Effect of Two Administration Routes of Shenmai Injection(参麦注射液)on Pulmonary Gas Exchange Function after Tourniquet-Induced Ischemia-Reperfusion

Objective： To compare the effect between nebulized and intravenous administration of Shenmai Injection （参麦注射液） on pulmonary gas exchange function of patients following tourniquet-induced lower limb ischemia-repeffusion. Methods： Thirty-eight patients scheduled for lower extremity surgery were randomized into three groups using the closed envelop method： Shenmai Injection was administered 30 min before tourniquet inflation by nebulization [0.6 mL/kg in 10 mL normal saline （NS）] in the nebulization group or by intravenous drip （0.6 mL/kg dissolved in 250 mL of 10% glucose） in the intravenous drip group, and equal volume of NS was given intravenously in the NS group; 15 in each group. Arterial blood gases were analyzed, serum levels of malonaldehyde （MDA） and interleukine-6 （IL-6） and interleukine-8 （IL-8） were determined using the method of thiobarbituric acid reaction and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay respectively just before tourniquet inflation （TO）, and at 0.5 h （T1）, 2 h （TZ）, 6 h （T3） after tourniquet deflation. Results： Compared with baselines at TO, MDA levels significantly increased at TZ, T3 in the NS group and at T3 in the nebulization group, and IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly increased at TZ, T3 in NS, the intravenous drip and the nebulization groups （P〈0.05）. Arterial pressure of oxygen （PaO2） at T3 was decreased, while alveolar- arterial oxygen tension showed difference （PA-aDO2） at T3 in the NS group; RI at T3 in both intravenous drip and the nebulization groups were enhanced （P〈0.05）. Compared with the NS group, MDA and IL-8 levels at TZ, T3, 11-6 at T3 in the intravenous drip group, and IL-8 at T3 in the nebulization group were all remarkably increased （P〈0.05）. Additionally, MDA level at T3 in the nebulization group was higher than that in the intravenous drip group （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Intravenous administration of Shenmai Injection provided a better protective effect than nebulization in mitigating pulmonary gas exchange dysfunction in patients following tourniquet-induced limb ischemia-repertusion.

Carcinogenesis by Nitrosamines and Azoxyalkanes by Different Routes of Administration to Rats

The effects of administering similar doses of some simple alkylating agents to rats by different regimens have been compared.Two of the compounds were methylating agents,nitrosodimeth- ylamine and azoxymethane;two were ethylating agents,nitrosodiethylamine and azoxyethane and nitrosomethylethylamine was both a methylating and an ethylating agent.The treatments gave rise to tumors in almost all treated rats.The results indicate the importance ofpharmacoki- netics in determining which organs are the targets of the alkylating carcinogens.1989 Academic Press.Inc.

Application of Tranexamic Acid in Shoulder Arthroscopic Surgery:A Randomised Controlled Trial

Objective To explore the optimal administration route of tranexamic acid(TXA)in shoulder arthroscopic surgery.Methods Patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were randomly divided into four groups:control group(without TXA treatment),intravenous group(TXA was intravenously administered 10 minutes before surgery),irrigation group(TXA was added to the irrigation fluid during subacromial decompression and acromioplasty),and intravenous plus irrigation group(TXA was applied both intravenously and via intra-articular irrigation).The primary outcome was visual clarity assessed with visual analog scale(VAS)score,and the secondary outcomes included irrigation fluid consumption and time to subacromial decompression and acromioplasty procedure.Results There were 134 patients enrolled in the study,including 33 in the control group,35 in the intravenous group,32 in the irrigation group,and 34 in the intravenous plus irrigation group.The median and interquartile range of VAS scores for the intravenous,irrigation,and intravenous plus irrigation groups were 2.70(2.50,2.86)(Z=-3.677,P=0.002),2.67(2.50,2.77)(Z=-3.058,P<0.001),and 2.91(2.75,3.00)(Z=-6.634,P<0.001),respectively,significantly higher than that of the control group[2.44(2.37,2.53)].Moreover,the control group consumed more irrigation fluid than the intravenous group,irrigation group,and intravenous plus irrigation group(all P<0.05).The intravenous plus irrigation group consumed less irrigation fluid than either the intravenous group or the irrigation group(both P<0.001).There was no difference in subacromial decompression and acromioplasty operative time among the four groups.Conclusion TXA applied both topically and systematically can improve intraoperative visual clarity,and the combined application is more effective.

