosion and passivation,and Zn dendrite formation on the anode.Despite numerous strategies to alleviate these side reactions have been demonstrated,they can only provide limited performance improvement from a single aspect.Herein,a triple-functional additive with trace amounts,ammonium hydroxide,was demonstrated to comprehensively protect zinc anodes.The results show that the shift of electrolyte pH from 4.1 to 5.2 lowers the HER potential and encourages the in situ formation of a uniform ZHS-based solid electrolyte interphase on Zn anodes.Moreover,cationic NH^(4+)can preferentially adsorb on the Zn anode surface to shield the“tip effect”and homogenize the electric field.Benefitting from this comprehensive protection,dendrite-free Zn deposition and highly reversible Zn plating/stripping behaviors were realized.Besides,improved electrochemical performances can also be achieved in Zn//MnO_(2)full cells by taking the advantages of this triple-functional additive.This work provides a new strategy for stabilizing Zn anodes from a comprehensive perspective.

Additive manufacturing of promising heterostructure for biomedical applications

As a new generation of materials/structures,heterostructure is characterized by heterogeneous zones with dramatically different mechanical,physical or chemical properties.This endows heterostructure with unique interfaces,robust architectures,and synergistic effects,making it a promising option as advanced biomaterials for the highly variable anatomy and complex functionalities of individual patients.However,the main challenges of developing heterostructure lie in the control of crystal/phase evolution and the distribution/fraction of components and structures.In recent years,additive manufacturing techniques have attracted increasing attention in developing heterostructure due to the unique flexibility in tailored structures and synthetic multimaterials.This review focuses on the additive manufacturing of heterostructure for biomedical applications.The structural features and functional mechanisms of heterostructure are summarized.The typical material systems of heterostructure,mainly including metals,polymers,ceramics,and their composites,are presented.And the resulting synergistic effects on multiple properties are also systematically discussed in terms of mechanical,biocompatible,biodegradable,antibacterial,biosensitive and magnetostrictive properties.Next,this work outlines the research progress of additive manufacturing employed in developing heterostructure from the aspects of advantages,processes,properties,and applications.This review also highlights the prospective utilization of heterostructure in biomedical fields,with particular attention to bioscaffolds,vasculatures,biosensors and biodetections.Finally,future research directions and breakthroughs of heterostructure are prospected with focus on their more prospective applications in infection prevention and drug delivery.

Lactoferrin modification of berberine nanoliposomes enhances the neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Previous studies have shown that berberine has neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s disease,including antagonizing tau phosphorylation,and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity and neural cell apoptosis.However,its low bioavailability and adverse reactions with conventional administration limit its clinical application.In this study,we prepared berberine nanoliposomes using liposomes characterized by low toxicity,high entrapment efficiency,and biodegradability,and modified them with lactoferrin.Lactoferrin-modified berberine nanoliposomes had uniform particle size and high entrapment efficiency.We used the lactoferrin-modified berberine nanoliposomes to treat a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease established by injection of amyloid-beta 1-42 into the lateral ventricle.Lactoferrin-modified berberine nanoliposomes inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and apoptosis in the hippocampus,reduced tau over-phosphorylation in the cerebral cortex,and improved mouse behavior.These findings suggest that modification with lactoferrin can enhance the neuroprotective effects of berberine nanoliposomes in Alzheimer’s disease.

Comprehensive kinetic study on ammonia/ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames:influences of diluents

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side,using kinetic analyses.A special emphasis was put on assessing the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) on C2H4 combustion chemistry.The chemical effects could be evaluated by comparing fictitious inert NH_(3) or CO_(2) with normal active NH_(3) or CO_(2).The results revealed that the addition of NH_(3) decreased the mole fractions and production rates of key soot precursors,such as acetylene,propynyl,and benzene.When CO_(2) was used as the dilution gas,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) were affected by the chemical effects of CO_(2) to varying degrees.With the oxidizer-side CO_(2) addition,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) reduced the mole fractions of H,O,OH radicals,acetylene,propynyl,and benzene,while the effects differed from the fuel-side CO_(2) addition.The coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) also promoted the formation of aldehyde contaminants,such as acetaldehyde,to some extent,particularly with CO_(2) addition on the oxidizer side.

