Countries＇ Union and Political/Non-Political Administration Systems for the World Countries

In this work, the author noticed that some/most of the problems in the world countries, are because of the past/present differences, disputes about ethnic origins, federation systems, political and/or religious ideologies, organizations, mythologies, religions/sects, organs of governments, party systems, political systems, basic senses, administrations, and others. Purpose of this work, is to solve these problems for all related sides in a country and/or in the world to obtain continuable （political/non-political） administrative system（s） for the world countries by considering countries＇ union theory. The author considered the ＂synthesis＂ method and evaluated, generally/specifically, all these subjects also related philosophy branches, present political ideology spectrums, power sources and structures, public administrations, science branches by considering nearly 12,000 years written historical period. The author also considered his personal contacts with nearly 80,000 people from different political/non-political groups, and from all different position levels of persons, directly/indirectly. The author defined 21 dimensions of the synthesis to categorise the problems, related solutions, and theories he found. General points that can be evaluate as positive and/or negative about each side are expressed. Basic important concepts and definitions about political/non-political administrations of a world country are defined. General types of organizations and administrations in the world are expressed together with some related problems in the present systems. Good and/or correct perspective that must be behind administration（s） is described. Categories and types of interacted sides are explained. Subjects of services mandatory for a world country are defined. Necessity of the new system（s） for two or more sides is expressed. General types of needs for each world country are defined and categorized due to the domestic and international needs and due to possible interaction between two or more sides. As a conclusion, new political/non-political methods are defined to solve general and specific administrative problems between sides in a world country or between different countries. Theory of countries＇ union system is defined. General principles and sense of justice which are necessary for establishing countries＇ union between any two countries are defined.

Laws and Regulations for the Registration and Administration of Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation in China

A series of laws and regulations related to the oil and gas.resources have already been pro-mu]gated and provided a legal basis for the activities of petroleum exploration and exploita-tion in China.These laws are as follows:

The State Food and Drug Administration:Supervisory Regulations on Cosmetics May Be Introduced This Year

On May 28, 2019 Chinese Cosmetics Development Conference was held in Beijing. At the conference, Li Nan, chief of the General Division, Supervision Department of the State Food and Drug Administration introduced China’s development concerning the cosmetics supervisory rules and regulations from the perspectives of legislation plan and thinking. He mentioned that the regulations on supervision and administration of cosmetics are expected to be released this year, and the regulations on cosmetic registration and label management.

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION OF IMPORT AND EXPORT ENTERPRISE IDENTIFICATION DIGITS

The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economy Co-operation (hereinafter called the MOFFEC)willintroduce throughout the country "the Importand Export Enterprise Identification Digits of thePeople’s Republic of China" (hereinafter called"IEEID") for the purpose of pushing forward the de-velopment of foreign economy and trade, strength-ening macro-administration by the governments andimproving working efficiency and service. ThisRegulation has been enacted to ensure

Comparison of Old and New Regulations on Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics

Compare the current and previous requirements of the old and new“Regulation on Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics”,interpret the changes in the new regulations in detail,to help the enterprises understand the latest requirements of Regulation on Supervision and Administration of Cosmetics.

How to Optimize the Management of Science and Technology Funds in Colleges and Universities Based on the Policy of Streamlining Administration,Delegating Powers,Improving Regulation,and Strengthening Services

To advance the field of science and technology,we need to revitalize the development of science and technology through innovation.The development of science and technology has many beneficial implications on the revitalization of the country.For this reason,universities in China should give full attention to their role as the main propeller of science and technology.“Streamlining administration,delegating powers,improving regulation,and strengthening services”is a policy issued by the Chinese government for the management of science and technology funds in colleges and universities.Based on the policy of“streamlining administration,delegating powers,improving regulation,and strengthening services,”colleges and universities must optimize the management of science and technology funds for their efficient use.In this paper,we analyzed the importance of the policy and put forward an effective management strategy,aiming to improve the management of science and technology funds in colleges and universities.

Administrations and Service Organs in the Lianyungang Development Zone

The Administrative Board of theLianyungang Development Zone isan executive administrative organimplementing unified leadership andmanagement over the development zone onbehalf of the Lianyungang People’sgovernment. According to the State’s lawsand regulations, the administrative board isresponsible for construction planning for thedevelopment zone, the execution of economicdevelopment programmes, the approval ofinvestment projects worth RMB30 millionor less, land use and building design, boostingpublic welfare in education, culture andsanitation, public security in the zone, andprotecting the legal rights of the

