Single-factor analysis and interaction terms on the mechanical and microscopic properties of cemented aeolian sand backfill

The use of aeolian sand(AS)as an aggregate to prepare coal mine cemented filling materials can resolve the problems of gangue shortage and excessive AS deposits.Owing to the lack of research on the mechanism of cemented AS backfill(CASB),the response surface method(RSM)was adopted in this study to analyze the influence of ordinary Portland cement(PO)content(x_(1)),fly ash(FA)-AS(FA-AS)ratio(x_(2)),and concentration(x_(3))on the mechanical and microscopic properties of the CASB.The hydration characteristics and internal pore structure of the backfill were assessed through thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric analysis,mercury intrusion porosimetry,and scanning electron microscopy.The RSM results show that the influence of each factor and interaction term on the response values is extremely significant(except x_(1)x_(3),which had no obvious effect on the 28 d strength).The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)increased with the PO content,FA-AS ratio,and concentration.The interaction effects of x_(1)x_(2),x_(1)x_(3),and x_(2)x_(3) on the UCS at 3,7,and 28 d were analyzed.In terms of the influence of interaction items,an improvement in one factor promoted the strengthening effect of another factor.The enhancement mechanism of the curing time,PO content,and FA-AS ratio on the backfill was reflected in the increase in hydration products and pore structure optimization.By contrast,the enhancement mechanism of the concentration was mainly the pore structure optimization.The UCS was positively correlated with weight loss and micropore content but negatively correlated with the total porosity.The R^(2) value of the fitting function of the strength and weight loss,micropore content,and total porosity exceeded 0.9,which improved the characterization of the enhancement mechanism of the UCS based on the thermogravimetric analysis and pore structure.This work obtained that the influence rules and mechanisms of the PO,FA-AS,concentration,and interaction terms on the mechanical properties of the CASB provided a certain theoretical and engineering guidance for CASB filling.

Long-term Properties of Aeolian Sand-magnesium Oxychloride Cement Composites and Its Engineering Application

In order to prepare a new material with long-term stable performance,low cost,easy construction,and ecological environmental protection,the influence of aeolian sand on the compressive and flexural strength as well as micro morphology and phase composition of magnesium oxychloride cement(MOC)was studied.The experimental results indicate that,with the increase of content of doping sand,the compressive strength and flexural strength of MOC decrease significantly.However,when the quality ratio of aeolian sand and light burned magnesia powder is 1:8,the performance meets the actual engineering needs.Namely,the compressive strength of MOC is not less than 18 MPa,and flexural strength is not less than 4 MPa.Meanwhile,within 12 months of age,the compressive strength and flexural strength are stable.There is no obvious change in phase composition,and its main phase is still 5·1·8 phase.Microscopic appearance changes from needle-like to gel-like shape.Based on engineering applications,it is found that when the novel sand-fixing material is used in the field for one year,its macroscopic feature is not damaged,compressive strength and flexural strength are also more stable,phase composition negligibly changes,and micro morphology has also been turned into be gellike shape.These further confirm the long-term stability and weather resistance of MOC doping aeolian sand,providing theoretical and technical support for the widely application of MOC in the field of sand fixation in the future.

A wind tunnel investigation on the transverse motion of aeolian sand

A wind tunnel experiment was performed to investigate aeolian grain motions in the transverse direction, which is perpendicular to the incoming flow and parallels the sand bed. The trajectories in the horizontal plane were recorded by high-speed camera. Statistical analysis of 630 trajectories shows that both the motion orientation and the time-averaged speed follow Gaussian distributions. An exclusive method was used to analyze the driving mechanism. It was concluded that the three-dimensional turbulent air flow, rather than the spin of grain or grain-bed collisions, controls the transverse motion.

Effects of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation in aeolian sand soil

