Suppressing high mobility group box-1 release alleviates morphine tolerance via the adenosine5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

Opioids,such as morphine,are the most potent drugs used to treat pain.Long-term use results in high tolerance to morphine.High mobility group box-1(HMGB1) has been shown to participate in neuropathic or inflammatory pain,but its role in morphine tolerance is unclear.In this study,we established rat and mouse models of morphine tolerance by intrathecal injection of morphine for 7 consecutive days.We found that morphine induced rat spinal cord neurons to release a large amount of HMGB1.HMGB1 regulated nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production by increasing Toll-like receptor 4receptor expression in microglia,thereby inducing morphine tolerance.Glycyrrhizin,an HMGB1 inhibito r,markedly attenuated chronic morphine tole rance in the mouse model.Finally,compound C(adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor) and zinc protoporphyrin(heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor)alleviated the morphine-induced release of HMGB1 and reduced nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production in a mouse model of morphine tolerance and an SH-SY5Y cell model of morphine tole rance,and alleviated morphine tolerance in the mouse model.These findings suggest that morphine induces HMGB1 release via the adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway,and that inhibiting this signaling pathway can effectively reduce morphine tole rance.

Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation restores the balance between A_(2A)R-and A_(1)R-mediated adenosine signaling in the 6-hydroxidopamine model of Parkinson's disease

An imbalance in adenosine-mediated signaling,particularly the increased A_(2A)R-mediated signaling,plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.Existing therapeutic approaches fail to alter disease progression,demonstrating the need for novel approaches in PD.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive approach that has been shown to improve motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation remain unknown.The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the beneficial effects of prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation in the 6-hydroxydopamine model of experimental parkinsonism are based on modulation of adenosine-mediated signaling.Animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions underwent intermittent theta burst stimulation for 3 weeks and were tested for motor skills using the Rotarod test.Immunoblot,quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,immunohistochemistry,and biochemical analysis of components of adenosine-mediated signaling were performed on the synaptosomal fraction of the lesioned caudate putamen.Prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation improved motor symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals.A 6-hydroxydopamine lesion resulted in progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the caudate putamen.Treatment with intermittent theta burst stimulation began 7 days after the lesion,coinciding with the onset of motor symptoms.After treatment with prolonged intermittent theta burst stimulation,complete motor recovery was observed.This improvement was accompanied by downregulation of the e N/CD73-A_(2A)R pathway and a return to physiological levels of A_(1)R-adenosine deaminase 1 after 3 weeks of intermittent theta burst stimulation.Our results demonstrated that 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration reduced the expression of A_(1)R and elevated the expression of A_(2A)R.Intermittent theta burst stimulation reversed these effects by restoring the abundances of A_(1)R and A_(2A)R to control levels.The shift in ARs expression likely restored the balance between dopamine-adenosine signaling,ultimately leading to the recovery of motor control.

Enhanced production of cytidine 5'-monophosphate using biocatalysis of di-enzymes immobilized on amino-functionalized sepharose

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate(5'-CMP)is an essential nucleotide for additives.In this study,enhanced production of 5'-CMP was realized by the transformation of cytidine using co-immobilized di-enzymes,uridine-cytidine kinase(UCK)and acetate kinase(AcK).The immobilization yield of the enzyme had a clear correlation with the surface charges as zeta potential(ξ).Among them,ε-polylysinefunctionalized sepharose(SA-EPL,ξ=9.31 m V)showed high immobilization yield(78.8%),which was4.9-fold than that of nitrilotriacetic acid functionalized sepharose(SA-NTA,ξ=-12.6 m V).The residual activity of affinity co-immobilized enzyme(EPL-Ni/EPL@Ac K-UCK)was higher than 70.6%after recycled 10 times.Thus,this study provides an effective approach for the production of 5'-CMP with the advantages of low adenosine 5'-triphosphate(ATP)consumption,reduced side reactions,and improved reusability by co-immobilized UCK and Ac K on the functionalized Sepharose.