非正式治理的制度化运作:管区制与乡镇治理现代化的路径选择

管区作为一种非正式的组织设置,在乡镇与村级治理单元之间建构出实体性质的中间结构,具有低成本、非正式性和制度稳定性等特点,成为乡镇政权的延伸。管区设置虽然增加了乡镇内部的“委托—代理”层级,但通过行政体制上的形式化设置和实践中的非正式运作,具有了超越科层体制约束的优势,借助激励动员和组织重构实现了有效治理。管区借助乡镇内部人力资源的重新配置,在不变体制的情况下进行机制创新,实现了非正式治理的制度化运作,匹配了当前乡村社会转型和治理转型的需求,成为当前强国家治理背景下探索乡镇治理现代化的一条可行路径。

论行政许可事项的合理设定

行政许可事项的合理设定是我国《行政许可法》和《优化营商环境条例》的要求,也有助于推进规制改革和政府职能转变。行政许可事项的合理设定以应对市场失灵,配合国家政策执行等正当现实需求为基础。设定者应以许可事项与许可规制能力范围的匹配为考量,将行政许可用于适合由其规制的事项上。行政许可事项的合理设定还应恪守必要性限度,遵循自生秩序优先、柔性工具优先等设定原则,审慎利用许可规制,以求实现更好的规制。

论碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的制度优化

在双碳目标下引导碳交易企业积极主动地开展自我合规,是健全碳排放权交易市场的重要路径,亦是国家行政监管模式发展成功的关键。规制理论为我国碳排放权交易合规中的行政监管提供了规范性启示和有益性借鉴。我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管不断优化的过程,是回应型规制、智慧型规制和后设规制从理论逻辑转化为实践逻辑的过程。目前,我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管存在立法规范相对滞后,风险管理明显不足以及配套机制付之阙如等问题,可从三个方面来推动我国碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的优化:完善协同性“碳合规”法律体系,提升碳排放权交易相关法律位阶,发布碳排放权交易合规管理指引;加强多元性“碳合规”风险管理,事前采取源头预防,事中贯穿风险沟通,事后加大处罚力度;结合我国“碳合规”管理的现状,建立行政执法和解、处罚裁量规则激励和社会声誉型激励等激励性“碳合规”监管机制,力图为实现双碳目标贡献思路与方案。

高校高水平运动队建设路径的逻辑辨识与行动方略——基于行政型体育组织的考察

从组织管理过程的基本属性行政化入手,依托结构功能主义与组织行为学观点,以个体行动作为逻辑起点,对我国高校高水平运动队实践样态加以剖判并进行类型学建构,归纳其在宏观、中观和微观层面的3类建设路径,由此判辨各路径在建设过程中存在的问题,再结合“制度-利益-观念”概念性框架对其进行消解,进而探索高校高水平运动队未来的行动方略。研究认为,我国高校高水平运动队主要呈现出“层层加码”“水平比码”“主体择码”3类建设路径,且分别存在制度环境的行政力量产生锁入效应、高校职能部门间利益分配的非帕累托改变、行政官员对多重建设目标的选择偏颇问题,而这可从制度的规范引导、利益的有效激励和观念的柔性约束3个方面对其进行改善。

论体育发展行政法的多重构造

以《上海市体育发展条例》为代表的体育行政法,系统地明确了政府的体育发展职责及其行为规范。体育发展行政存在体育公共服务提供、体育产业发展促进、体育市场监督管理等多重任务规范构造。为了完成体育发展行政的多重任务,立法上明确了充分发挥市场决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用的机制,政府和社会合作、社会参与等机制也相应导入,以期发挥各自优势和效能。立法也配置了规划、建设、运营等塑造行政,补贴、资金支持、社会保障等给付行政,许可、合规、处罚等秩序行政的活动方式。由此,体育发展行政法已经形成了包括任务规范和行为规范在内的横向规范构造,包括基础层、应用层和管理层在内的纵向规范构造,也形成了行政的合法性、合目的性和绩效在内的多重正当性基础。

《中华人民共和国档案法实施条例》的时代意义、特点、内容及相关问题思考

制定和施行《中华人民共和国档案法实施条例》是新时代建设与发展中国特色社会主义档案事业的必然要求。论文阐述了其时代意义、主要特点,说明了其主要内容,进一步探讨了如何制定“永久保管档案分级的具体标准和管理办法”与如何理解和施行“任何内设机构和个人不得拒绝归档或者据为己有”之规定等问题。

高校食堂食品安全管理存在的问题及对策研究

近年来,高校食堂食品安全事件频发,引起了社会的广泛关注。当前,国家不断出台校园食品卫生安全规范,深入开展校园食品安全排查整治行动,已取得显著成效,但现阶段我国尚未形成完备的校园食品安全管理体系,高校食堂依然是食品安全事故高发的重点领域。鉴于此,本文研究了高校食堂食品安全管理存在的问题及对策,为我国高校食堂食品安全共治共建共享新格局的建立提供参考。

