Aerodynamic Interpolation for Flight Vehicles with Aerodynamic Axial Asymmetry

Aim To study wind tunnel test data interpolation methods for flight vehicle with aerodynamic axial asymmetry. Methods For different body aerodynamic roll angles, proper wind tunnel test schemes were selected and trigonometric series were used for aerodynamic interpolation. Results and Conclusion A simple and effective scheme for wind tunnel test and an accurate aerodynamic interpolation method are developed with satisfactory results.

A Numerical Study of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a High-Speed Train under the Effect of Crosswind and Rain

The performances of high-speed trains in the presence of coupling effects with crosswind and rain have attracted great attention in recent years.The objective of the present paper was to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train under such conditions in the framework of an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach.An aerodynamic model of a high-speed train was first set up,and the side force coefficient obtained from numerical simulation was compared with that provided by wind tunnel experiments to verify the accuracy of the approach.Then,the effects of the yaw angle,the resultant wind speed,and the rainfall rate on aerodynamic coefficients were analyzed.The results indicate that the aerodynamic coefficients grow almost linearly with the rainfall rate,and increase with a decrease in the resultant wind speed.Due to the impact of raindrops on the train surface and the airflow,the pressure coefficients of windward and leeward side of the train become larger with the increase of the rainfall rate.Raindrops can accelerate the airflow and suppress the vortices detachment.Moreover,the flow velocity in regions surrounding the train increases with an increase in the rainfall rate.

A comparison of piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomials,cubic splines and piecewise linear functions for the approximation of projectile aerodynamics

Modelling and simulation of projectile flight is at the core of ballistic computer software and is essential to the study of performance of rifles and projectiles in various engagement conditions.An effective and representative numerical model of projectile flight requires a relatively good approximation of the aerodynamics.The aerodynamic coefficients of the projectile model should be described as a series of piecewise polynomial functions of the Mach number that ideally meet the following conditions:they are continuous,differentiable at least once,and have a relatively low degree.The paper provides the steps needed to generate such piecewise polynomial functions using readily available tools,and then compares Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial(PCHIP),cubic splines,and piecewise linear functions,and their variant,as potential curve fitting methods to approximate the aerodynamics of a generic small arms projectile.A key contribution of the paper is the application of PCHIP to the approximation of projectile aerodynamics,and its evaluation against a set of criteria.Finally,the paper provides a baseline assessment of the impact of the polynomial functions on flight trajectory predictions obtained with 6-degree-of-freedom simulations of a generic projectile.

Wind tunnel measurement of aerodynamic characteristics of trains passing each other on a simply supported box girder bridge

The aerodynamic performance of high-speed trains passing each other was investigated on a simply supported box girder bridge,with a span of 32 m,under crosswinds.The bridge and train models,modeled at a geometric scale ratio of 1:30,were used to test the aerodynamic forces of the train,with the help of a designed moving test rig in the XNJD-3 wind tunnel.The effects of wind speed,train speed,and yaw angle on the aerodynamic coefficients of the train were analyzed.The static and moving model tests were compared to demonstrate how the movement of the train influences its aerodynamic characteristics.The results show that the sheltering effect introduced by trains passing each other can cause a sudden change in force on the leeward train,which is further influenced by the wind and running speeds.Detailed analyses related to the effect of wind and train speeds on the aerodynamic coefficients were conducted.The relationship between the change in aerodynamic coefficients and yaw angle was finally described by a series of proposed fitting formulas.

Effects of wind barriers on the aerodynamic characteristics of bridge-train system for a road-rail same-story truss bridge

Wind barriers are commonly adopted to prevent the effects of wind on high-speed railway trains,but their wind-proofing effects are greatly affected by substructures.To investigate the effects of wind barriers on the aerodynamic characteristic of road-rail same-story truss bridge-train systems,wind tunnel experiments were carried out using a 1:50 scale model.Taking a wind barrier with a porosity of 30%as an example,the aerodynamic characteristics of the bridge train system under different wind barrier layouts(single-sided and double-sided),positions(inside and outside)and heights(2.5 m,3.0 m,3.5 m and 4.0 m)were tested.The results indicate that the downstream inside wind barrier has almost no effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of the train-bridge system,but the downstream outside wind barrier increases the drag coefficient of the bridge and reduces both the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of the train due to its effect on the trains wind pressure distribution,especially on the trains leeward surface.When the wind barriers are arranged on the outside,their effects on the drag coefficient of the bridge and shielding effect on the train are greater than when they are arranged on the inside.As the height of the wind barrier increases,the drag coefficient of the bridge also gradually increases,and the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of the train gradually decrease,but the degree of variation of the aerodynamic coefficient with the height is slightly different due to the different wind barrier layouts.When 3.0 m high double-sided wind barriers are arranged on the outside of the truss bridge,the drag coefficient of the bridge only increases by 12%,while the drag coefficient of the train decreases by 55%.

