ASYMMETRIC VORTICES FLOW OVER SLENDER BODY AND ITS ACTIVE CONTROL AT HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK

The studies of asymmetric vortices flow over slender body and its active control at high angles of attack have significant importance for both academic field and engineering area.This paper attempts to provide an update state of art to the investigations on the fields of forebody asymmetric vortices.This review emphasizes the correlation between micro-perturbation on the model nose and its response and evolution behaviors of the asymmetric vortices.The critical issues are discussed, which include the formation and evolution mechanism of asymmetric multi-vortices;main behaviors of asymmetric vortices flow including its deterministic feature and vortices flow structure;the evolution and development of asymmetric vortices under the perturbation on the model nose;forebody vortex active control especially discussed micro-perturbation active control concept and technique in more detail.However present understanding in this area is still very limited and this paper tries to identify the key unknown problems in the concluding remarks.

Unsteady aerodynamic modeling at high angles of attack using support vector machines

Abstract Accurate aerodynamic models are the basis of flight simulation and control law design. Mathematically modeling unsteady aerodynamics at high angles of attack bears great difficulties in model structure determination and parameter estimation due to little understanding of the flow mechanism. Support vector machines （SVMs） based on statistical learning theory provide a novel tool for nonlinear system modeling. The work presented here examines the feasibility of applying SVMs to high angle.-of-attack unsteady aerodynamic modeling field. Mainly, after a review of SVMs, several issues associated with unsteady aerodynamic modeling by use of SVMs are discussed in detail, such as sele, ction of input variables, selection of output variables and determination of SVM parameters. The least squares SVM （LS-SVM） models are set up from certain dynamic wind tunnel test data of a delta wing and an aircraft configuration, and then used to predict the aerodynamic responses in other tests. The predictions are in good agreement with the test data, which indicates the satisfving learning and generalization performance of LS-SVMs.

A physical model of asymmetric vortices flow structure in regular state over slender body at high angle of attack

In subcritical Reyolds number flow region, the repeatable and determinate asymmetric vortices flow at regular state can be obtained by manually setting mini-perturbation on the nose of a pointed ogive-cylinder model at high angle of attack and zero side slip. Test results of this study involve surface pressure distributions, sectional-side-force distributions and flow visualizations. The analyses of these results revealed a complicated multi-vortices system at regular state inwhich asymmetric twin vortices with inception region and fully developed region, asymmetric triple vortices, four vortices region, five vortices region and Karman-vortex-street-like flow region aredeveloped along the slender body. The correlation between multi-vortices system structures and corresponding sectional-side-force distribution is given. The behaviors of multi-vortices flow struc-ture at the peculiar points of sectional-side-force distributions and characteristics of corresponding pressure distribution are analysed. Finally, a physical model of asymmetric multi-vortices flowstructure in regular state over slender body is developed.

INFLUENCE OF NOSE PERTURBATIONS ON BEHAVIORS OF ASYMMETRIC VORTICES OVER SLENDER BODY

The influence of nose perturbations on the behaviors of asymmetric vortices over a slender body with a three-caliber ogive nose is studied in this paper. The tests of a nose-disturbed slender body with surface pressure measurement were conducted at a low speed wind tunnel with subcritical Reynolds number of 1×105 at angle of attack α=50°. The experiment results show that the behaviors and structure of asymmetric vortices over the slender body are mainly controlled by manual perturbation on the nose of body as compared with geometrical minute irregularities on the test model from the machining tolerances. The effect of the perturbation axial location on asymmetric vortices is the strongest if its location is near the model apex. There are four sensitive circumferential locations of manual perturbation at which bistable vortices over the slender body are switched by the perturbation. The flowfield near the reattachment line of lee side is more sensitive to the perturbation, because the saddle point to saddle point topological structure in this reattachment flowfield is unstable. Various types of perturbation do not change the perturbation effect on the behaviors of bistable asymmetric vortices.