Utilizing engineered extracellular vesicles as delivery vectors in the management of ischemic stroke:a special outlook on mitochondrial delivery

Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.

An Air Defense Weapon Target Assignment Method Based on Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

With the advancement of combat equipment technology and combat concepts,new requirements have been put forward for air defense operations during a group target attack.To achieve high-efficiency and lowloss defensive operations,a reasonable air defense weapon assignment strategy is a key step.In this paper,a multi-objective and multi-constraints weapon target assignment(WTA)model is established that aims to minimize the defensive resource loss,minimize total weapon consumption,and minimize the target residual effectiveness.An optimization framework of air defense weapon mission scheduling based on the multiobjective artificial bee colony(MOABC)algorithm is proposed.The solution for point-to-point saturated attack targets at different operational scales is achieved by encoding the nectar with real numbers.Simulations are performed for an imagined air defense scenario,where air defense weapons are saturated.The non-dominated solution sets are obtained by the MOABC algorithm to meet the operational demand.In the case where there are more weapons than targets,more diverse assignment schemes can be selected.According to the inverse generation distance(IGD)index,the convergence and diversity for the solutions of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III(NSGA-III)algorithm and the MOABC algorithm are compared and analyzed.The results prove that the MOABC algorithm has better convergence and the solutions are more evenly distributed among the solution space.

Investigation of mutual effects among additives in electrolyte for plasma electrolytic oxidation on magnesium alloys

Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coatings were prepared on AZ91D magnesium alloys in alkaline silicate-based electrolyte with and without additives.The mutual effects among additives including TiC particles,dispersant polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG6000)and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)were studied based on orthogonal experiment.The content and distribution of TiC deposited in the coatings were measured by EPMA and EDS.The thicknesses,phase compositions,microstructures and corrosion resistances of the codlings were cAarnined by using TT260 eddy current tuickncss gage,XRD,SEM and clcctrochcniical test,respectively.The results show that the experiment design of this study is the key to study the mutual effects among these additives.Each additive and their interactions all remarkably influence TiC content and corrosion resistance of the coatings.Smaller size TiC is much easier to migrate towards the anode,and the interaction between PEG6000 and SDS both effectively prevents its agglomeration and increases the number of its negative surface charges,which further increase the migration rate and the deposited uniformity of TiC and make TiC have more opportunity to deposit in the discharge channel.Thus,when smaller size TiC,PEG6000 and SDS are all added into the electrolyte,they could improve the anti-corrosion property of the coating to the largest extent attributed to higher TiC content and the densest microstructure of the coating.

Harmful Effects of MSG on Function of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Target Gland System

It has been demonstrated that neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) results in a clearly defined lesion of the arcuate nucleus (AN) of the hypothalamus.The present study shows that fat was accumulated in the abdomen of male rats treated with MSG; weights of the body, pituitary and testis were lower, 6-EP content in hypothalamus decreased while L-EnK content increased, serum LH, FSH, TSH, GH and TS levels all decreased in varying degrees while serum PRL level significantly increased. The cAMP content lowered in pituitary, but nor in testes; clear histological changes occurred in testicular tissue; Se-GSH-Px activity in both testis and adrenal gland lowered while LPO level significantly increased. Both Se-GSH-Px activity and LPO level in liver increased.These results indicate that MSG is harmful to the function of the hypothalamus-pituitarytarget system of neonatal rats

Simulation of Isotopic Angular Effects under Ion Bombardment of a^(92)Mo-^(100)Mo Target

Under 5 keV Ar ion bombardment of a 92Mo-100Mo target, we have investigated isotopic angular effects by means of the static and the dynamic Monte Carlo programs. Our calculated results are in quantitative agreement with the measured and other calculated results. The conclusion consistences among theories. simulations and measurements are also discussed.

Path analysis and estimation of additive and epistatic gene effects of barley SSD lines

In the paper presented, 99 single seed descent barley lines as well as their parental forms Roland and Apex were studied. The grain weight components and their interrelations were analyzed using simple coefficients of correlation. The direct and indirect effects of such components on grain weight per plant and 1 000-grain weight were estimated using path analysis. In the 2006 and 2007, the spike length and number of spikelets per spike were the determinants of grain weight. Genetic parameters as additive and epistasis effects were estimated for all studied traits. The results indicate the importance of both additive and epistasis gene effects of number of spikes per plant, grain weight per spike, grain number per plant and grain weight per plant in this study.