Wind tunnel study of aerodynamic wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Segment sectional model tests are carried out to investigate the wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge, which has complicated three-dimensional flow due to its feature of double columns. Through the force measuring tests, aerodynamic force coefficients of every segment of the pylon columns have been obtained. It is found that the tested aerodynamic force coefficients are much smaller than those given by codes. The interference effects of aerodynamic force coefficients between columns of pylon are discussed. The results show that the interference effect is the most evident when the yaw angle is about 30 ° from transverse direction. This kind of interference effect can be described as diminutions in transverse aerodynamic force coefficients and magnifications in longitudinal aerodynamic force coefficients of downstream columns.

Study on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Supersonic Airfoil

With the invention of the aircraft, it has become much faster and larger than the original Wright Brothers aircraft. When the speed is high enough to cross the speed of sound, air conditions will be different than that in low speed due to the existence of shock wave. In this work, we introduce several numerical ways to analyze the performance of the airfoil when the speed is higher than the speed of sound. With these numerical methods, we analyzed the performance of diamond-shaped airfoil under different angles of attack and speed. With this data, engineers can choose a better airfoil to attain a lower drag coefficient as well as lift coefficient when designing a high-speed aircraft.

Mathematical modeling of the aerodynamic coefficients of a sail blade

The authors of the work numerically studied the aerodynamic coefficients of the sail blade,during which the patterns of three-dimensional flow around airflow and the pressure distribution field were obtained.The triangular sail blade is used as the power element of wind turbines.The sail blade modeling was based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations(RANS)using the ANSYS FLUENT computer program.A flow pattern is obtained,which gives a physical explanation of the nature of the airflow around the sail blade and the pressure distribution field.Comparative analyses of theory and experiment are given.In the range of Reynolds numbers from 0.5×10^(4) to 2.5×10^(4),the change in the drag force coefficient is from 1.04 to 0.54,and the difference in the lift force coefficient is from 0.52 to 0.33.

钢桁梁断面形式对公铁两用桥上列车气动特性影响

钢桁梁断面形式的不同可能会改变桥上列车的气动力,进而影响桥上列车运行安全性和舒适性。为此,以某千米级公铁两用悬索桥为工程为背景,通过风洞试验对三种常用钢桁梁断面形式的桥上列车进行测力、测压试验。研究结果表明,当单列车位于三种钢桁梁断面形式上的上游时,列车的阻力、升力系数无明显差异,而单列车位于下游时,列车的阻力、升力系数有较大的区别;在双车状态下,由于迎风侧列车的遮挡作用,改变了不同钢桁梁断面形式下列车的流场,使得钢桁梁断面形式对背风侧列车影响较小。无论列车位于上游、下游,其三种钢桁梁断面形式下列车的阻力系数、升力系数随风攻角的变化趋势一致。当列车位于上游时,其三种钢桁梁断面形式上列车顶部和底部圆弧过渡段都出现不同程度的流动分离,使得其列车平均风压系数不同;当列车位于下游时,三种钢桁梁断面形式上列车平均风压系数变化趋势一致,说明钢桁梁断面形式对下游列车的平均风压影响较小。列车位于上、下游时,其脉动风压系数会有显著的差异,其脉动风压系数的大小受腹杆布置形式的影响要比梁高的不同更为显著。本文研究结果可为大跨钢桁梁桥的断面形式选取提供参考和依据。