Aeolian sandy soil in mining areas exhibits intense evaporation and poor water retention capacity.This study was designed to find a suitable biochar application method to improve soil water infiltration and minimize soil water evaporation for aeolian sand soil.Using the indoor soil column method,we studied the effects of three application patterns(A(0-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil),B(0-10 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil and 10-20 cm was soil),and C(0-10 cm was soil and 10-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil)),four application amounts(0%(control,CK),1%,2%,and 4%of mixed-based biochar in dry soil),and two particle sizes(0.05-0.25 mm(S1)and<0.05 mm(S2))of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation of aeolian sandy soil.We separately used five infiltration models(the Philip,Kostiakov,Horton,USDA-NRCS(United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service),and Kostiakov-Lewis models)to fit cumulative infiltration and time.Compared with CK,the application of mixed-based biochar significantly reduced cumulative soil water infiltration.Under application patterns A,B,and C,the higher the application amount and the finer the particle size were,the lower the migration speed of the wetting front.With the same application amount,cumulative soil water infiltration under application pattern A was the lowest.Taking infiltration for 10 min as an example,the reductions of cumulative soil water infiltration under the treatments of A2%(S2),A4%(S1),A4%(S2),A1%(S1),C2%(S1),and B1%(S1)were higher than 30%,which met the requirements of loess soil hydraulic parameters suitable for plant growth.The five infiltration models well fitted the effects of the treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size(R2>0.980),but the R2 values of the Horton model exceeded 0.990 for all treatments(except for the treatment B2%(S2)).Compared with CK,all other treatments reduced cumulative soil water infiltration,except for B4%(S2).With the same application amount,cumulative soil water evaporation difference between application patterns A and B was small.Treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size caused a larger reduction in cumulative soil water evaporation.The reductions in cumulative soil water evaporation under the treatments of C4%(S1),C4%(S2),C2%(S1),and C2%(S2)were over 15.00%.Therefore,applying 2%of mixed-based biochar with S1 particle size to the underlying layer(10-20 cm)could improve soil water infiltration while minimizing soil water evaporation.Moreover,application pattern was the main factor affecting soil water infiltration and evaporation.Further,there were interactions among the three influencing factors in the infiltration process(application amount×particle size with the most important interaction),while there were no interactions among them in the evaporation process.The results of this study could contribute to the rational application of mixed-based biochar in aeolian sandy soil and the resource utilization of urban and agricultural wastes in mining areas.

Estimation of the quantity of aeolian saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert,China

The Ulanbuh Desert borders the upper reach of the Yellow River. Every year, a mass of aeolian sand is blown into the Yellow River by the prevailing wind and the coarse aeolian sand results in serious silting in the Yellow River. To estimate the quantity of aeolian sediments from the Ulanbuh Desert blown into the Yellow River, we simulated the saltation processes of aeolian sediments in the Ulanbuh Desert. Then we used a saltation submodel of the IWEMS （integrated Wind-Erosion Modeling System） and its accompanying RS （Remote Sensing） and GIS （Geographic Information System） modules to estimate the quantity of saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert. We calibrated the saltation submodel by the synchronous observation to wind ve- locity and saltation sediments on several points with different vegetation cover. The vegetation cover, frontal area of vegetation, roughness length, and threshold friction velocity in various regions of the Ulanbuh Desert were obtained using NDVI （Normalized Difference Vegetation Index） data, measured sand-particle sizes, and empirical relation- ships among vegetation cover, sand-particle diameters, and wind velocity. Using these variables along with the observed wind velocities and saltation sediments for the observed points, the saltation model was validated. The model results were shown to be satisfactory （RMSE less than 0.05 and IRel less than 17%）. In this study, a subdaily wind-velocity program, WlNDGEN, was developed using this model to simulate hourly wind velocities around the Ulanbuh Desert. By incorporating simulated hourly wind-velocity and wind-direction data, the quantity of saltation sediments blown into the Yellow River was calculated with the saltation submodel. The annual quantity of aeolian sediments blown into the Yellow River from the Ulanbuh Desert was 5.56x106 t from 2001 to 2010, most of which occurred in spring （from March to May）; for example, 6.54x10~ tons of aeolian sand were blown into the Yellow River on 25 April, 2010. However, in summer and winter, the saltation process occasionally occurred. This research has supplied some references to prevent blown sand hazards and silting in the Yellow River.

Near-surface sand-dust horizontal flux in Tazhong-the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert

Tazhong is the hinterland and a sandstorm high-frequency area of the Taklimakan Desert. However, little is known about the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport in this area. An experiment to study the sand-dust horizontal flux of near-surface was carried out in Tazhong from January to December 2009. By measur- ing the sand-dust horizontal flux throughout sixteen sand-dust weather processes with a 200-cm tall Big Spring Number Eight （BSNE） sampler tower, we quantitatively analyzed the vertical variation of the sand-dust horizontal flux. And the total sand-dust horizontal flux of different time-series that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was estimated combining the data of saltation movement continuously recorded by piezo- electric saltation sensors （Sensit）. The results indicated that, in the surface layer ranging from 0-200 cm, the inten- sity of sand-dust horizontal flux decreased with the increase of the height, and the physical quantities obeyed power function well. The total sand-dust horizontal flux of the sixteen sand-dust weather processes that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was about 2,144.9 kg, the maximum of one sand-dust weather event was about 396.3 kg, and the annual total sand-dust horizontal flux was about 3,903.2 kg. The high levels of aeolian sand transport occurred during daytime, especially from 13：00 to 16：00 in the afternoon. We try to develop a new method for estimation of the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport.

