Analysis of Low Fertility Rates in Advanced Economies

In economics,opportunity cost means the maximum value of choosing one behavior over others in the situation where resources are limited(Parkin,2016).In the process of making reproductive decision,opportunity cost reveals the trade-off between time,resources,and economic benefits that individuals face when choosing to have children or not.During this process,the technological changes make the paths of career development diverse and rapidly changing,remarkably increasing the opportunity cost of childbirth and parenting.This leads to individuals more inclined to postpone or reduce childbirth when balancing their careers and families,thereby resulting in low fertility rates in developed economies.

Building a resilient future:collaborative sustainability regulation

The challenge of sustainability lies in achieving a balance between satisfying present needs and protecting resources for future generations with an emphasis on its three pillars-environmental,social and governance.This study explored sustainable development encompassing environmental,social and governance aspects along with sustainability reporting through various sustainability frameworks.A systematic review of literature for the period 2010-23 on major worldwide sustainability frameworks was conducted,by offering insights into enhancing reporting mechanisms for a sustainable future.Secondary data related to sustainability reports were obtained from the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board and International Integrated Reporting Council,which helped in examining sector and year variations across countries.The results reflected that mandatory sustainability disclosures help to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and global sustainability frameworks help to set standards,disseminate information and promote transparency.Collaboration of investment,company action and sustainability organizations can lead to a sustainable global economy.The adoption of sustainability reporting can help organizations by fostering a proper understanding of sustainability practices,improving transparency and identifying potential business opportunities in sectors with lower sustainability.The paper provided insights into sustainability reporting published across various countries in both advanced as well as emerging and developing economies.The analysis showed which sectors and time periods have had the most sustainability reports and which areas needed to be targeted for action to advance sustainable development.