并列切角方柱风致干扰效应的大涡模拟研究

针对并列切角高层建筑间的干扰影响问题,本文采用大涡模拟方法研究雷诺数22 000的均匀流场下并列切角(切角率10%)方柱的干扰效应。基于模型的网格收敛性分析及模型准确性验证,对比分析不同间距比下并列切角方柱的气动干扰效应和流场分布,并探寻风压干扰效应的影响规律和形成机理。结果表明:对于并列切角方柱,平均阻力系数主要呈放大效应,脉动升力系数主要呈减小效应。在并列切角方柱处于小间距(B/L=1.2)时,由于风与壁面的相互作用,产生风压力,风压力与方柱表面力叠加,对正压区域产生加强效果,表现为放大效应,对负压区域进行削弱,出现减小效应;当B/L=1.5时,结构干扰最剧烈,其中相邻立面后流场的切角处放大效明显,干扰因子最大值为2.58;当B/L≥4.0时,除相邻立面外的其他立面与切角干扰效应趋于消失;当B/L=8.0时,相邻立面仍然存在28%的放大效应。

输电线路跳线风偏共振响应特性及风振系数分析

该研究构建了跳线-导线-绝缘子串精细化有限元耦合模型,进行脉动风荷载作用下的动力响应分析,着重探究了跳线风偏与导线风偏动力特性的差异性。阐明了导、跳线在模态、气动阻尼比等动力特性上存在明显不同的特征,采用频域法结合多工况分析,研究了平均风速、湍流度、跳线悬垂串质量及振型组合阶数对导、跳线脉动背景响应及共振响应的影响。研究结果表明,跳线基频约为导线的1.5倍~2.0倍,并且气动阻尼效应对跳线风偏的影响远小于导线。导线脉动风偏位移响应以背景响应为主,而共振响应并不明显,但跳线脉动风偏位移响应的共振分量不可忽略,产生的共振增量可使跳线脉动风偏位移增大30%以上。跳线共振响应特性由跳线自身动力特性决定,受来流平均风速、湍流度影响较小,1阶振型对跳线共振响应起决定作用。该研究基于准静态法及惯性力法推导了峰值脉动风力共振部分,引入共振因子,修正了DL/T 5551-2018《架空输电线路荷载规范》中跳线风振系数表达式。修正的跳线风振系数最终相较DL/T 5551-2018《架空输电线路荷载规范》增大约9%~12%。

基于LSTM的超临界机翼抖振边界预测方法

超临界机翼的抖振对运输机的安全性和稳定性有着极大的影响,如何高效准确地确定抖振边界一直是备受关注的研究热点。针对CHN-T1型运输机标模,构建了一种基于长短时记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)神经网络的超临界机翼抖振边界预测框架。根据CHN-T1标模的计算数据,设计了基于LSTM的气动力系数预测模型和抖振起始迎角判定模型,用于准确预测给定马赫数下气动力系数的变化趋势,并且实现了抖振起始迎角的快速判定;通过整合抖振起始迎角数据确定了CHN-T1标模的抖振边界,并用风洞试验数据验证了结果的准确性。研究结果显示,LSTM模型对气动力系数变化趋势有良好的预测能力,其均方根误差维持在2%以内;同时,在抖振起始迎角的判定方面表现出色,抖振边界的误差保持在2%以内。这些结果验证了该方法在抖振边界预测中的可靠性和准确性,为超临界机翼的抖振研究提供了有力支持。

微地形风场下架空输电导线风致振动特性分析

为研究微地形下架空输电导线风振特性以完善输电线路抗风设计,采用计算流体动力学方法(CFD)模拟得出微地形下不同线路处风速及攻角变化规律,并推导输电导线相对运动时的脉动风荷载。建立跨越微地形的三跨输电导线有限元模型,利用谐波合成法(WAWS)模拟时间和空间相关的线路脉动风场,对导线施加风荷载,分析微地形下输电导线风振响应。研究结果表明:在微地形下,来流经谷口与山顶时加速明显,水平风速最大加速比达到1.42,坡前垂向风速不可忽略;相较平地风场,跨越山谷、山顶线路第二跨导线的跨中水平位移幅值分别增大58.27%和56.39%,导线水平张力和绝缘子风偏角度大幅增加,导线覆冰舞动可能导致空气间隙不足发生放电,在抗风设计时须增大设计风速;坡前线路风振位移减小,可适当减小安全裕度。研究结果可为复杂山地地形下输电导线抗风设计提供参考。