Chronology of coastal aeolian deposition and its paleo-environmental implications on the Liuao Peninsula of South China

Coastal dunes are a common geomorphic type in sandy coastal zones.They are a record of the coupled evolutionary processes of the wind and ocean waves.Many coastal dune fields have developed on the east coast of Fujian China and now occur as widespread typical coastal aeolian sand landforms on the Liuao Peninsula,Gulei Peninsula and Dongshan Island,but it is difficult to evaluate the dynamic geomorphologic process of sandy coast due to the lack of systematic and accurate chronological data.In this study,we selected the Hutoushan(HTS)aeolian dune on the Liuao Peninsula as the research object.Optical dating and grain-size analysis were applied to sand samples from the aeolian sequence of a profile of the HTS dune.The results show that the ages of seven samples of this profile were in the range of 37.8–0.19 ka from 4.0 to 0.2 m deep.These correspond to the Marine Isotope Stage 3(MIS3),abrupt climatic change events of 4.2 and 1.1 ka and the Little Ice Age(LIA),respectively.These samples displayed evidence of a longer-term climate trend in this area.The period of formation of this coastal aeolian dune corresponds to a cold and arid climate associated with the East Asia Winter Monsoon(EAWM).Periods of dune fixation and rubification are evidence of a hot and humid climate.Mobilization and stabilization of the aeolian dune is an important characteristic of the coastal evolution in South China since the late Pleistocene.

雅鲁藏布江河谷风沙地貌分类与发育问题

雅鲁藏布江河谷风沙地貌分类体系由４级２１个类型组成，其中风积地貌划分为谷底与谷坡风积地貌２个亚类。河谷风沙地貌面积１９２９．９４６ｋｍ２，可称为“雅鲁藏布江河谷沙地”。河谷区具有沙源、风动力和堆积场地等风沙地貌形成的基本条件。风沙地貌总体上沿河谷呈带状不连续分布，其形成发育受到风力和流水两种营力交替作用，沙丘、沙丘群在同一地貌部位的分布与排列有一定的规整性。

风成沙系统去除官厅水库水中化学需氧量的效果

试验表明 ,在水力负荷为 1 .0～ 1 .5m/d ,沙层湿干时间比为 1 2∶1 2 (h)条件下 ,风成沙污染水处理系统稳定后对化学需氧量 (CODCr)平均去除率约为 61 % ,CODCr<1 5mg/L ,优于《地表水环境质量标准 (GHZB1 -1 999)》规定的Ⅰ类标准。影响处理效果的因素主要有进水水质、沙层湿干时间比。

新疆S214省道防沙体系对近地表风沙流的影响

对新疆S214省道台特玛湖干涸湖盆段防沙体系内外的风沙流输沙和风速进行了同步观测,数据分析表明:观测时防沙体系中阻固沙带已拦截了大量风沙,虽近地表风速被削弱程度不大,但风沙流输沙的43.26%仍可被防沙体系所拦截和固定,而剩余部分则可借助路侧输沙带的较大风力输移到公路下风侧,且不产生路面沙害,表明阻−固−输结合型防沙体系非常适宜单风向强风沙环境。S214省道防沙实践可为其他强风沙环境公路防沙提供重要借鉴经验。

CFD-DEM simulation of three-dimensional aeolian sand movement

A three-dimensional CFD-DEM model is proposed to investigate the aeolian sand movement.The results show that the mean particle horizontal velocity can be expressed by a power function of heights.The probability distribution of the impact and lift-off velocities of particles can be described by a log-normal function,and that of the impact and lift-off angles can be expressed by an exponential function.The probability distribution of particle horizontal velocity at different heights can be described as a lognormal function,while the probability distribution of longitudinal and vertical velocity can be described as a normal function.The comparison with previous two-dimensional calculations shows that the variations of mean particle horizontal velocity along the heights in two-dimensional and three-dimensional models are similar.However,the mean particle density of the two-dimensional model is larger than that in reality,which will result in the overestimation of sand transportation rate in the two-dimensional calculation.The study also shows that the predicted probability distributions of particle velocities are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Observation of saltation activity at Tazhong area in Taklimakan Desert,China

A two-year field observation of saltation activity was carried out at Tazhong area, the hinterland area of the Taklimakan Desert with highly frequent dust storms. From 1 September 2008 to 31 August 2010, a piezoelectric saltation sensor （Sensit） was used to continuously collect the data on saltation activity at a level sand surface. Analysis on the data suggests that saltation activity can occur at any time of the year when conditions are favorable; however, the necessary conditions are rarely satisfied in most time. In the daytime of spring or summer, saltation activity can persist even over a continuous one-hour-or-so period. It is found that, from 1 September 2008 to 31 August 2010, saltation activity accounts for more than 3% of the total yearly time, and it tends to peak in spring and summer months with strong winds. During winter months when winds are weak, however, it is often at a minimum. It seems that precipitation does not appear to be significant in reducing saltation activity in arid regions like Tazhong.