经典藏药如意珍宝片多次给药的靶器官-脑组织的成分探究

目的:探讨经典藏药如意珍宝片多次给药后,其靶器官脑组织的活性成分,分析其可能的作用特点。方法:6只斯泼累格·多雷(SD)雄性大鼠分为对照组和观察组2组,连续给药7 d,在最后一次给药后1 h处死动物,取血浆和脑组织,分析入血成分,并对潜在入脑成分进行检测和验证。结果:采用Full mass/dd-MSMS模式,以目标峰的一级谱图的分子量的组成及二级质谱图的分子离子峰进行定性分析;并依据入血成分作为潜在入脑成分,将其输入到包含列表内,进行样品检测。结合数据库mzcloud和ChemSpider的结果,对潜在入脑成分进行搜索,根据保留时间、一级质量数和二级质谱数据,共发现了13个入脑成分,其中大豆苷、胆酸、紫苜蓿酮、3′-O-methylviolanone、胡椒碱已用标准品验证。色氨酸、茴香脑、异木香酸和腺苷已通过mzCloud数据库进行二级碎片信息比对。结论:如意珍宝片中的降香、荜茇、甘草膏、肉桂、木香、黄葵子、牛黄、红花等药物的有效成分能够进入靶器官脑组织中,发挥其疗效作用。

临床检验形态学教学在线课程的探索与实践

《临床血液学检验》是医学检验技术专业的必修课程,其教学任务是培养学生具备血液系统疾病的临床检验能力和素养,注重对学生实践能力的培养。细胞形态结果是很多疾病诊断的“金标准”,然而形态学的课程内容繁多、课时少、优质教学资源有限,尤其是血细胞形态内容复杂多变,故传统教学模式受到挑战。构建细胞形态学在线课程,一方面通过建设精品课程,提高在线课程的吸引力,扩大优质教育资源的受益面积,使学生积极主动地投入学习当中,提高授课成效。另一方面可拓宽教学时空,学生可随时学习。为了培养医学检验专业学生细胞形态的辨识和血液病的诊断等岗位胜任能力,提高细胞形态学课程的授课成效,文章借助移动教学独特的优势,构建细胞形态学的在线课程教学平台,开展细胞形态学在线课程的教学工作。

《档案行政处罚程序规定》的主要内容和时代意义及相关问题探讨

《档案行政处罚程序规定》(国家档案局令第20号)的发布与实施,是我国档案治理体系建设的一项重要成就。本文介绍和说明了其主要内容,分析了其主要特点和时代意义,探讨了如何按照档案治理的本质要求进一步规范档案主管部门行政处罚行为的问题。

行政备案适用范围的法律规制

备案管理法治化对备案管理措施适用范围规制提出了现实追问。目前,备案管理措施运行实践存在类型设定庞杂化、设定依据宽泛化与规制功能异质化等泛化困境。备案管理措施适用范围规制失范可能会引发三个方面的风险:一是因准入门槛不当降低所诱发的市场规制失灵风险;二是因被动监管所引发的监管懈怠缺位风险;三是因柔性监管所引发的监管权威侵蚀风险。基于备案管理措施的内在属性并根据必要适当性原则要求,应当在充分平衡备案管理措施类型因素与外部效应的前提下,从主体要素、公共资源要素配置、风险要素控制和信息要素四个层面对行政备案管理措施适用范围作出限制性规制。

论公共卫生治理的政府责任

多元共治时代,公共卫生治理中政府责任要打破基于行政任务进行责任配置的传统逻辑,将政府责任的厘定置于“公共任务公私合作”和“行政任务公私合作”的双重视域。公共卫生治理中行政机关作为公共任务公私合作的主导者和行政任务公私合作的责任方,在承担领导与促进责任、组织与动员责任、履行或担保责任、监督与救济责任之时,其内部构造差异明显。新时代公共卫生治理体系建构必须着眼于中国式社会治理共同体这一整体性视角,科学厘定公共卫生治理中政府责任的内部法律构造,统筹推动公共卫生治理法治化进程。

我国智能投顾行政规制路径转变之思考

智能投顾是一项深具金融科技代表性的金融服务,随着依托银行业金融机构的相关业务暂停服务,服务平台全部被叫停。从行政监管角度分析,“机构”监管模式不适应智能投顾发展,“命令-控制”监管形式下法律监管制度滞后,“确定性”规则的适用限缩智能投顾功能。国家机构改革完成了智能投顾行政规制路径转变的第一步,通过从“机构”监管到“功能”监管等综合性监管方向的转变,“命令-控制”型到“实验”型规制形式的转变,“确定性”规则到“包容性”原则规范理念的转变,进一步为完善智能投顾行政规制路径转变提供新思路。