设置结构缝的矩形高层建筑风荷载及风致响应研究

大长宽比的矩形高层建筑往往需要设置结构缝,设缝后建筑物的风压分布仍由整体建筑外形决定,但各建筑单元的风荷载及风致响应与单一建筑相比会有很大不同。为探究设缝建筑中各单元的风荷载和风振特性,本文以长宽比为3的单一建筑为参照对象,对长宽比分别为6和9、在长边分别设置1道和2道结构缝的矩形高层建筑进行了同步测压风洞试验;分析正交风向下不同建筑单元的三分力系数、功率谱和整体体型系数特性;对不同建筑单元采用同一结构参数计算其风振响应,探讨不同单元的顶层位移和加速度响应随风向角的变化特点,考察正交风向下这些响应的频谱特性。研究结果表明:不同单元的气动力系数和气动力谱差别明显,且短边迎风时的差异大于长边迎风时的差异;考虑全风向角情况,设置结构缝的建筑两侧单元整体体型系数比同等长宽比的单一建筑的小,中间单元整体体型系数与单一建筑的基本相同;两侧单元的顶层平动风振响应比单一建筑的小,扭转风振响应比单一建筑的略大,中间单元的平动和扭转响应都明显比单一建筑的小。因此,设置结构缝的矩形高层建筑不同单元的抗侧力构件应采取差异化布置。

分流喷管出口构型对红外抑制器性能影响的数值和实验研究

在模型实验验证的基础上,采用数值模拟的方法,对比分析了分流喷管出口构型对直升机红外抑制器气动性能、温度场和红外辐射强度的影响。研究结果表明:相比基准分流喷管模型(Origin),分流喷管出口带一定外扩张角的波瓣出口结构(Lobe_1)的引射系数略微降低、总压恢复系数降低,中间混合管出口排气温度峰值却降低了65.1 K,同时降低了混合管上下方区域的壁面温度,但造成混合管中后段外侧壁面局部区域温度升高;外扩张角为0的波瓣出口结构(Lobe_2)增加引射系数3.8%,总压恢复系数与Lobe_1结构基本相当,中间混合管出口排气温度峰值也降低了62.8 K,尤其是其降低混合管壁面温度的效果最佳;分流喷管出口突片结构(Tab)增加引射系数10.6%,但总压恢复系数降低0.7%,同时,内侧混合管出口排气平均温度降低19.3 K,混合管壁面降温效果相对较差。总体来看,波瓣和突片结构都起到增强引射、强化混合的作用,尤其是波瓣出口结构(Lobe_2)对降低抑制器总体红外辐射效果最好,在3~5μm波段的红外辐射强度最大可降低21%;在8~14μm波段,其红外辐射强度最大可降低15%。

间距对公铁双幅主梁气动特性影响的试验研究

为研究间距对非对称公铁双幅主梁气动特性的影响,以某大跨度公铁双幅斜拉桥主梁断面为背景进行节段模型风洞试验,在间距L/Br=0.2~2.0范围内,测试了2种不同来流方向下双幅主梁的气动特性,分析非对称双幅主梁气动力系数、表面风压分布并推断主梁周围绕流特征,明确间距对非对称公铁双幅主梁气动干扰规律的影响规律。结果表明:无论风向角α=0°或α=180°,上游主梁气动力系数、表面风压分布和绕流方式受间距影响程度相对较小,与单幅主梁气动特性和绕流方式相似;但下游主梁气动特性受间距影响较大,且完全不同于单幅主梁,间隙处的绕流形式随间距的增大而发生变化,下游主梁气动力系数、平均风压系数曲线和脉动风压曲线也表现出完全不同的规律;且间距越大,下游主梁气动特性和绕流方式越接近于单幅主梁。公路主梁的流线性相比于铁路主梁更强,这种气动外形差异导致2种来流方向下非对称双幅主梁气动特性和绕流形式不同,间距在L/Br=0.2~2.0范围内,气动干扰对其影响规律也完全不同。如α=0°时,双主梁上表面始终为“单一钝体流态”;但α=180°时,双主梁上表面属于“剪切层附着流态”,间距不同,上游公路主梁尾流附着于下游铁路主梁的位置不同,据此可再细分为2种不同的绕流方式。研究成果可为同类型非对称双幅桥梁间隙距离设计提供参考。

径向来流畸变对燃气轮机压气机叶片颤振特性的影响研究

为分析来流畸变对燃气轮机压气机颤振特性的影响,建立了径向畸变的入口来流总压模型,基于影响系数法研究了不同相位角和不同畸变强度的径向来流总压畸变对压气机流场特征及气弹稳定性的影响。结果表明:相位角为90°和180°的径向来流总压畸变会使危险工况下的气动阻尼最小值有所增大,气弹稳定性提升;相位角为180°的径向来流总压畸变可以在所有叶间相位角下提高压气机的气弹稳定性;相位角为0°和270°的径向来流总压畸变均会提高压气机发生颤振的风险,需要尽量避免。

线形布置双矩形柱的平均气动力特性试验研究

为研究线形布置双矩形柱的平均气动力特性,采用刚性模型测压风洞试验测试并分析了宽高比为1∶4的双矩形柱在不同风向角和不同间距比下的平均阻力系数和平均升力系数,并与单矩形柱的试验结果进行了对比分析。在此基础上,通过分析平均风压分布进一步揭示了线形布置双矩形柱平均气动力系数的干扰机理。风向角α的变化范围为0°~90°,间距比P/B(双矩形柱的中心距与矩形柱宽度之比)的变化范围为1.2~8.0。研究结果表明:双矩形柱的平均阻力系数可分为0°≤α≤30°和30°<α≤90°两类;上游矩形柱的平均升力系数可分为0°≤α≤75°和75°<α≤90°两类;下游矩形柱的平均升力系数可分为0°≤α≤20°和20°<α≤90°两类。平均气动力系数的放大效应主要体现在上游矩形柱,平均阻力系数最大为单矩形柱的1.5倍,平均升力系数最大为单矩形柱的2.1倍。

卡瓣数量对尾翼脱壳穿甲弹脱壳过程影响分析

为研究尾翼稳定脱壳穿甲弹(APFSDS)脱壳过程中弹托与弹体之间流场相互作用特性,本文采用FLUENT流体力学计算软件,基于6DOF动网格技术,建立了尾翼稳定脱壳穿甲弹弹托分离三维流场的数值仿真模型,对卡瓣在气动力作用和重力作用下的分离过程进行了模拟,仿真得到了不同时刻卡瓣分离流场以及卡瓣、弹体气动系数随时间变化曲线,并研究了卡瓣数量对分离过程的影响。研究结果表明,在分离初始阶段,弹托前端旋转气流的快速变化会导致弹体阻力突增,弹托阻力突降;中间分离阶段,弹托前脱体激波和弹体的相互作用会导致弹体气动力的波动变化;在弱耦合阶段,卡瓣激波与弹体激波在弹尾处的交汇,会使弹体阻力系数下降。随着弹托卡瓣数量的增加,弹托分离时间减少,弹体气动系数波动程度和弹体气动冲量系数呈减小趋势;4卡瓣弹托在弹托分离过程中对弹体的干扰程度最小。

某纯电动SUV的空气动力学开发

为了提升汽车续航能力,以降低整车风阻车型、优化空气动力学性能为目标,以整车空气动力学开发流程为切入点,运用流体分析软件STAR-CCM+对某纯电SUV车型进行空气动力学性能仿真,兼顾整车空气动力学设计原则、造型风格定义、工程可行性,从外观造型及底部护板两个方向提出多种降阻优化方案。(1)基于“前圆”原则,将前保险杠区域的气流分离优化成更加贴体流动的型面,降低了前部正压和能量耗散;(2)基于“后方”原则,通过尾翼封堵、顶棚局部下压、侧翼Y向内收、尾灯区域局部上抬及后保险杠底端型面优化方案,有效改善尾部气流流动状态,增大了尾部负压,进一步降低了整车风阻;(3)通过对气动轮辋、平整化的全覆盖式底护板及其他局部细节优化,有效提高了轮腔区域涡流形态及底部气流的流动,最终实现SUV的降阻率超过30%,风阻系数控制在0.28以内,有效降低了整车风阻系数,满足了整车性能的开发需求,提升了该SUV车型的续航能力。