The formation age and evolution of Kumtagh Desert

The ancient aeolian sand has been regarded as an indicator for the formation and evolution of a desert in the past.Kumtagh Desert is located at the northern fringe of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The first integrated scientific investigation to the desert was carried out during the period of 2004-2006.Kumtagh Desert is an ideal natural model for studying the formation and evolution of the desert because the Quaternary strata containing ancient aeolian sands are widely distributed.The integrated field investigation and studies on sedimentary,chronology and palynology of typical profiles named Suosuo gully,Xiaoquan gully and gravel body with ancient aeolian sand layers showed that Kumtagh Desert was probably formed as early as 2,097.7±314.7 ka BP.During the period of 386.9±58.0 ka BP to 285.9±42.9 ka BP,the desert largely expanded and formed its modern distribution pattern.The desert was originally developed in the southwest,subsequently,expanded to the north and northeast.The sedimentary facies of Suosuo gully profile revealed that the desert experienced at least 19 cycles of advance and inverse processes of desertification with an average period of 110 ka in the Quaternary.The neotectonic movements played an important role in the formation,development and geomorphology of the desert.On one hand,the movements caused the formation of intermontane fault basin,which was further developed towards the closed drought basin,and caused the formation of natural environment.On the other hand,under the control of surrounding faults,the unique broom-shaped desert landscape was formed,and the gullies and sand ridges in this region experienced an abrupt directional change from north by west to north by east at the location of 39°45＇-39°55＇N.The unique landscape of gravel body that occurred widely in the northern desert was formed after 285.9±42.9 ka BP.The results in this paper provide the scientific basis for studying the formation age and evolutionary process under the dry climate and environment in the northwestern China,and the uplifting of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as well as its responses to the global climate changes.

煤矿风积砂层长斜井服役状态安全评价研究

井筒作为特殊地下构筑物,其安全状态不仅与自身结构性能有关,也与围岩环境、使用条件相关;提出以系统的观点,开展既有井筒安全状态研究评价。结合袁大滩煤矿副斜井风积砂层冻结段井筒案例,沿井筒建设、运营时间轴,从围岩环境、结构性能、运行状况3个维度,对斜井井筒安全状态进行研究分析;对地质与水文地质条件、建设运营状况、现有井壁结构承载能力、混凝土质量检查、位移变形监测数据分析、防水性能、工程类比等多个因素,逐一进行评价和综合论证,得出科学结论,对既有斜井井筒安全状态评价问题做了深入探讨。

腾格里沙漠东南缘风沙环境及其对交通干线生态防护体系的影响

[目的]研究腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区的输沙势和最大可能输沙量的空间分布及变化规律,为包兰铁路风沙防护体系的维护及管理提供数据支撑。[方法]利用该地区1980—2010年的气象资料,探讨该区域多年来降水、风况、气温、输沙势等环境因子的变化趋势。[结果]该区域降水年际波动较大,且具有阵性特征;春夏两季的起沙风频率占全年总量的72.3%,主导风向为WNW-NNW和NE-E两组,大风多集中在春季;区域最大可能输沙量和输沙势具有较好的相关性。[结论]结合包兰铁路沙坡头段风沙防护体系现状,后期可以考虑将体系结构设置为A字形,以取得更好的防护效果。

Real-Time Simulation of Aeolian Sand Movement and Sand Ripple Evolution: A Method Based on the Physics of Blown Sand

Simulation and visualization of aeolian sand movement and sand ripple evolution are a challenging subject. In this paper, we propose a physically based modeling and simulating method that can be used to synthesize sandy terrain in various patterns. Our method is based on the mechanical behavior of individual sand grains, which are widely studied in the physics of blown sand. We accounted significant mechanisms of sand transportation into the sand model, such as saltation, successive saltation and collapsing, while simplified the vegetation model and wind field model to make the simulation feasible and affordable. We implemented the proposed method on the programming graphics processing unit （GPU） to get real-time simulation and rendering. Finally, we proved that our method can reflect many characteristics of sand ripple evolution through several demonstrations. We also gave several synthesized desert scenes made from the simulated height field to display its significance on application.