Electroacupuncture improves neuropathic pain Adenosine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium and their receptors perhaps change simultaneously

Applying a stimulating current to acupoints through acupuncture needles–known as electroacupuncture–has the potential to produce analgesic effects in human subjects and experimental animals. When acupuncture was applied in a rat model, adenosine 5-triphosphate disodium in the extracellular space was broken down into adenosine, which in turn inhibited pain transmission by means of an adenosine A1 receptor-dependent process. Direct injection of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist enhanced the analgesic effect of acupuncture. The analgesic effect of acupuncture appears to be mediated by activation of A1 receptors located on ascending nerves. In neuropathic pain, there is upregulation of P2X purinoceptor 3 （P2X3） receptor expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Conversely, the onset of mechanical hyperalgesia was diminished and established hyperalgesia was significantly reversed when P2X3 receptor expression was downregulated. The pathways upon which electroacupuncture appear to act are interwoven with pain pathways, and electroacupuncture stimuli converge with impulses originating from painful areas. Electroacupuncture may act via purinergic A1 and P2X3 receptors simultaneously to induce an analgesic effect on neuropathic pain.

金属有机框架Cu@Sc-MOF纳米酶对5'-三磷酸腺苷的比色/荧光检测

通过溶剂热法制备了一种铜/钪金属有机框架(Cu@Sc-MOF)纳米酶,在H2O2存在下,Cu@Sc-MOF可催化氧化3,3’,5,5’-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)得到蓝色氧化产物oxTMB,并在652 nm处产生特征吸收峰。同样,Cu@Sc-MOF也可氧化邻苯二胺(OPD)生成2-氨基吩嗪(DAP),并在570 nm产生特征荧光发射峰(激发波长为390 nm)。由于5’-三磷酸腺苷(ATP)与Cu2+络合,抑制了Cu@Sc-MOF的催化活性,使得652 nm处的吸光度和570 nm处的荧光强度减弱,基于Cu@Sc-MOF的类过氧化物酶活性,构建了一种用于检测ATP的比色/荧光双模式光谱法。比色和荧光分析法的线性范围分别为2.50~40.00μmol/L和1.00~22.50μmol/L,检出限(LOD)分别为0.60和0.27μmol/L。将上述比色/荧光双模式分析法用于肝癌细胞HepG2细胞裂解液中ATP的检测,加标回收率分别为92.0%~101%和93.2%~97.9%,具有良好的应用前景。

白花蛇舌草提取物通过AMPK/ATG5信号通路对急性胰腺炎大鼠肺损伤的保护作用机制研究

目的:通过5’-单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/自噬相关蛋白5(ATG5)信号通路,探讨白花蛇舌草提取物减轻急性胰腺炎(AP)大鼠肺损伤的机制。方法:建立AP肺损伤大鼠模型,随机分为模型组、提取物(白花蛇舌草提取物)组、3-MA(自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤)组、AICAR(AMPK激活剂)组、提取物+AICAR组,每组15只,另取15只大鼠作为假手术组;ELISA检测血清淀粉酶(AMY)、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18水平;检测大鼠腹水量及肺湿/干重比(W/D);HE观察胰腺及肺组织病理损伤;Western blot检测溶酶体相关膜蛋白2(LAMP2)、自噬底物p62、IL-1β前体蛋白(pro-IL-1β)、胰蛋白酶原活化肽(TAP)、AMPK、p-AMPK、ATG5、自噬标志物LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、泛素特异性蛋白酶10(UPS10)表达。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠腹水量、肺W/D、胰腺和肺组织病理损伤评分、血清AMY、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18水平、胰腺组织p62、TAP、pro-IL-1β表达、肺组织pAMPK/AMPK、ATG5、LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、UPS10、pro-IL-1β表达均升高(P<0.05),胰腺和肺组织LAMP2蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);模型大鼠经白花蛇舌草提取物或自噬抑制剂3-MA干预后,上述指标均得到显著改善(P<0.05),且白花蛇舌草提取物的改善效果优于3-MA(P<0.05);而AMPK激活剂AICAR可削弱白花蛇舌草提取物对AP大鼠肺损伤的改善作用(P<0.05)。结论:白花蛇舌草提取物可通过抑制AMPK/ATG5信号通路减轻炎症反应、降低自噬水平改善AP大鼠肺损伤。

Diabetes and inflammatory diseases:An overview from the perspective of Ca^(2+)/3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling

A large amount of evidence has supported a clinical link between diabetes and inflammatory diseases,e.g.,cancer,dementia,and hypertension.In addition,it is also suggested that dysregulations related to Ca^(2+)signaling could link these diseases,in addition to 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)signaling pathways.Thus,revealing this interplay between diabetes and inflammatory diseases may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases.Publications involving signaling pathways related to Ca^(2+)and cAMP,inflammation,diabetes,dementia,cancer,and hypertension(alone or combined)were collected by searching PubMed and EMBASE.Both signaling pathways,Ca^(2+)and cAMP signaling,control the release of neurotransmitters and hormones,in addition to neurodegeneration,and tumor growth.Furthermore,there is a clear relationship between Ca^(2+)signaling,e.g.,increased Ca^(2+)signals,and inflammatory responses.cAMP also regulates pro-and anti-inflammatory responses.Due to the experience of our group in this field,this article discusses the role of Ca^(2+)and cAMP signaling in the correlation between diabetes and inflammatory diseases,including its pharmacological implications.As a novelty,this article also includes:(1)A timeline of the major events in Ca^(2+)/cAMP signaling;and(2)As coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an emerging and rapidly evolving situation,this article also discusses recent reports on the role of Ca^(2+)channel blockers for preventing Ca^(2+)signaling disruption due to COVID-19,including the correlation between COVID-19 and diabetes.

In Vitro Functional Study of Rice Adenosine 5'-Phosphosulfate Kinase

Sulfate can be activated by ATP sulfurylase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase(APSK) in vivo. Recent studies suggested that APSK in Arabidopsis thaliana regulated the partition between APS reduction and phosphorylation and its activity can be modulated by cellular redox status. In order to study regulation of APSK in rice(Os APSK), Os APSK1 gene was cloned and its activity was analyzed. Os APSK1 C36 and C69 were found to be the conserved counterparts of C86 and C119, which involved in disulfide formation in At APSK. C36A/C69 A Os APSK1 double mutation was made by site directed mutagenesis. Os APSK1 and its mutant were prokaryotically over-expressed and purified, and then assayed for APS phosphorylation activity. Os APSK1 activity was depressed by oxidized glutathione, while the activity of its mutant was not. Further studies in the case that oxidative stress will fluctuate in vivo 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate content, and all APSK isoenzymes have similar regulation patterns are necessary to be performed.

Electrochemical Studies of Effect of Eu^(3+) on Adenosine-5′-Diphosphate at Mercury Electrode

The electrochemical behavior of the adenosine5diphosphate(ADP) was studied in 005 molL-1 MES buffer solution(pH 585) at mercury electrode. There are no reduction and oxidation waves for the adenosine5diphosphate in the range of -04-14 V(vs. Ag/AgCl). In a mixture solution of Eu3+ and ADP(Eu3+ADP=14), a reduction peak is obtained at -078 V. Comparing with the cyclic voltammograms of Eu3+ ions under the same experimental conditions, it is found that the complex of Eu3+ADP can be produced in above solutions between Eu3+ion and ADP. The complex is strongly adsorbed at mercury electrode and has the following electrode reaction mechanism: Eu3++ADPEu3+ADP+e-Eu2+-ADP.

The Adenosine Receptor Agonist 5’-N-Ethylcarboxamide-Adenosine Increases Mouse Serum Total Homocysteine Levels, Which Is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases

An increase in total homocysteine (Hcy) levels (protein-bound and free Hcy in the serum) has been identified as a risk factor for vascular diseases. Hcy is a product of the methionine cycle and is a precursor of glutathione in the transsulfuration pathway. The methionine cycle mainly occurs in the liver, with Hcy being exported out of the liver and subsequently bound to serum proteins. When the non-specific adenosine receptor agonist 5’-N-ethylcarboxamide-adenosine (NECA;0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to mice that had been fasted for 16 h, total Hcy levels in the serum significantly increased 1 h after its administration. The NECA treatment may have inhibited transsulfuration because glutathione levels were significantly decreased in the liver. After the intraperitoneal administration of a high dose of NECA (0.3 mg/kg body weight), elevations in total Hcy levels in the serum continued for up to 10 h. The mRNA expression of methionine metabolic enzymes in the liver was significantly reduced 6 h after the administration of NECA. NECA-induced elevations in total serum Hcy levels may be maintained in the long term through the attenuated expression of methionine metabolic enzymes.

Changes in Adenosine Metabolism in Asthma. A Study on Adenosine, 5&#39-NT, Adenosine Deaminase and Its Isoenzyme Levels in Serum, Lymphocytes and Erythrocytes

Background: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) play a crucial role in adenosine metabolism in healthy individuals. Adenosine is an inflammatory mediator of asthma. Changes in adenosine metabolism and role of ADA and 5'-NT in regulating adenosine level in asthmatics and correlation of these changes with severity of asthma are not clearly understood. Methods: In this study, we screened 5217 patients, of which 2416 were diagnosed with asthma. Further, of 2416 asthmatics, only 45 patients who strictly fulfilled the selection criteria were enrolled in the study. The patients were classified into mild, moderate and severe persistent groups;each group consisted of fifteen patients. Fifteen healthy subjects served as controls. Adenosine levels and activities of 5'-NT, total ADA, ADA1 and ADA2 in serum, lymphocytes and erythrocytes were determined. The data were analysed statistically and p vice versa.