Study on flow behavior and structure over chined fuselage at high angle of attack

A study of leeward vortex structure over chined fuselage and the effects of micro tip perturbation on its vortex flow have been carried out in wind tunnel experiments at Reynolds numbers from 1.26×105 to 5.04×105 with PIV and pressure measurement techniques.Firstly,the experiment results have proved that micro tip perturbation has no effects on the vortex flow and its aerodynamic characteristics over chined fuselage at high angle of attack,in which there are not any non-deterministic flow behaviors.Secondly,the evolution of leeward vortex structure over chined fuselage along the axis of model can be divided into four flow regimes:linear conical developed regime,decay regime of leeward vortex intensity,asymmetric leeward vortex break down regime and completely break down regime.And a correlation between leeward vortex structure and sectional aerodynamic force was also revealed in the present paper.Thirdly,the experiment results show the behavior of leeward vortex core trajectories and zonal characteristics of leeward vortex structure with angles of attack.Finally,the experiment results of Reynolds number effect on the leeward vortex flow have further confirmed research conclusions from previous studies:the flows over chined fuselage at high angles of attack are insensitive to variation of Reynolds number,and there is a little effect on the secondary boundary layer separation and the suction peak induced by leeward vortex.

Recent progress on the study of asymmetric vortex flow over slender bodies

The investigations of forebody vortex flow and its flow control have great importance in both academic field and engineering application areas. A large number of papers and many review papers have been published. However in this research field of forebody asymmetric vortices, three problems such as tip perturbation effect, Reynolds number effect and flow instability are less studied and thus not understood completely. So many researches are still working on the issues in recent years. The present paper attempts to provide a review of recent research progress on first two problems. The first problem is mainly concerned with how the vortex flow evolves after tip perturbation; how to solve the problem of repeatability and reproducibility of wind tunnel testing data; how to develop a conception of active flow control technique with tip perturbation based on the study of vortex flow response to tip perturbation. For the second problem one is mainly concerned that how the asymmetric vortices are developed with the increase of Reynolds number; how to classify the vortex flow patterns in different Reynolds number regimes; how to develop an appropriate boundary layer transition technique to simulate flows at high Reynolds number in the convention wind tunnels. Finally, some important ques- tions that deserve answers are proposed in the concluding remarks.

HB-2 high-velocity correlation model at high angles of attack in supersonic wind tunnel tests

Responding to a need for experimental data on a standard wind tunnel model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, and in the absence of suitable reference data, a series of tests of two HB-2 standard models of different sizes was performed in the T-38 trisonic wind tunnel of Vojnotehnickˇi Institut(VTI), in the Mach number range 1.5–4.0, at angles of attack up to+30°. Tests were performed at relatively high Reynolds numbers of 2.2 millions to 4.5 millions(based on model forebody diameter). Results were compared with available low angle of attack data from other facilities, and, as a good agreement was found, it was assumed that, by implication, the obtained high angle of attack results were valid as well. Therefore, the results can be used as a reference database for the HB-2 model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, which was not available before. The results are presented in comparison with available reference data, but also contain data for some Mach numbers not given in other publications.

Effects of tip perturbation and wing locations on rolling oscillation induced by forebody vortices

The wing rock motion is frequently suffered by a wing-body configuration with low swept wing at high angle of attack. It is found from our experimental study that the tip perturbation and wing longitudinal locations affect significantly the wing rock motion of a wing-body. The natural tip perturbation would make the wing rock motion of a nondeterministic nature and an artificial mini-tip perturbation would make the wing rock motion deterministic. The artificial tip perturbation would, as its circumferential location is varied, generate three different types of motion patterns： （1） limit cycle oscillation, （2） irregular oscillation, （3） equilibrium state with tiny oscillation. The amplitude of rolling oscillation corresponding to the limit cycle oscillatory motion pattern is decreased with the wing location shifting downstream along the body axis.

Unsteady aerodynamics modeling for flight dynamics application

In view of engineering application, it is practicable to decompose the aerodynamics into three components： the static aerodynamics, the aerodynamic increment due to steady rotations, and the aerodynamic increment due to unsteady separated and vortical flow. The first and the second components can be presented in conventional forms, while the third is described using a one-order differential equation and a radial-basis-function （RBF） network. For an aircraft configuration, the mathematical models of 6- component aerodynamic coefficients are set up from the wind tunnel test data of pitch, yaw, roll, and coupled yawroll large-amplitude oscillations. The flight dynamics of an aircraft is studied by the bifurcation analysis technique in the case of quasi-steady aerodynamics and unsteady aerodynam- ics, respectively. The results show that： （1） unsteady aerodynamics has no effect upon the existence of trim points, but affects their stability; （2） unsteady aerodynamics has great effects upon the existence, stability, and amplitudes of periodic solutions; and （3） unsteady aerodynamics changes the stable regions of trim points obviously. Furthermore, the dynamic responses of the aircraft to elevator deflections are inspected. It is shown that the unsteady aerodynamics is beneficial to dynamic stability for the present aircraft. Finally, the effects of unsteady aerodynamics on the post-stall maneuverability