采煤沉陷区不同裂缝处小叶杨根系损伤特性

[目的]探究矿区采煤沉陷对小叶杨(Populus simonii)根系的损伤程度,为后期小叶杨人工林治理恢复提供理论依据。[方法]观测记录李家塔采煤沉陷区不同坡位处不同裂缝间小叶杨根系的损伤状况,运用数理统计软件分析根系损伤率、损伤类型与坡位、裂缝类型、错位差、裂缝宽和根距裂缝水平距离间的关系等反映小叶杨根系损伤特性。[结果](1)小叶杨水平根主要分布在0—60 cm土层内,0—10 cm土层内根数最多,占40.1%~43.2%,50—60 cm内根数最少,占0.63%~3.71%。根系数量随土层深度增加而逐渐减少。(2)塌陷型和滑动型裂缝处伤根类型有扯断、扭曲、皮裂和拉出,其数量表现为:扯断>皮裂>扭曲>拉出,而拉伸型裂缝处无拉出损伤根系,表现为:皮裂>扭曲>扯断,塌陷型裂缝处根系损伤最严重。(3)根系损伤数量随着根系径级增粗呈现逐渐递减的趋势。根径<2 mm近乎全部扯断,<5 mm损伤以扯断为主,>5 mm以皮裂为主,扯断次之。根越粗扯断越少,皮裂越多。当根径>11 mm时皮裂根数急促地增多。(4)根据相关性由大到小,造成根系损伤的主导因素依次是:裂缝宽、错位差和根裂距。裂缝越宽,错位差越大,小叶杨根系损伤越严重。根裂距越小,根系损伤数量越多。根裂距<1 m时根系损伤最为严重。[结论]不同类型裂缝下根系损伤程度亦不相同。采煤沉陷区植被恢复治理过程中,不同塌陷地应根据不同裂缝类型制定适宜的治理措施。

阿拉尔-和田沙漠公路机械防沙体系内风沙沉积的粒度特征

对阿拉尔-和田沙漠公路沿线机械防沙体系内外地表风沙沉积物进行了系统采样,运用沉积物的粒度分析方法,以流沙区为对照,对比分析了沙漠公路机械防沙体系中阻沙区和固沙区内风沙沉积物的粒度特征。研究发现:(1)从流沙区到阻沙区,再到固沙区,风沙沉积物的粗砂、中砂含量逐渐降低,极细砂、粉砂含量逐渐增加,阻沙区内风沙沉积物的平均粒径减小了31.0%,固沙区内风沙沉积物的平均粒径减小了47.2%。(2)流沙区、阻沙区和固沙区内蠕-跃截点的平均值分别为1.296Φ、1.647Φ、2.188Φ,跃-悬截点的平均值分别为3.893Φ、4.089Φ、4.292Φ,各运动组分的截点均向细端偏移,并且各运动组分的含量也发生了变化,阻沙区和固沙区内蠕移组分含量分别降低了2.378%、5.837%,悬移组分含量分别增加了4.26%、4.294%。(3)固沙区沙粒的分选性最好,偏度SK的平均值为-0.059,表现为近对称,峰态KG为0.939-0.987,表现为中等峰态。

塔克拉玛干沙漠石油公路中段防沙体系粒度特征及沉积作用浅析

通过分析塔克拉玛干沙漠石油公路K290处防沙体系横断面沉积沙样粒度特征、粒度空间分异特征及沉积作用,得出如下结论:前沿阻沙栅栏内外两侧以粗沙沉积为主,固沙带内以细沙沉积为主,其中植物固沙带内粉沙含量较高,固沙带草方格沉积物分选性最好。在垂直方向,愈向表(0～1 cm)层细颗粒含量越多。对沙样跃移组分进行主成分分析及因子分析,结果表明,跃移组分第一主成分表征跃移组分最粗和最细两部分粒径的空间分布特征,其沉积受栅栏影响明显;第二主成分表征跃移组分中间粒径区间的沙粒分布特征,其沉积动力受栅栏与林带影响显著,受草方格影响微弱。主成分与平均粒径值回归分析表明,0～1 cm层与5～6 cm层第一主成分、10～11 cm层第二主成分对应的粒径区间是跃移组分的主要部分。因子分析结果显示,0～1 cm层、5～6 cm层因子载荷与10～11 cm层因子载荷所对应的粒径区间存在差异,其中10～11 cm层第一、第二因子载荷分别对应两个粒径区间,说明沉积作用复杂。