SYNTHESIS OF ADENOSINE DERIVATIVES WITH CARBOXYALKYL SIDE CHAIN AT 2',3'OR 5'POSITION

Some nucleoside carhoxylic acid derivatives,such as(±)ethyl ester of griseolic acid (4)and 9-(2'-deoxy-2'-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-methylene-β-D-rihohept-2'-enofuranosyluranate)adenine (11),were synthesized.The formation of lactone of 5'-deoxy-adenosineacetic acid(AAA,3)was investigated by using different reagents for lactonization from AAA,but all of the efforts failed, and sone unexpected compounds were obtained.

腺苷脱氨酶、5′-核苷酸酶及谷胱甘肽还原酶联合检测在评估乙型肝炎患者肝损伤中的临床价值

[目的]探讨腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、5′-核苷酸酶(5′-NT)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)联合检测在评估乙型肝炎(CHB)患者肝损伤中的临床价值.[方法]选择2020年1月—2024年6月间就诊的72例CHB患者列入实验组,按照肝损伤不同程度分为轻度组(n=39)、中度组(n=25)、重度组(n=8),另选择同期健康体格检查的72例健康者列入对照组.采集所有研究对象血液样本,检测并比较各组血清ADA、5′-NT、GR水平.[结果]实验组血清ADA、5′-NT、GR水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);肝损伤重度组患者的血清ADA、5′-NT、GR水平明显高于中度组、轻度组,中度组血清ADA、5′-NT、GR水平明显高于轻度组,相比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]血清ADA、5′-NT、GR联合检测可应用于CHB临床辅助诊断及肝损伤程度评估中,为临床诊断与治疗方案制定提供依据.

The Adenosine Receptor Agonist 5’-<i>N</i>-Ethylcarboxamide-Adenosine Increases Glucose 6-Phosphatase Expression and Gluconeogenesis

Intraperitoneal administration of the non-selective adenosine receptor agonist 5’-N-ethylcarboxamide-adenosine (NECA) (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) increased fasting serum glucose levels in mice. To clarify the mechanism responsible for this, the expression of liver glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase: a gluconeogenic enzyme) was analyzed, and it was found that G6Pase mRNA was increased by NECA treatment. Administration of 0.3 mg/kg NECA resulted in elevated serum glucose levels at 1 h and were further elevated at 6 h. Administration of 0.1 mg/kg NECA increased serum glucose levels at 1 h and had returned to control levels by 6 h. The increase in fasting serum glucose levels induced by NECA are thought to be caused, in part, by elevated G6Pase expression.

腺苷A2a受体/Krüppel样因子5对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌的影响

目的:探讨腺苷A2a受体/Krüppel样因子5(KLF5)对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌的影响。方法:42只250~300 g雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组(Sham组,n=6)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组,n=12)、缺血再灌注+腺苷A2a受体特异性激动剂CGS21680组(I/R+CGS组,n=12)、缺血再灌注+腺苷A2a受体拮抗剂ZM241385组(I/R+ZM组,n=12)。采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支再灌注的方法制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。I/R+CGS组于再灌注前5 min静脉注射CGS21680后持续泵注60 min,CGS+ZM组于再灌注前5 min静脉注射ZM241385。于造模前,缺血5 min,再灌注10 min、45 min及120 min时分别记录各组大鼠的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)以及心率与收缩压乘积(RPP)。再灌注结束后取血液,酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清心肌钙蛋白I(c TnI)和成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF21)水平。再灌注结束后再次结扎左冠状动脉前降支,采用TTC染色法确定心肌梗死面积。处死大鼠,采用Western blot法检测缺血区心肌组织中的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和KLF5的蛋白表达水平。结果:各组造模前、Sham组各时间点HR、MAP及RPP差异无统计学意义。与Sham组比较,I/R组缺血5 min时HR、MAP及RPP降低;与I/R组比较,I/R+CGS组再灌注10 min和45 min时HR、MAP及RPP降低,I/R+ZM组再灌注10 min和45 min时HR、MAP及RPP升高(P均<0.05)。与Sham组比较,I/R组心肌梗死面积增大,血清cTnI水平升高,FGF21水平降低;与I/R组比较,I/R+CGS组心肌梗死面积减小,血清cTnI水平降低,FGF21水平升高,I/R+ZM组心肌梗死面积增大,血清c TnI水平升高,FGF21水平降低(P均<0.05)。与Sham组比较,I/R组心肌组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和KLF5的蛋白表达水平均明显升高;与I/R组相比,I/R+CGS组心肌组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和KLF5的蛋白表达水平均明显降低,I/R+ZM组心肌组织中TNF-α、IL-1β和KLF5的蛋白表达水平均明显升高(P均<0.05)。结论:激活腺苷A2a受体可抑制缺血心肌细胞中KLF5表达,降低心肌梗死再灌注损伤程度,缓解心肌细胞缺氧状态,促进心肌细胞损伤后修复,对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌起保护作用。

