英藏“状语”比较与句子成分Adverbial一词藏译略考

随着我区全面实施"藏汉英"三语教育,尤其,西藏两大高校开设藏汉英三语翻译专业以来,专门实施对于英藏语法的直接比较研究,这不仅有利于特色专业课程建设的进一步完善,而且也能为我区的"藏汉英"三语教育工作的全面推进提供更强大的学术支撑。文章以三语教育为目标,旨在通过对英藏基础句法中"Adverbial(状语)"一词的直接对比和语法术语的藏译探讨,望能消除广大学员在该部分的理解困扰。

The Syntactic Position of Adverbial Adjuncts in Chinese

In modern Chinese,adjuncts can be classified into adjective adjuncts(also attributes)and adverbial adjuncts(also adverbials).This paper firstly attempts for a reasonable definition and classification of adjunct in modern Chinese,then analyzes the syntactic position of adverbial adjunct,and finally tries to find a general mechanism for the position of adverbial adjunct in the phrase level and the sentence level.

Study on the Usage Patterns of Linking Adverbials in Chinese EFL Learn⁃ ers’Writings

This research is a corpus-based study on the usage patterns of linking adverbials(LA)by Chinese EFL learners at different proficiency levels,thus shedding light on problems facing students and analyzing underlying causes based on second language acquisition theories.Results show that Chinese high school students show a lack of richness in using LA,while Chinese undergraduates tend to overuse LA in an attempt to reach a superficial coherence.And in general,Chinese EFL learners have problems of overusing listing LA and underusing contrastive LA compared with their English native counterparts.

A Development Study on the Ordering Distribution of Temporal Adverbial Clauses by Chinese EFL Learners Based on Dependency Treebank

Temporal adverbial clause is an important language structure and exhibits different features in English and Chinese,which brings about difficulties for Chinese EFL learners.Based on the theory of Dependency Grammar,the study attempts to investigate the ordering distribution of temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners at the beginning,intermediate and advanced levels.The results show that:1)Chinese EFL learners at different proficiencies tend to precede temporal adverbial clause to main clause.With the increase of proficiency,the postposition of temporal adverbial clauses by learners increases and is approaching to the ordering preference of target language.2)The ordering distribution of subordinators for temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners is consistent with native English,showing a tendency of 100%preposition,which ascribes to the high frequency and salience of subordinators in English.3)MDD is one of the significant motivations that cause the preference of prepositional temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners.As a kind of natural language,interlanguage has a unique cognitive mechanism which distinguishes from both native and target language.This study provides a more comprehensive theoretical reference for learners at different proficiencies to understand and learn temporal adverbial clauses,as well as data support from empirical research for language teaching.

A Corpus-Based Study of Adverbial Connectors in Native and Non-native Students＇ Writing

In writing and speaking, adverbial connectors always play a part to connect different parts together at both semantic and syntactic aspects. For it is so important that a lot of scholars have made and are making a series of studies to their functions. On the basis of corpus-based study, this paper firstly makes a comparison to the usage of adverbial connectors in their writings of the native students and non-native students and then exposes a distinctive gap between these two types of writings in usage of adverbial connectors. In order to help Chinese second-language learners acquire English as well as English native speakers do, this study deeply digs this gap and in further provides several pedagogical suggestions for English teachers and second-language learners.

On English Adverbials: An English Teacher’s View

For Grade two students in Senior High School,what is of vital importance is that students establish clear grammar networks at least after the second term to prepare themselves well for the firstround review of the third year and the following College Entrance Examination.With the scattered language points such as“with complex structure”,“participles used as adverbials”,or“absolute structure”learned by students in a gradual style,it is essential for them to clear out a main thinking path or thinking framework to make connections between knowledge points.The author finds in her years of teaching duration the relations between English adverbials,making it easier for students to know the know-how of learning English in a much scientific and reasonable way.Here are the findings.

“严重”的副词化及其虚化机制

本文探讨了当代汉语中“严重”一词的副词化及虚化机制。通过对比“严重”的常规用法与新兴变异用法,揭示了两者在主观性、情感色彩、结构易位、时体组配、语域分布及功能等方面的显著差异。研究表明,“严重”作为程度副词的新兴用法(记为“严重_(2)”)在网络语境中高频出现,具有唯状性,表达主观评注。其副词化机制涉及词汇与惯性压制、高频使用及在“严重关切”等表达类推下的扩散。本文为理解汉语实词副词化提供了新视角。

从满汉接触底层看北京官话“敞开(儿)”的副词化

北京官话“敞开(儿)”一词由于受到清代满语的影响,在原有动词基础上又衍生了情状副词的性质和用法,具有很强地域性和独特性。论文基于北京语言大学BCC语料库、北京大学CCL语料库、古代汉语语料库中含有情状副词“敞开(儿)”的语料进行耙梳整理,分析了北京官话方言词“敞开(儿)”副词化的特殊来源、过程及其用法分布等问题,并试从满汉接触底层的视角进行解释,认为“敞开(儿)”的副词化用法,来源于满语回归词“cangkai”,具体的底层来源应是无圈点满文“敞盖儿”。

汉语语法规则在诗歌语言特区中的创新——以介宾状语后置为个案

诗歌语言特区是语言创新演变的重要平台之一,介宾状语后置则是诗歌语言特区的典型个案。“在、沿着、用、从、以、向、到”等介词组成的介宾状语可以后置到光杆动词、述宾结构、述补结构或者整句后。影响介宾状语后置的主要因素是句子焦点、音节影响、诗歌的主观性移位以及诗人的认知模式。诗歌语言形式的创新是有限度的,比如介宾状语的谓语一般不会是单音节,动词均是动作动词,且宾语基本为双音节。

