Ordered mesoporous materials for water pollution treatment:Adsorption and catalysis

To meet the growing emission of water contaminants,the development of new materials that enhance the efficiency of the water treatment system is urgent.Ordered mesoporous materials provide opportunities in environmental processing applications due to their exceptionally high surface areas,large pore sizes,and enough pore volumes.These properties might enhance the performance of materials concerning adsorption/catalysis capability,durability,and stability.In this review,we enumerate the ordered mesoporous materials as adsorbents/catalysts and their modifications in water pollution treatment from the past decade,including heavy metals(Hg^(2+),Pb^(2+),Cd^(2+),Cr^(6+),etc.),toxic anions(nitrate,phosphate,fluoride,etc.),and organic contaminants(organic dyes,antibiotics,etc.).These contributions demonstrate a deep understanding of the synergistic effect between the incorporated framework and homogeneous active centers.Besides,the challenges and perspectives of the future developments of ordered mesoporous materials in wastewater treatment are proposed.This work provides a theoretical basis and complete summary for the application of ordered mesoporous materials in the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions.

Design of ZnSe-CoSe heterostructure decorated in hollow N-doped carbon nanocage with generous adsorption and catalysis sites for the reversibly fast kinetics of polysulfide conversion

Although lithium-sulfur batteries(Li SBs)are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage system,the actual industrial application is hindered by the sluggish solid–liquid phase conversion kinetics,severe shuttle effect,and low sulfur loadings.Herein,a zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)derived heterogeneous ZnSe-CoSe nanoparticles encapsulated in hollow N-doped carbon nanocage(ZnSe-CoSe-HNC)was designed by etching with tannic acid as a multifunctional electrocatalyst to boost the polysulfide conversion kinetics in LiSBs.The hollow structure in ZIF ensures large inner voids for sulfur and buffering volume expansions.Abundant exposed ZnSe-CoSe heterogeneous interfaces serve as bifunctional adsorption-catalytic centers to accelerate the conversion kinetics and alleviate the shuttle effect.Together with the highly conductive framework,the ZnSe-CoSeHNC/S cathode exhibits a high initial reversible capacity of 1305.3 m A h g-1at 0.2 C,high-rate capability,and reliable cycling stability under high sulfur loading and lean electrolyte(maintaining at 745 m A h g-1after 200 cycles with a high sulfur loading of 6.4 mg cm-2and a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 6μL mg^(-1)).Theoretical calculations have demonstrated the heterostructures of ZnSe-CoSe offer higher binding energy to lithium polysulfides than that of ZnSe or CoSe,facilitating the electron transfer to lithium polysulfides.This work provides a novel heterostructure with superior catalytic ability and hollow conductive architecture,paving the way for the practical application of functional sulfur electrodes.

In situ adsorption-catalysis system for the removal of o-xylene over an activated carbon supported Pd catalyst

An activated carbon （AC） supported Pd catalyst was used to develop a highly efficient in situ adsorption-catalysis system for the removal of low concentrations of o-xylene. In this study, three kinds of Pd/AC catalysts were prepared and tested to investigate the synergistic efficiency between adsorption and catalysis for o-xylene removal. The Pd/AC catalyst was first used as an adsorbent to concentrate dilute o-xylene at low temperature. After saturated adsorption, the adsorbed o-xylene was oxidized to CO2 and H20 by raising the temperature of the catalyst bed. The results showed that more than 99% of the adsorbed o-xylene was completely oxidized to CO2 over a 5% Pd/AC catalyst at 140℃. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） analysis, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, temperatureprogrammed desorption （TPD）, and temperature-programmed oxidation （TPO） were applied to investigate the physical properties of o-xylene adsorption-desorption and the in situ adsorption-catalysis activity of the AC support and Pd/AC catalyst. A synergistic relationship between the AC support and the active Pd species for the removal of low concentrations of o-xylene was established.