Autophagy occurs within an hour of adenosine triphosphate treatment after nerve cell damage:the neuroprotective effects of adenosine triphosphate against apoptosis

After hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammatory injuries to the central nervous system, the damaged cells release a large amount of adenosine triphosphate, which may cause secondary neuronal death. Autophagy is a form of cell death that also has neuroprotective effects. Cell Counting Kit assay, monodansylcadaverine staining, flow cytometry, western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to determine the effects of exogenous adenosine triphosphate treatment at different concentrations （2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mmol/L） over time （1, 2, 3, and 6 hours） on the apoptosis and autophagy of SH-SY5Y cells. High concentrations of extracellular adenosine triphosphate induced autophagy and apoptosis of SH-SYSY cells. The enhanced autophagy first appeared, and peaked at 1 hour after treatment with adenosine triphosphate. Cell apoptosis peaked at 3 hours, and persisted through 6 hours. With prolonged exposure to the adenosine triphosphate treatment, the fraction of apoptotic cells increased. These data suggest that the SH-SY5Y neural cells initiated autophagy against apoptosis within an hour of adenosine triphosphate treatment to protect themselves against injury.

直肠癌组织中ADAM12、A2aR表达水平与神经脉管侵犯及5-FU化疗敏感性的关系

目的探究直肠癌组织中ADAM12、A2aR表达水平与神经脉管侵犯及5-FU化疗敏感性的关系。方法选取62例新型辅助放化疗治疗前活检石蜡标本,采用免疫组化法检测直肠癌组织中ADAM12、A2aR表达水平,采用直肠癌消退分级标准对直肠癌组织化疗敏感性进行评价。结果A2aR蛋白的表达与肿瘤大小、患者性别、年龄大小、神经脉管侵犯程度无关(P>0.05),与TNM分期、浸润程度有关(P<0.05)。ADAM12蛋白的表达与肿瘤大小、患者性别、年龄大小、神经脉管侵犯程度无关(P>0.05),与浸润程度、TNM分期有关(P<0.05)。直肠癌化疗敏感性与浸润程度、TNM分期、A2aR和ADAM12表达强度有关(P<0.05)。直肠癌组织中A2aR表达与5-FU化疗敏感性呈正相关(γ=0.352,P<0.001)。直肠癌组织中ADAM12表达与5-FU化疗敏感性呈正相关(γ=0.276,P<0.030)。结论直肠癌组织中ADAM12、A2aR阳性表达率较高,对神经脉管侵犯度不高,与5-FU化疗敏感性呈现正相关。

基于“肾脑相济”理论探讨艾灸对阿尔茨海默病大鼠海马AMPK/mTOR信号通路的影响

目的观察艾灸对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)大鼠腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine 5-monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK)/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路相关递质表达的影响,探讨艾灸治疗AD的作用机制。方法将SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为正常组8只、模型组32只,采取侧脑室注射β淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ-protein,Aβ)_(25-35)的方法建立大鼠AD模型。将模型复制成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、药物组、艾灸组,每组8只。艾灸组大鼠用艾条灸“百会”“肾俞”“三阴交”,每次15 min,同时按3 mg/kg灌胃蒸馏水;药物组大鼠按3 mg/kg灌胃盐酸多奈哌齐;对照组及模型组大鼠按3 mg/kg灌胃蒸馏水。采用Morris水迷宫法检测大鼠行为学表现,苏木精—伊红染色法观察大鼠海马病理组织改变,Western blot法检测大鼠海马磷酸化雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin,p-mTOR)、核糖体蛋白S6激酶(ribosomal protein S6 kinase p70,P70S6K)、自噬相关基因5(autophagy-related gene 5,ATG5)、磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(phosphorylated adenosine 5-monophosphate activated protein kinase,p-AMPK)、微管相关蛋白1轻链3B(microtubule associated protein light chain 3B,LC3B)-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ的表达水平。结果苏木精—伊红染色结果表明,模型组海马神经元萎缩明显,与模型组比较,药物组和艾灸组海马神经元形态及分化程度均有明显改善。与正常组比较,模型组大鼠的逃避潜伏期显著延长(P<0.05),p-mTOR及P70S6K表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05),ATG5、LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ、p-AMPK表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,药物组和艾灸组大鼠的逃避潜伏期均显著缩短(P<0.05),p-mTOR及P70S6K表达水平均显著下降(P<0.05),ATG5、LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ、p-AMPK表达水平均显著上升(P<0.05)。与药物组比较,艾灸组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著缩短(P<0.05);p-mTOR及P70S6K表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),ATG5、LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ、p-AMPK表达水平均显著上升(P<0.05)。结论艾灸能够调控AMPK/mTOR信号通路,诱导细胞自噬,阻断脑内Aβ表达,从而改善认知功能。

