Turbulence Model Investigations on the Boundary Layer Flow with Adverse Pressure Gradients

In this paper, a numerical study of flow in the turbulence boundary layer with adverse and pressure gradients （APGs） is conducted by using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equations. This research chooses six typical turbulence models, which are critical to the computing precision, and to evaluating the issue of APGs. Local frictional resistance coefficient is compared between numerical and experimental results. The same comparisons of dimensionless averaged velocity profiles are also performed. It is found that results generated by Wilcox （2006） k-co are most close to the experimental data. Meanwhile, turbulent quantities such as turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds-stress are also studied.

Effects of adverse pressure gradient on Reynolds stresses inturbulent boundary layers

The effects of adverse pressure gradient(APG)on Reynolds stresses in turbulent boundary layers(TBLs)with APG were analyzed.The difficulty of this work was attributable to the Reynolds stresses in TBLs with APG under two combined effects,i.e.:effect of upstream flow and effect of APG.The effect of upstream flow is an inherent effect no matter pressure gradient exists or not.The individual effect was analyzed from absolute developments of Reynolds stresses in TBLs with zero pressure gradient(ZPG)firstly.Effect of APG was then analyzed from absolute developments of Reynolds stresses in TBLs with APG.Result showed that,for absolute development of mean streamwise Reynolds stresses,APG accelerated its development in TBL with ZPG;for absolute development of mean normal or shear Reynolds stresses,APG increased their magnitude in the outer part,and decreased their extent of large value region.

EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF HYSTERESIS OF VORTEX BREAKDOWN OVER PITCHING-UP DELTA WINGS

An investigation of the hysteresis of vortex breakdown over pitching-up deltawings is presented. Based on experiments, there are two main reasons which can be usedto explain the hysteresis of vortex breakdown. One is the time or phase lag due to the ini-tial suPerPOsition of linearized small disturbance, which enlarges the range of the incidenceof keeping attached flow and postpones the initial incidence of vortex breakdown. Theother is the reduction of adverse pressure gradient due to the periphery centrifugal instabil-ity after the concentrated vortex has come into being, which is the key reason of hystere-sis of vortex breakdown- The structure of vortex over a pitching up delta wing can be di-vided into three layers, which is not a significant a1teration compared with that of vortexover a static delta wing.

Near-wall behaviors of oblique-shock-wave/turbulent-boundary-layer interactions

A direct numerical simulation （DNS） on an oblique shock wave with an incident angle of 33.2° impinging on a Mach 2.25 supersonic turbulent boundary layer is performed. The numerical results are confirmed to be of high accuracy by comparison with the reference data. Particular efforts have been made on the investigation of the near-wall behaviors in the interaction region, where the pressure gradient is so significant that a certain separation zone emerges. It is found that, the traditional linear and loga- rithmic laws, which describe the mean-velocity profiles in the viscous and meso sublayers, respectively, cease to be valid in the neighborhood of the interaction region, and two new laws of the wall are proposed by elevating the pressure gradient to the leading order. The new laws are inspired by the analysis on the incompressible separation flows, while the compressibility is additionally taken into account. It is verified by the DNS results that the new laws are adequate to reproduce the mean-velocity profiles both inside and outside the interaction region. Moreover, the normalization adopted in the new laws is able to regularize the Reynolds stress into an almost universal distribution even with a salient adverse pressure gradient （APG）.

Selection and Impact of an Aerofoil Leading Edge on Boundary Layer Transition

The choice of leading-edge aspect ratio (AR) plays a crucial role when planning boundary layer wind tunnel tests on a flat plate. Poor selection of the leading-edge profile hampers effectiveness of the experiment and increases testing costs associated with interchanging of leading edges to attain accurate results. Thus, the appropriate selection of the leading edge is a very crucial part of the wind tunnel experiment process. It is argued that the curvature of the leading edge and thus the AR is of paramount importance to achieve accurate results from the wind tunnel testing. In this project, seven different elliptical leading edges were tested, and their performance was compared with an ideal leading edge with zero thickness. Experiments and computation have been done for leading edges ranging from AR6 to AR20. Results were evaluated for boundary layer transition onset location, and it was found that AR20 has the least influence on the flow structure when compared to the ideal leading edge. A study of the flow structure at the stagnation point indicates an increase in adverse pressure gradient with an increase in the AR but also shows a decrease in the size of the stagnation region. The presence of a higher AR leading edge reduces the turbulent spot production rate, which is one of the primary causes of boundary layer transition. This paper presents a correlation that enables aerodynamicists to quantify the impact of the leading-edge AR on transition. A typical case is also presented to compare the relative performance of a wedge and the higher AR leading edge, which provides a choice between an elliptical or a wedge-shaped leading edge.

Numerical investigation on flow nonuniformity-induced hysteresis in scramjet isolator

Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were conducted to study the hysteresis inside scramjet isolator during the reciprocating process of back pressure variation.It is revealed that only a regular reflection is theoretically possible for two leading shocks when the inflow Mach number is greater than 2.0,and no hysteresis can occur in the transition between shock reflection types.Nevertheless,wall suction,gas injection,and background waves cause non-uniformity of the incoming flow and would make hysteresis possible.Besides the classical hysteresis in the transition between shock reflection,new kinds of hysteresis were found in both the deflection angle of separated boundary layer and the location of the shock train.Moreover,the occurrence of hysteresis in the deflection angle of the separated boundary layer is accompanied with the shock reflection hysteresis.In the case with background waves or gas injection,hysteresis in the starting position of leading shock was observed too.As back pressure decreases,the leading shock does not follow the same path as that as the back pressure increases,and it is anchored at the location where the background shock or the injection interacts with the leading shock.It is inferred that,if two strong adverse pressure gradient regions move towards and interact with each other,hysteresis will take place when they start to separate.

The Research of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Hypersonic Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer

The results of experimental investigation of laminar-turbulent transition in three-dimensional flow under the high continuous pressure gradient including the flow with local boundary layer separation are presented. The experimental studies were performed within the Mach number range from 4 to 6 and Reynolds number 10-60×106 1/m, the angles of attack were 0° and 5°. The experiments were carried out on the three-dimensional convergent inlet model with and without sidewalls. The influence of artificial tubulator of boundary layer on transition and flow structure was studied. The conducted researches have shown that adverse pressure gradient increase hastens transition and leads to decrease of transition area length. If pressure gradient rises velocity profile fullness increases and profile transformation from laminar to turbulent occurs. As a result of it the decrease of separation area length occurs. The same effect was reached with Reynolds number increase. These results are compared with the data on two-dimensional model with longitudinal curvature.