Summary on Adsorption and Photocatalysis for Pollutant Remediation: Mini Review

Adsorption and photo catalysis are the most popular methods applied for the reduction of amount of pollutants that enter water bodies. The main challenge in the process of adsorption is the demonstration of the experimental data obtained from sorption processes. For many decades most of the researchers used adsorption and kinetic of adsorption as a repetitive work to describe the adsorption data by using common models such as, Langmuir and Freundlich for adsorption isotherms;PFO and PSO models for kinetics. This has been done without careful evaluation of the characteristics of adsorption process. It has been well understood that adsorption does not degrade the pollutant to eco-friendly products and photo catalysis will not degrade without adsorption of the pollutant on the catalyst. Therefore, understanding the detailed mechanism of adsorption, as well as, photo catalysis has been presented in this paper. During photo catalysis: modification towards suppression of electron-hole recombination, improving visible light response, preventing agglomeration, controlling the shape, size, morphology, etc. are the most important steps. This mini review also widely discusses the key points behind adsorption and photo catalysis.

Fe-TiO_2 and Fe_2O_3 quantum dots co-loaded on MCM-41 for removing aqueous rose bengal by combined adsorption/photocatalysis

Adsorption and photodegradation are promising approaches for removing organic pollutions.In this study,we combined these two processes by co-loading Fe-TiO2 and Fe2O3 quantum dots(QDs)on porous MCM-41,using a simple hydrolysis method.X-ray diffraction,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that Fe-TiO2 QDs are formed at low Fe precursor concentrations,while additional Fe2O3 QDs are formed at higher Fe precursor concentrations.The Fe2O3 and Fe-TiO2 QDs impart high adsorption capacity and high photoactivity to the porous MCM-41,respectively.Thus,their combination results in a synergic effect of the adsorption and photodegradation.The highest-performing sample exhibits excellent performance in removing rose bengal from aqueous solution.

Recent Advances on Porous Materials for Synergetic Adsorption and Photocatalysis

Porous photocatalysts are promising materials capable of simultaneously adsorbing and oxidizing/reducing target species,showing great potentials in environmental remediation and energy generation.This review offered a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in design,fabrication,and applications of porous photocatalysts,including carbon-based semiconductors,metal oxides/sulfides,metal–organic frameworks,and adsorbent–photocatalyst hybrids.The fundamental understanding of the structure–performance relationships of porous materials together with the in-depth insights into the synergetic effects between adsorption and photocatalysis was presented.The strategies to further improve the photocatalytic activity of porous photocatalysts were proposed.This review would provide references and outlooks of constructing efficient porous materials for adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of pollutants and energy production.

Synergy of adsorption and visible light photocatalysis to decolor methyl orange by activated carbon/nanosized CdS/chitosan composite

Activated carbon/nanosized CdS/chitosan(AC/n-CdS/CS) composites as adsorbent and photoactive catalyst were prepared under low temperature(≤60 ℃) and ambient pressure.Methyl orange(MO) was chosen as a model pollutant to evaluate synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic decolorization by this innovative photocatalyst under visible light irradiation.Effects of various parameters such as catalyst amount,initial MO concentration,solution pH and reuse of catalyst on the decolorization of MO were investigated to optimize operational conditions.The decolorization of MO catalyzed by AC/n-CdS/CS fits the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics model,and a surface reaction,where the dyes are absorbed,is the controlling step of the process.Decolorization efficiency of MO is improved with the increase in catalyst amount within a certain range.The photodecolorization of MO is more efficient in acidic media than alkaline media.The decolorization efficiency of MO is still higher than 84% after five cycles and 60 min under visible light irradiation,which confirms the reusability of AC/n-CdS/CS composite catalyst.