“言够”与“言多”——论“够”的量性特征及其副词规约化用法

本文基于构式互动来考察“够”在用变和演变中的量性特征及其副词的规约化用法。“够”可与名词、动词、形容词组配形成构式群。随着主观性增强,“够”由表客观的足量向抽象的程度量虚化,词性上由判断动词向程度副词演变。其语法化等级呈现出非均质性,其中“够+A”时语法化等级最高。功能上“够”实现了客观的定量评估向主观的模糊定性转变。

Comparison of Chinese LBs and English RBs

As English and Chinese belong to different language families,the left and right branching structures in the two languages are both similar and different.Generally speaking,Chinese has a predominance of left-branching structures and English has a predominance of right-branching structures.That is to say,Chinese is used to using left branches in its expressions,while English is used to using right branches in its expressions.

金元医籍名词作状语的表达式类型及其分布特征

金元时期是唐宋与明清的关键过渡期,承前启后。作为近代汉语特殊时期的医籍语料,语言具有较强的口语性和地方性,而名词作状语是这一时期涌现出来的独特语法现象。通过共时穷尽描写,发现名词作状语的表达式类型与分布特征,总结民族交往交流交融中的语法现象与规律:状语表达形式NP+VP+(O)在金元时期表现出了与典型的介宾短语作状语表达形式Pre+NP+VP+(O)齐头并进、一争高下的态势,而且在金元医家的代表性医籍竞争中占优势地位。这是特定历史时代在语言中的反映。

以语用语法观为导向的分词做状语教学策略探究

在高中学段,分词做状语一直是英语语法教学的重点,也是学生学习的难点,学生普遍存在认知模糊和应用能力缺失的问题,该文结合课例阐释了语用视角下的教学策略:问题导入以修正形式规则;语境导入以理解意义功能;捕捉生活情境以体验语言动态生成;捕捉语篇情境,以提升整体语言运用能力。以上教学策略帮助学生打破对该语法结构的认知和应用瓶颈,知道了什么时候用、如何用分词做状语,最终能生成衔接连贯的语篇。

“已然”副词化的历程

基于词汇化和语法化理论,对“已然”副词化的历程进行探究,揭示其动因与机制。研究发现:“已然”最初是状中短语,在韵律制约、句法位置和固定格式等影响下于宋代词汇化为动词,之后又进一步语法化为时间副词。动词“已然”在句法位置改变、指示代词“然”的语义脱落和高频使用等因素的共同作用下,最迟于清代中晚期语法化为时间副词。重新分析是“已然”副词化的机制。

汉英副词性关联词语篇章衔接功能比较

探究语言表面的同和内部的异、表面的异和内部的同,是我们进行跨文化比较研究、跨语言对比研究的目的之一。文章主要从副词性关联词语篇章衔接的语义与类别和衔接的特点与差异等方面,对汉英副词性关联词语的篇章衔接功能进行对比分析,探讨汉英副词性关联词语篇章衔接功能的共同特点、规律及其差异,旨在揭示汉、英语语言的类型学特点。

副词性非主谓句的成句规约——语气副词“的确”的个案考察

本文以“的确”为例,探讨汉语副词性非主谓句的成句规约,从三个角度进讨论:一、句法上要求具备自由性、语境依赖性;二、语义上具有可预测性及主观性;三、语用上是焦点算子及具备传信功能。副词成句受到各种条件限制,本文从认知、功能的角度作了解释。

研究生英语论文中连接副词使用情况调查

对比分析英语学习者和母语作者在语言学论文中使用连接副词的情况,主要的发现是:(1)学习者在论文写作中比母语作者倾向于更多地使用连接副词;(2)他们使用的连接副词,在语义关系分布上大致相同:使用最多的是表示对比/让步、结果/推论和同位关系的三类连接副词,都较少使用表示总结和过渡关系的连接副词;(3)学习者与母语作者相比,在论文写作中较少使用表示确认关系的连接副词;(4)学习者倾向于过多使用表转折关系的连接副词yet和用于句首接续上句的连接词And和But。分析表明,学习者对连接副词的文体适用性和语义上的细微差别认识不够。

从到顶义述宾短语到极性义程度副词——以“之极、至极”和“之至、之致”为例

述宾短语副词化发展的动因与机制,包括句法临界环境、双音韵律特征、互补语义基础和转喻引申机制。述宾短语副词化的进程,从先秦到近代,经历了由述宾短语凝固进而程度化的发展历程。从近代一直到现、当代,最终从固化短语逐渐虚化成了一系列极性程度副词。其副词化表达的方式与功用,涉及到构式化的四字构造、极性化的绝对程度、情态化的主观强调、和谐化的连用套叠等四个方面。

副词状语的位置

副词状语在句中的位置复杂多样 ,句法结构、语义分类及语用含义都对副词的位置产生很大的影响。探求副词作状语时在句中位置的特点、规则 。

英语时限状语及时段状语视角下的事件终结性解读

本文以Vendler及Smith对事件类型的划分为基础,从词汇体的视角探讨英语时限状语和时段状语同各类事件动词(短语)搭配时对事件终结性产生的影响。常规情况下,这种搭配须受时间状语及事件动词(短语)自身语义相容的限制,但二者的非常规搭配也比较常见,对这种扭曲搭配的合理解释需要合适的语境支撑。进入句法层面后,词汇体层面事件动词(短语)自身的语义表达,还须受语法体的制约和影响,二者协调才能表达既合逻辑又合语法的终结性/非终结性语义。