Mechanism of perturbation-combined active control technique for asymmetric vortex flow over slender body at high angle of attack

Based on the determinability of asymmetric vortices flow over slender body under changeless round grain at high angle of attack,the effect of microblowing set in special position on the behaviors of asymmetric flow is discussed in this paper,including blowing momentum and circumferential locations of the microblowing hole of 0.5 mm in diameter on nose tip.A new kind of active control technique,named perturbation-combined active control technique,which combines the micro-grain and micro-blowing perturbation,was proposed on the basis of the above.This control technique can not only change the sign of side force of slender body arbitrarily through changing the vortices positions between yaw-left and yaw-right configuration,but also can make the magnitude of side force variable gradually even at bistable state of asymmetric vortex.Finally,the interferential mechanism of the perturbation-combined active control technique has also been concluded from this paper.The tests have been conducted at low speed wind tunnel with subcritical Reynolds number of 1.05×10~5 at angle of attack α=50° in Beihang University,Beijing,China.

基于Transformer的飞机状态预测

在非定常气动力下,为防止飞机进入危险状态,通过建模进行状态预测,是保障飞行安全的重要手段,传统方法建模过程复杂、工程化难度大且普适性不强。为更好解决大迎角下飞行状态预测,使用基于深度学习的时序序列预测方法,推测飞机的飞行状态,达到最大限度发掘飞机性能、保障飞行安全的目的。提出一种多任务Transformer模型,同时完成飞行状态参数回归和飞行状态分类。实验结果表明,相比于同类模型,该模型的预测性能有大幅提升。

横风环境下高速列车气动力模拟与分析

为探究不同风攻角、风向角下高速列车所受气动力特性,通过数值模拟的方法对高速列车所在风场进行研究。采用时间序列法模拟得到列车移动点的脉动风速时程,根据准定常假设下风速与气动力之间的关系计算得到列车所受静风力和抖振风力,分析了不同参数对计算结果的影响。结果表明,在同一模拟点下,相较于顺风向脉动风,竖向脉动风的脉动量更小;同一风攻角,风向角越大,静风力越小;同一风向角,风攻角越接近3°,静横向力越小;风攻角越接近0°,静升力越小;随着风攻角由-3°过渡到3°,同一车速下,脉动横向力逐渐减小,而脉动升力先减小后增大;同一风攻角下,随着风向角增大,脉动横向力标准差先增大后减小;脉动升力除风攻角为-3°且呈现逐渐增大的趋势外,其余两种均为先减小后增大;气动力的离散程度即变异系数与风攻角关系不大,主要与风向角有关,风向角越大变异系数越大。

飞机大攻角非定常气动力建模与辨识

采用一阶微分方程描述由非线性非定常效应引起的气动力增量 ,从而建立了一种新的飞机大攻角非定常气动力数学模型。研究了模型在缓变运动下的线化形式和动导数表达式。讨论了模型参数的辨识问题。

大迎角非定常气动力建模方法研究

以战斗机俯仰机动为例,建立了飞机大迎角非定常气动力模型,包括非线性代数模型、Fourier函数分析模型、状态空间模型、差分方程模型以及模糊逻辑模型。并用SDM标模大振幅俯仰振荡非定常气动力风洞试验数据对模型参数进行了辨识,验证了模型的有效性。从模型物理意义、参数辨识难易程度及模型通用性和精确度等方面对几种非定常气动力模型进行了比较研究。

大攻角下有限振幅俯仰飞行的非线性动稳定性分析

本文介绍了一种关于大攻角飞行条件下，飞行器非线性动稳定性分析的数学方法。基于飞行器整体运动的低频特点（ｋ１），将动稳定性导数的概念推广到大攻角有限摆幅振荡飞行的稳定性分析，给出了逐次求取各阶动导数的摄动方法，导出了小参数形式的非线性动力学方程。结合常微分方程的定性理论，可以揭示大攻角飞行中的某些非线性特征，方法原则上可推广到多自由度问题。

类F-16飞行器风洞虚拟飞行试验研究

为研究高性能战斗机在大迎角机动飞行时复杂的非定常流动现象和运动-控制耦合现象,研制了三自由度风洞虚拟飞行试验系统,开展了类F-16飞行器模型风洞虚拟飞行试验。在小迎角试验中完成模型短周期运动模态模拟和控制律验证,在大迎角试验中测量到俯仰运动失稳现象,在负迎角试验中测量到横航向耦合失稳现象。研究表明:在横航向耦合失稳时,采用副翼增稳滚转通道难以恢复横航向稳定性,且可能发生运动-控制耦合振荡,而通过升降舵机动改变迎角可有效恢复横航向稳定性。