Effects of Thermal Annealing on the Solvent Additive P3HT PC61BM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Effects of thermal annealing on the optical, electrical and structural properties of 3 vol% 1,8-diiodoctane added P3HT：PC61BM active layers are investigated, concerning the performance of the bulk heterojunction polymer so- lar cells by changing the heat temperature. The structure information of the active layer is analyzed by using the grazing incidence wide angle scattering diffraction combined with the optical microscope, light absorption, pho- toluminescence and the external quantum efficiency spectra. The relationship between the detail of morphology and the optical, electrical properties is investigated.

Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine Feed Additives on Growth Performance and Dietary Nutrient Metabolism of Black-bone Chickens

[Objectives]To study the effects of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives on the growth performance and dietary nutrient metabolic rate of black-one chickens.[Methods]480 pieces of 1-day-old Donglan Black-bone Chickens were selected and divided into 4 groups,with 6 replicates in each group,with 20 pieces in each replicate.Among them,group A was the control group and was fed the basal diet;the groups B,C,and D were the experimental groups,which were separately supplemented with 0.25%,0.50%and 1.00%of Chinese herbal medicine additives in the basal diet,and the experimental period was 70 d.At the end of the feeding experiment,24 experimental chickens with similar body weight were selected from each group,and the same design of the feeding experiment was used to continue to feed the original diet for the metabolic experiment to determine the nutrient metabolic rate.[Results]Except the 50-70 d stage,the average daily gain(ADG)of group B in other stages was increased by 5.00%-9.15%(P<0.05),and the average body weight of group B at 70 d was also increased by 4.86%(P<0.05);the ADG of group C at 36-49,1-49 and 1-70 d and the average individual weight at 70 d were also higher than that of group A by 5.90%,2.66%,2.68%and 2.57%,respectively(P>0.05);at 36-49 d,the average daily feed intake(ADFI)of group A was higher than that of group B by 6.04%(P<0.01),and was also higher than that of groups C and D by 5.12%and 4.13%(P<0.05),respectively;at 1-49 d,the ADFI of group A was higher than that of group C by 2.86%(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between the four groups of experimental chickens at each stage(P>0.05);at 22-35 and 1-70 d,the feed to gain ratio(F/G)of group B was 6.32%and 3.41%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and at 36-49 and 1-49 d,the F/G of group B was even lower;at 36-49 d,the F/G of group C was 10.15%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and at 1-49 d,it was also lower than that of group A by 5.29%(P<0.01);there was no significant difference between the two groups at other stages.In terms of nutrient metabolism:the three different amounts of this additive have increased the metabolic rate of DM,CP,CF,NFE,CA,Ca,P,TE and other nutrients in the diet to varying degrees,especially the addition of 0.25%and 0.50%had the significant increase.[Conclusions]The addition of 0.25%Chinese herbal medicine additives in the diet can significantly improve the growth performance and main nutrient metabolic rate of Donglan Black-bone Chickens.

Synergetic effects of NaAlH_4-TiF_3 co-additive on dehydriding reaction of Mg(AlH_4)_2

The effects of NaA1H4, TiF3 and NaA1H4-TiF3 co-additive on dehydriding reaction of Mg（A1H4）2 are systematically investigated. The on- set dehydrogenation temperature of the co-doped Mg（A1H4）2 composites decreased to 74 ℃, which is about 59 ℃ lower than that of pure Mg（A1H4）2. The dehydrogenation kinetics of NaA1H4-TiF3 co-doped Mg（A1H4）2 sample was also improved, which released about 94% hydrogen within 48 min, but no visible hydrogen was released from pure Mg（A1H4）2 under the same conditions. The activation energy of co-doped Mg（A1H4）2 was 85.6 kJ.mol-t, which was significantly lower than that of additive-free Mg（A1H4）2 sample. The synergetic effects of NaA1H4 and TiF3 on the dehydrogenation performance of Mg（A1H4）2 were confirmed. In addition, a possible catalytic mechanism is discussed, regarding the different roles of NaA1H4 and TiF3 on Mg（A1H4）2.