Ternary Ni_(2)P/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)/g-C_(3)N_(4)composite with Z-scheme electron transfer path for enhanced removal broad-spectrum antibiotics by the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalysis

Constructing the stable,low-cost,efficient,and highly adaptable visible light-driven photocatalyst to implement the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and adsorption has been excavated a promising strategy to deal with antibiotic pollution in water bodies.Herein,a novel 3 D ternary Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst Ni_(2)P/Bi_(2)MoO_(6)/g-C_(3)N_(4)(Ni_(2)P/BMO/CN)was fabricated by a simple solvothermal method in which the broad spectrum antibiotics(mainly tetracyclines and supplemented by quinolones)were used as target pollution sources to evaluate its adsorption and photocatalytic performance.Notably,the Zscheme composite significantly exhibit the enhancement for degradation efficiency of tetracycline and other antibiotic by using Ni_(2)P nanoparticles as electron conductor.Active species capture experiment and electron spin resonance(ESR)technology reveal the mechanism of Z-scheme Ni_(2)P/BMO/CN photocatalytic reaction in detail.In addition,based on the identification of intermediates by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy(LC–MS),the possible photocatalytic degradation pathways of TC were proposed.

CoB and BN composites enabling integrated adsorption/catalysis to polysulfides for inhibiting shuttle-effect in Li-S batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries are hampered by the infamous shuttle effect and slow redox kinetics,resulting in rapid capacity decay.Herein,a bifunctional catalysis CoB/BN@rGO with integrated structure and synergy effect between adsorption and catalysis is proposed to solve the above problems.The integrated CoB and BN are simultaneously and uniformly introduced on the rGO substrate through a one-step calcination strategy,applied to modify the cathode side of PP separator.The transition metal borides can catalyze the conversion of lithium polysulfides(Li_(2)Sn,n≥4),whereas the bond of B-S is too weak to absorb LPS.Thus BN introduced can effectively restrict the diffusion of polysulfides via strong chemisorption with LiSnLi+…N,while the rGO substrate ensures smooth electron transfer for redox reaction.Therefore,through the integrated adsorption/catalysis,the shuttle effect is suppressed,the kinetics of redox reaction is enhanced,and the capacity decay is reduced.Using CoB/BN@rGO modified PP separator,the Li-S batteries with high initial capacity(1450 mAh g^(-1)at 0.35 mA cm^(-2))and long-cycle stability(700 cycles at 1.74 mA cm^(-2)with a decay rate of 0.032%per cycle)are achieved.This work provides a novel insight for the preparation of bifunctional catalysis with integrated structure for long-life Li-S batteries.

Kinetic of Adsorption of Urea Nitrogen onto Chitosan Coated Dialdehyde Cellulose under Catalysis of Immobilized Urease

The adsorption of urea nitrogen onto chitosan coated dialdehyde cellulose (CDAC) under catalysis of immobilized urease in gelatin membrane (IE) was studied in batch system. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data, and the rate constants were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well to the second-order kinetic model.

Aspen Adsorption在气体吸附过程模拟方面的应用

Aspen Adsorption是一款吸附模拟软件,常用于气体吸附分离过程的模拟计算,对操作条件优化、设计优化、吸附材料性能评价等方面具有一定的指导作用。简要介绍了Aspen Adsorption软件的应用、模型参数和各种衡算方程,总结了其在穿透曲线计算方面的模拟计算和应用,归纳了利用循环控制器Cycle Organizer针对各种类型的变压吸附PSA(Pressure Swing Adsorption)和变温吸附TSA(Temperature Swing Adsorption)过程进行模拟的情况。此外,针对Aspen Adsorption与其他软件结合使用的案例也进行了简要介绍。最后对Aspen Adsorption的未来发展进行了展望。

Atmospheric chemistry of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde:Initiated by photo-excitation,OH-oxidation,and small TiO_(2) clusters adsorption catalysis