头部钝度对大迎角非对称多涡流动特性的影响

在西北工业大学NF 3风洞通过表面测压和物面油流实验以及在北京航空航天大学1.2m水洞利用染色线显示和激光片光技术,对尖头和钝头拱形细长体大迎角绕流结构和气动特性进行了研究。结果表明,尖头拱形细长体在大迎角下(45°≤α≤60°)表现出非对称多涡的复杂涡系流动现象,相应的截面侧向力CZ沿轴向呈现出类似正弦曲线形式的减幅振荡,并且侧向力幅值较大(1<CZ<3.5);而将尖头改为钝头,CZ的幅值比原来减小2/3(CZ<1),而且在某些滚转角下呈现侧向力分布基本为零的现象。文中分析了侧向力大幅度减小的机理,认为尖拱头部顶端变钝后,物面分离线由开式分离变为闭式分离,并且在顶端背风侧形成U形马蹄涡结构;马蹄涡的作用是约束背风侧2个主涡,抑制非对称的出现。

不同形式等离子体激励对细长体分离涡的控制

应用一对单介质阻挡放电(Single-Dielectric Barrier Discharge,SDBD)等离子体激励器对20°顶角圆锥前体分离涡流场进行了主动控制实验研究。在模型尖端处表面上布置两组不同形式的介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,通过左、右舷等离子体激励器分别开启来实现对圆锥前体非对称涡流场的控制。对圆锥前体8个测量截面的周向压力分布进行了测量,并对相应的缩比模型进行了固定截面的粒子图像测速实验(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)。静态压力测量实验在3.0m×1.6m低速低湍流直流闭口风洞中进行,粒子图像测速实验在0.6m×0.5m低速直流开口风洞中进行,迎角固定在45°。研究结果表明:对两种不同形式和布置位置的激励器,当左、右舷激励器分别开启时,压力分布均出现了明显的变化,显示出等离子体激励对非对称分离涡流场可以进行有效控制;顺吹型和逆吹型等离子激励器对流场产生影响的效果和机理有所不同,应用顺吹型等离子体激励器时的流动控制有效风速要高于使用逆吹型等离子体激励器。

亚临界雷诺数细长体绕流流态随迎角的变化和分区

通过在北航1.2m水洞中利用染色液显示和激光片光技术的显示实验以及在西工大NF-3风洞中进行的表面测压实验,对拱形头部细长旋成体在无侧滑条件下的流场结构和流动特性随着迎角的变化进行了实验研究。在流动显示和测压结果分析的基础上,对迎角从0°到90°范围内绕细长体的流动进行了流态分区,即细长体绕流经历6种流态:极小迎角下(0°≤α≤3°)物面附着绕流流态、小迎角下(3°<α≤25°)背部对称旋涡流态、中等迎角下(25°<α≤40°)背部2个非对称旋涡流态、大迎角下(40°<α≤60°)的非对称多涡系复杂流态、特大迎角下(60°<α<75°)背部多个旋涡依次破裂的流态、极大迎角下(75°≤α≤90°)背部类卡门涡街(或随机尾迹)流态。阐述了不同区域的流动特性和气动特性。

不同轮轨冲角下高速轮轨稳态滚动接触的蠕滑特性

在分析轮轨接触蠕滑机理的基础上,利用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用mixed Lagrangian/Eulerian方法建立三维轮轨稳态滚动接触模型,研究直线线路上轮轨冲角对高速列车轮轨滚动接触面间蠕滑力和蠕滑率的影响。结果表明:车轮接触斑内的纵向蠕滑力随着轮轨冲角的增大而逐渐减小,其最大值与最小值相差约9.67%,因此轮轨冲角的增大会降低列车的牵引性能;横向蠕滑力随着轮轨冲角的增大而增大,轮轨冲角为6mrad时的横向蠕滑力是其为0mrad时的7.3倍左右;在横向蠕滑力和纵向蠕滑力的相互作用下接触斑内存在小自旋蠕滑;轮轨冲角对纵向蠕滑率几乎没有影响,但对横向蠕滑率有较大的影响,不同冲角时最大横向蠕滑率值相差约16.5%。