目标教学法结合PDCA循环在呼吸科规培护士临床教学中的应用

目的探讨目标教学法结合计划(plan)、执行(do)、检查(check)和处理(act)(PDCA)管理模式在呼吸内科规培护士临床教学中的应用价值。方法选取2021年1月—2022年12月进入呼吸内科轮转的64名规培护士作为研究对象,根据入科时间分为对照组和试验组,各32名。对照组采用传统临床教学模式,试验组采用目标教学法结合PDCA管理临床教学模式。对比2组规培护士的考核评分、出科综合素质评分及满意度评分。结果试验组的操作成绩[(96.05±1.57)分],高于对照组[(94.91±1.51)分],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组规培护士的沟通协调、专业知识、专业技能、安全意识、解决问题应急能力评分高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组满意度平均分为(92.31±1.31)分,高于对照组的(91.07±0.59)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论目标教学法结合PDCA管理临床教学模式有助于提高呼吸内科规培护士的临床操作水平,利于高素质护理人才的培养,同时提升了规培护士的满意度。

Optimizing groundwater recharge plan in North China Plain to repair shallow groundwater depression zone, China

The North China Plain is one of the main grain producing areas in China. However, overexploitation has long been unsustainable since the water supply is mainly from groundwater. Since 2014,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project's central route has been charted to the integrated management of water supply and over-exploitation, which has alleviated the problem to a certain extent. Although the Ministry of Water Resources has made many efforts on groundwater recharge since 2018 most of which have been successful, the recharge has not yet been sufficiently focused on the repair of shallow groundwater depression zones. It still needs further optimization. This paper discusses this particular issue,proposes optimized recharge plan and provides the following recommendations:(1) Seven priority target areas are selected for groundwater recharge in alluvial and proluvial fans in the piedmont plain, and the storage capacity is estimated to be 181.00×10~8 m~3;(2) A recharge of 31.18×10~8 m~3/a is required by 2035 to achieve the repair target;(3) It is proposed to increase the recharge of Hutuo River, Dasha River and Tanghe River to 19.00×10~8 m~3/a and to rehabilitate Gaoliqing-Ningbailong Depression Zone;increase the recharge of Fuyang River, Zhanghe River and Anyang River to 7.05×10~8 m~3/a and rehabilitate Handan Feixiang-Guangping Depression Zone;increase the recharge of Luanhe River by 0.56×10~8 m~3/a and restore Tanghai Depression Zone and Luanan-Leting Depression Zone;moderately reduce the amount of water recharged to North Canal and Yongding River to prevent excessive rebound of groundwater;(4) Recharge through well is implemented on a pilot basis in areas of severe urban ground subsidence and coastal saltwater intrusion;(5) An early warning mechanism for groundwater quality risks in recharge areas is established to ensure the safety. The numerical groundwater flow model also proves reasonable groundwater level restoration in the depression zones by 2035.

Synergistic effect of additives on electrodeposition of copper from cyanide-free electrolytes and its structural and morphological characteristics

Electrodeposition of acid copper plating on mild steel substrate is tedious due to the galvanic displacement reaction ofcopper on mild steel.This can be avoided by using a proper complexing agent,because the complexing agent tuned the potential ofnoble direction to less noble direction by complex formation.In this paper,environment friendly electrodeposition of copper fromnon-cyanide electrolyte using sodium gluconate as complexing agent was investigated in alkaline medium.The effects of additivessuch as1,2,3-benzotriazole,sodium lauryl sulphate,PEG8000and saccharin were studied.These additives are found to reduce thegrain size,grain boundaries and improve surface morphology of the copper deposits.Also they improve the throwing power of thedepositing electrolytes and hardness of deposits.The electrodeposited copper coatings were characterized by X-ray diffractiontechnique.XRD results indicate that the electrodeposited copper shows polycrystalline and face centered cubic structure.The crystalsize was calculated by XRD and AFM analysis.Among these additives studied,the mixture of benzotriazole and sodium laurylsulphate acts as the best additive.A uniform pore-free surface observed under SEM and AFM results reveal the grain refining broughtabout by the additives.