The fate of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde(2-NBA)is of interest in atmospheric chemistry as it is a semi-volatile organic compound with high photosensitivity.This study presents a quantum chemical study of the gas-phase reactions of 2-NBA photo-excitation and OH-oxidation in the absence and presence of small TiO_(2) clusters.To further understand the unknown photolysis mechanism,the photo-reaction pathways of ground singlet state and the lying excited triplet state of 2-NBA were investigated including the initial and subsequent reactions of proton transfer,direct CO,NO_(2),and HCO elimination routes in the presence of O_(2) and NO.Meanwhile,the OH-mediated degradation of 2-NBA proceeded via five H-extraction and six OH-addition channels by indirect mechanism,which follows a succession of reaction steps initiated by the formation of weakly stable intermediate complexes.The H-extraction from the-CHO group was the dominant pathway with a negative activation energy of-1.22 kcal/mol.The calculated rate coefficients at 200–600 K were close to the experimental data in literature within 308-352 K,and the kinetic negative temperature independence was found in both experimental literature and computational results.Interestingly,2-NBA was favored to be captured onto small TiO_(2) clusters via six adsorption configurations formed via various combination of three types of bonds of Ti…O,Ti…C,and O…H between the molecularly adsorbed 2-NBA and TiO_(2) clusters.Comparison indicted that the chemisorptions of aldehyde oxygen have largest energies.The results suggested adsorption conformations have a respectable impact on the catalysis barrier.This study is significant for understanding the atmospheric chemistry of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde.

Polysulfides adsorption and catalysis dual-sites on metal-doped molybdenum oxide nanoclusters for Li-S batteries with wide operating temperature

The development of electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity is conducive to enhancing polysulfides adsorption and reducing activation energy of polysulfides conversion, which can effectively reduce polysulfide shuttling in Li-S batteries. Herein, a novel catalyst NiCo-MoO x /rGO (rGO = reduced graphene oxides) with ultra-nanometer scale and high dispersity is derived from the Anderson-type polyoxometalate precursors, which are electrostatically assembled on the multilayer rGO. The catalyst material possesses dual active sites, in which Ni-doped MoO x exhibits strong polysulfide anchoring ability, while Co-doped MoO x facilitates the polysulfides conversion reaction kinetics, thus breaking the Sabatier effect in the conventional electrocatalytic process. In addition, the prepared NiCo-MoO x /rGO modified PP separator (NiCo-MoO x /rGO@PP) can serve as a physical barrier to further inhibit the polysulfide shuttling effect and realize the rapid Li+ migration. The results demonstrate that Li-S coin cell with NiCo-MoO x /rGO@PP separator shows excellent cycling performance with the discharge capacity of 680 mAh·g^(−1) after 600 cycles at 1 C and the capacity fading of 0.064% per cycle. The rate performance is also impressive with the remained capacity of 640 mAh·g^(−1) after 200 cycles even at 4 C. When the sulfur loading is 4.0 mg·cm^(−2) and electrolyte volume/sulfur mass ratio (E/S) ratio is 6.0 μL·mg^(−1), a specific capacity of 830 mAh·g^(−1) is achieved after 200 cycles with a capacity decay of 0.049% per cycle. More importantly, the cell with NiCo-MoO x /rGO@PP separator exhibits cycling performance under wide operating temperature with the reversible capacities of 518, 715, and 915 mAh·g^(−1) after 100 cycles at −20, 0, and 60 °C, respectively. This study provides a new design approach of highly efficient catalysts for sulfur conversion reaction in Li-S batteries.

Cell-free biocatalysis coupled with photo-catalysis and electro-catalysis: Efficient CO_(2)-to-chemical conversion

The increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) concentration has exposed a series of crises in the earth's ecological environment.How to effectively fix and convert carbon dioxide into products with added value has attracted the attention of many researchers.Cell-free enzyme catalytic system coupled with electrical and light have been a promising attempt in the field of biological carbon fixation in recent years.In this review,the research progresses of photoenzyme catalysis,electroenzyme catalysis and photo-electroenzyme catalysis for converting carbon dioxide into chemical products in cell-free systems are systematically summarized.We focus on reviewing and comparing various coupling methods and principles of photoenzyme catalysis and electroenzyme catalysis in cell-free systems,especially the materials used in the construction of the coupling system,and analyze and point out the characteristics and possible problems of different coupling methods.Finally,we discuss the major challenges and prospects of coupling physical signals and cell-free enzymatic catalytic systems in the field of CO_(2) fixation,suggesting possible strategies to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of such systems.

High adsorption selectivity of activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve boosting CO_(2)/N_(2) and CH_(4)/N_(2) separation

Flue gas and coal bed methane are two important sources of greenhouse gases.Pressure swing adsorption process has a wide range of application in the field of gas separation,and the selection of adsorbent is crucial.In this regard,in order to assess the better adsorbent for separating CO_(2) from flue gas and CH_(4) from coal bed methane,adsorption isotherms of CO_(2),CH_(4) and N_(2) on activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve are measured at 303.15,318.15 and 333.15 K,and up to 250 kPa.The experimental data fit better with Langmuir 2 compared to Langmuir 3 and Langmuir-Freundlich models,and Clausius-Clapeyron equation was used to calculate the isosteric heat.Both the order of the adsorbed amount and the adsorption heat on the two adsorbents are CO_(2)>CH_(4)>N_(2).The adsorption kinetics are calculated by the pseudo-first kinetic model,and the order of adsorption rates on activated carbon is N_(2)-CH_(4)>CO_(2),while on carbon molecular sieve,it is CO_(2)-N_(2)>CH_(4).It is shown that relative molecular mass and adsorption heat are the primary effect on kinetics for activated carbon,while kinetic diameter is the main resistance factor for carbon molecular sieve.Moreover,the adsorption selectivity of CH_(4)/N_(2) and CO_(2)/N_(2) were estimated with the ideal adsorption solution theory,and carbon molecular sieve performed best at 318.15 K for both CO_(2) and CH_(4) separation.The study suggested that activated carbon is a better choice for separating flue gas and carbon molecular sieve can be a strong candidate for separating coal bed methane.

Investigations of methane adsorption characteristics on marine-continental transitional shales and gas storage capacity models considering pore evolution

Methane adsorption is a critical assessment of the gas storage capacity(GSC)of shales with geological conditions.Although the related research of marine shales has been well-illustrated,the methane adsorption of marine-continental transitional(MCT)shales is still ambiguous.In this study,a method of combining experimental data with analytical models was used to investigate the methane adsorption characteristics and GSC of MCT shales collected from the Qinshui Basin,China.The Ono-Kondo model was used to fit the adsorption data to obtain the adsorption parameters.Subsequently,the geological model of GSC based on pore evolution was constructed using a representative shale sample with a total organic carbon(TOC)content of 1.71%,and the effects of reservoir pressure coefficient and water saturation on GSC were explored.In experimental results,compared to the composition of the MCT shale,the pore structure dominates the methane adsorption,and meanwhile,the maturity mainly governs the pore structure.Besides,maturity in the middle-eastern region of the Qinshui Basin shows a strong positive correlation with burial depth.The two parameters,micropore pore volume and non-micropore surface area,induce a good fit for the adsorption capacity data of the shale.In simulation results,the depth,pressure coefficient,and water saturation of the shale all affect the GSC.It demonstrates a promising shale gas potential of the MCT shale in a deeper block,especially with low water saturation.Specifically,the economic feasibility of shale gas could be a major consideration for the shale with a depth of<800 m and/or water saturation>60%in the Yushe-Wuxiang area.This study provides a valuable reference for the reservoir evaluation and favorable block search of MCT shale gas.

Integrated adsorption and photocatalytic removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by hierarchical Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO composite nanofibers

This work presents the development of hierarchical niobium pentoxide(Nb_(2)O_(5))-based composite nanofiber membranes for integrated adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)pollutants from aqueous solutions.The Nb_(2)O_(5) nanorods were vertically grown using a hydrothermal process on a base electrospun nanofibrous membrane made of polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylidene fluoride/ammonium niobate(V)oxalate hydrate(Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO).They were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.These composite nanofibers possessed a narrow optical bandgap energy of 3.31 eV and demonstrated an MB degradation efficiency of 96%after 480 min contact time.The pseudo-first-order kinetic study was also conducted,in which Nb_(2)O_(5)@PAN/PVDF/ANO nanofibers have kinetic constant values of 1.29×10^(-2) min^(-1) and 0.30×10^(-2) min^(-1) for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of MB aqueous solutions,respectively.These values are 17.7 and 7.8 times greater than those of PAN/PVDF/ANO nanofibers without Nb_(2)O_(5) nanostructures.Besides their outstanding photocatalytic performance,the developed membrane materials exhibit advantageous characteristics in recycling,which subsequently widen their practical use in environmental remediation applications.

Simultaneous Adsorption of Aqueous Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ Using Surfactant-Modified and Unmodified Activated Carbon in a Fixed Bed Column

The goal of this work is to improve the simultaneous removal of Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions from synthetic wastewater in a fixed bed column by incorporating sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) onto the surface of activated carbon made from coconut shells. The activated carbons were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX). The adsorption column dynamics were studied by varying the flow rates (5, 10 and 15 mL/min), bed heights (10, 15 and 20 cm), and initial concentrations (50, 150, and 250 mg/L). The activated carbon has a pore volume of 0.715 cm3/g and a BET-specific surface area of 1410 m2/g. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant incorporation onto the surface of the activated carbon enhances its capacity for simultaneous adsorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ from the aqueous medium. The affinity of the heavy metals to both unmodified (AC) and modified (AC-SDS) activated carbons followed the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+. The dynamic adsorption of the column depends on the flow rate, bed height, initial metal concentration, and SDS surface modification. With a 5 mL/min flow rate, a 20 cm bed height, and a 50 mg/L initial metal concentration, a maximum break-through time of 150 minutes for the unmodified activated carbon (AC) and 180 minutes for the SDS-modified activated carbon (AC-SDS) was reached.

Analysis of CH_(4) and H_(2) Adsorption on Heterogeneous Shale Surfaces Using aMolecular Dynamics Approach

Determining the adsorption of shale gas on complex surfaces remains a challenge in molecular simulation studies.Difficulties essentially stem from the need to create a realistic shale structure model in terms of mineral heterogeneityand multiplicity.Moreover,precise characterization of the competitive adsorption of hydrogen andmethane in shale generally requires the experimental determination of the related adsorptive capacity.In thisstudy,the adsorption of adsorbates,methane(CH_(4)),and hydrogen(H_(2))on heterogeneous shale surface modelsof Kaolinite,Orthoclase,Muscovite,Mica,C_(60),and Butane has been simulated in the frame of a moleculardynamic’s numerical technique.The results show that these behaviors are influenced by pressure and potentialenergy.On increasing the pressure from 500 to 2000 psi,the sorption effect for CH_(4)significantly increasesbut shows a decline at a certain stage(if compared to H_(2)).The research findings also indicate that raw shalehas a higher capacity to adsorb CH_(4)compared to hydrogen.However,in shale,this difference is negligible.

Adsorption,in vitro digestion and human gut microbiota regulation characteristics of three Poria cocos polysaccharides

Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysaccharide(WSP)is extracted and applied for clinical application,while insoluble polysaccharide(alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide,ASP)is discarded as herb residue.However,the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food.Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC,ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC.Compared to WSP,little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide(CMP)which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug.In this study,the oil,cholesterol,metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability,in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP,ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P.cocos polysaccharides(PCPs).The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol,polyphenols and metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+)/Mg^(2+)),among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP.The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+))was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions(Mg^(2+));The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low,but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP;Moreover,the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota,among which ASP had the greatest influence.In general,ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria.The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced,but the richness of probiotics,especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group,and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment.The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid,propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group,and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics.Taken together,the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function.Additionally,the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic,CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.