Bacteria-Mediated Synergistic Cancer Therapy:Small Microbiome Has a Big Hope

The use of bacteria to specifically migrate to cancerous tissue and elicit an antitumor immune response provides a promising platform against cancer with significantly high potency.With dozens of clinical trials underway,some researchers hold the following views:“humans are nearing the first commercial live bacteria therapeutic.”However,the facultative anaerobe Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009,which is particularly safe and shows anticancer effects in preclinical studies,had failed in a phase I clinical trial due to low tumor regression and undesired dose-dependent side effects.This is almost certain to disappoint people’s inflated expectations,but it is noted that recent stateof-the-art research has turned attention to bacteria-mediated synergistic cancer therapy(BMSCT).In this review,the foundation of bacteria-mediated bio-therapy is outlined.Then,we summarize the potential benefits and challenges of bacterial bio-therapy in combination with different traditional anticancer therapeutic modalities(chemotherapy,photothermal therapy,reactive oxygen and nitrogen species therapy,immunotherapy,or prodrug-activating therapy)in the past 5 years.Next,we discuss multiple administration routes of BMSCT,highlighting potentiated antitumor responses and avoidance of potential side effects.Finally,we envision the opportunities and challenges for BMSCT development,with the purpose of inspiring medicinal scientists to widely utilize the microbiome approach in patient populations.

Evaluation of repeated exposure systemic toxicity test of PVC with new plasticizer on rats via dual parenteral routes

Systemic toxicity caused by repeated exposure to both polar and nonpolar leachables of di(2-ethylhexyl)-1,2-cyclohexane plasticized polyvinyl chloride(PVC)was evaluated with dual routes of parenteral administration method on rats in the study.Experimental group and control group were designed by researchers.Tail intravenous injection with 0.9%sodium chloride injection extracts and intraperitoneal injection with corn oil extracts were conducted to the experimental rats while tail intravenous injection with 0.9%sodium chloride Injection and intraperitoneal injection with corn oil were conducted to the control rats.After 14 days,blood specimens were collected for clinical pathology(hematology and clinical chemistry)analysis.Selected organs were weighed and a histopathological examination was conducted.As a result,compared with the control animals,there were no toxicity-related changes on the parameters above.The results show that the rats do not show obvious systemic toxicity reaction caused by repeated exposure with dual routes of parenteral administration method on rats after administration with both polar and nonpolar exacts of di(2-ethylhexyl)-1,2-cyclohexane plasticized PVC simultaneously up for 14 days.

mRNA cancer vaccines:Advances,trends and challenges

Patients exhibit good tolerance to messenger ribonucleic acid(m RNA)vaccines,and the choice of encoded molecules is flexible and diverse.These vaccines can be engineered to express full-length antigens containing multiple epitopes without major histocompatibility complex(MHC)restriction,are relatively easy to control and can be rapidly mass produced.In 2021,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved the first m RNA-based coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine produced by Pfizer and Bio NTech,which has generated enthusiasm for m RNA vaccine research and development.Based on the above characteristics and the development of m RNA vaccines,m RNA cancer vaccines have become a research hotspot and have undergone rapid development,especially in the last five years.This review analyzes the advances in m RNA cancer vaccines from various perspectives,including the selection and expression of antigens/targets,the application of vectors and adjuvants,different administration routes,and preclinical evaluation,to reflect the trends and challenges associated with these vaccines.