香菇多糖对ApoE^(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块形成及AMPK信号通路的影响

目的:探讨香菇多糖(LNT)对ApoE^(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块形成及单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)信号通路的影响。方法:ApoE^(-/-)小鼠分为模型组、立普妥组(5 mg/kg)、LNT低(5 mg/kg)、中(10 mg/kg)、高(20 mg/kg)剂量组,以相似遗传背景的C57BL/6小鼠为对照组。灌胃给药12周后,全自动生化分析仪检测血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)水平;ELISA检测血清IL-6、IL-1β水平;油红O染色观察整体主动脉斑块形成情况;HE染色观察主动脉根部斑块形成情况;蛋白免疫印迹检测主动脉AMPK通路蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,模型组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、IL-6、IL-1β水平、主动脉斑块面积、主动脉根部斑块面积、主动脉组织NLRP3、IL-6、IL-1β表达显著升高,主动脉组织p-AMPK/AMPK表达和血清HDL-C水平降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,立普妥组、LNT中、高剂量组TC、TG、LDL-C、IL-6、IL-1β、主动脉斑块面积、主动脉根部斑块面积、主动脉组织NLRP3、IL-6、IL-1β表达显著降低,主动脉组织p-AMPK/AMPK表达和血清HDL-C水平显著升高,且LNT各剂量组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);立普妥组与LNT高剂量组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:LNT可能通过激活AMPK通路抑制AS小鼠炎症反应和AS斑块形成。

Dan-gua Fang (丹瓜方) Improves Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders by Promoting Hepatic Adenosine 5'-monophosphate Activated Protein Kinase Expression in Diabetic Goto-kakizaki Rats

Objective：To investigate the effect of Dan-gua Fang（丹瓜方） on adenosine 5’-monophosphate（AMP） activated protein kinase（AMPK） α expression in liver and subsequent improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism.Methods：Forty 13-week-old diabetic Goto-Kakizaki（GK） rats were randomly divided into model,Dan-gua Fang,metformin and simvastatin groups（n=10 for each）,and fed high-fat diet ad libitum.Ten Wistar rats were used as normal group and fed normal diet.After 24 weeks,liver expression of AMPK α mRNA was assessed by real-time PCR.AMPK α and phospho-AMPK α protein expression in liver was evaluated by Western blot.Liver histomorphology was carried out after hematoxylin-eosin staining,and blood glucose（BG）,glycosylated hemoglobin A1c（HbA1c）,food intake and body weight recorded.Results：Similar AMPK α mRNA levels were found in the Dan-gua Fang group and normal group,slightly higher than the values obtained for the remaining groups（P〈0.05）.AMPK α protein expression in the Dan-gua Fang group animals was similar to other diabetic rats,whereas phospho-AMPK α（Thr-172） protein levels were markedly higher than in the metformin group and simvastatin group（P〈0.05）,respectively.However,phosphor-AMPKa/AMPK α ratios were similar in all groups.Dan-gua Fang reduced fasting blood glucose with similar strength to metformin,and was superior in reducing cholesterol,triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as improving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in comparison with simvastatin and metformin.Dan-gua Fang decreases plasma alanine aminotransferase（ALT） significantly.Conclusion：Dan-gua Fang,while treating phlegm-stasis,could decrease BG and lipid in type 2 diabetic GK rats fed with high-fat diet,and effectively protect liver histomorphology and function.This may be partly explained by increased AMPK expression in liver.Therefore,Dan-gua Fang might be an ideal drug for comprehensive Intervention for glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus.