The ultraviolet aerosol index(UVAI) is essential for monitoring the absorbing aerosols during aerosol events. UVAI depends on the absorbing aerosol concentration, the viewing geometry, and the temporal drift of radiom...The ultraviolet aerosol index(UVAI) is essential for monitoring the absorbing aerosols during aerosol events. UVAI depends on the absorbing aerosol concentration, the viewing geometry, and the temporal drift of radiometric sensitivity. To efficiently detect absorbing aerosols with the highest precision and to improve the accuracy of long-term UVAI estimates,the background UVAI must be examined through the UVAI retrieval. This study presents a statistical method that calculates the background value of UVAI using TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI) observation data over the Pacific Ocean under clear-sky scenes. Radiative transfer calculations were performed to simulate the dependence of UVAI on aerosol type and viewing geometry. We firstly applied the background UVAI to reducing the effects of viewing geometry and the degradation of the TROPOMI irradiance measurements on the UVAI. The temporal variability of the background UVAI under the same viewing geometry and aerosol concentration was identified. Radiative transfer calculations were performed to study the changes in background UVAI using Aerosol Optical Depth from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and reflectance measurements from TROPOMI as input. The trends of the temporal variations in the background UVAI agreed with the simulations. Alterations in the background UVAI expressed the reflectance variations driven by the changes in satellite state. Decreasing trends in solar irradiance at 340 and 380 nm due to instrument degradation were identified. Our findings are valuable because they can be applied to future retrievals of UVAI from the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI) onboard the Chinese GaoFen-5 satellite.展开更多
The objective of this work is to analyze the temporal and spatial variability of the monthly mean aerosol index (AI) obtained from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in c...The objective of this work is to analyze the temporal and spatial variability of the monthly mean aerosol index (AI) obtained from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in comparison with the available ground observations in Nigeria during 1984-2013. It also aims at developing a regression model to allow the estimation of the values of AI in Nigeria based on the data from ground observations. TOMS and OMI data are considered and treated separately to provide continuity and consistency in the long-term data observations, together with the meteorological variable such as wind speed, visibility, air temperature and relative humidity that can be used to characterize the dust activity in Nigeria. The results revealed a strong seasonal pattern of the monthly distribution and variability of absorbing aerosols along a north to south gradient. The monthly mean AI showed higher values during the dry months (Harmattan) and lower values during the wet months (Summer) in all zones. From December to February, higher AI values are observed in the southern region, decreasing progressively towards the north, while during March-October, the opposite pattern is observed. The AI showed clear maximum values of 2.06, 1.93, and 1.87 (TOMS) and 2.32, 2.27 and 2.24 (OMI) in the month of January and minimum values in September over the north-central, southern and coastal zones, while showing maximum values of 1.76 (TOMS) and 2.10 (OMI) during March in the Sahel. New empirical algorithms for predicting missing AI data were proposed using TOMS data and multiple linear regression, and the model co-efficient was determined. The generated coefficients were applied to another dataset for cross-validation. The accuracy of the model was determined using the coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup> and the root mean square error (RMSE) calculated at the 95% confidence level. The AI values for the missing years were retrieved, plotted and compared with the measured monthly AI cycle. It is concluded that the meteorological variables can significantly explain the AI variability and can be used efficiently to predict the missing AI data.展开更多
本文利用2005~2020年北京地区观测得到的辐射资料,揭示近十多年来北京地区紫外辐射的变化规律,同时对影响紫外辐射长期变化的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,紫外辐射呈现出明显的日、季节变化特征。日变化呈现出单峰的变化规律,在正午...本文利用2005~2020年北京地区观测得到的辐射资料,揭示近十多年来北京地区紫外辐射的变化规律,同时对影响紫外辐射长期变化的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,紫外辐射呈现出明显的日、季节变化特征。日变化呈现出单峰的变化规律,在正午时出现一天中的极大值,而早晚则是低值时段,极大值和极小值分别出现在中午12时(北京时,下同;16.26 W m^(−2))和上午08时(5.64 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射从春季开始逐渐增强,到夏季出现一年中的极大值,随后开始下降,直到冬季出现一年中的极小值,月均极大值和极小值分别出现在6月(12.17 W m^(−2))和12月(5.4 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射年均值为9.74 W m^(−2)。紫外辐射与晴空指数呈现正相关,与气溶胶光学厚度和大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)呈现负相关。展开更多
RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995...RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.展开更多
Based on Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） monthly aerosol optical thickness （AOT） measurements in 1980–2001 a study is made of space/time patterns and difference between land and sea of AOT 0.50 μm thick ...Based on Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） monthly aerosol optical thickness （AOT） measurements in 1980–2001 a study is made of space/time patterns and difference between land and sea of AOT 0.50 μm thick over China,which are put into correlation analysis with synchronous extreme temperature indices （warm/cold day and night）.Results suggest that 1） the long-term mean AOT over China is characterized by typical geography,with pronounced land-sea contrast.And AOT has significant seasonality and its seasonal difference is diminished as a function of latitude.2） On the whole,the AOT displays an appreciably increasing trend,with the distinct increase in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and SW China,North China,the mid-lower Changjiang （MiLY） valley as well as the South China Sea,but marginal decrease over western/northern Xinjiang and part of South China.3） The AOT over land and sea is marked by conspicuous intra-seasonal and -yearly oscillations,with remarkable periods at one-,two-yr and more （as interannual periods）.4） Land AOT change is well correlated with extremely temperature indexes.Generally,the correlations of AOT to the extreme temperature indices are more significant in Eastern China with 110 ° E as the division.Their high-correlation regions are along the Southern China coastline,the Loess Plateau and the Sichuan Basin,and even higher in North China Plain and the mid-lower Changjiang River reaches.5） Simulations of LMDZ-regional model indicate that aerosol effects may result in cooling all over China,particularly in Eastern China.The contribution of aerosol change may result in more decrease in the maximum temperature than the minimum,with decrease of 0.11/0.08 K for zonal average,respectively.展开更多
文摘The ultraviolet aerosol index(UVAI) is essential for monitoring the absorbing aerosols during aerosol events. UVAI depends on the absorbing aerosol concentration, the viewing geometry, and the temporal drift of radiometric sensitivity. To efficiently detect absorbing aerosols with the highest precision and to improve the accuracy of long-term UVAI estimates,the background UVAI must be examined through the UVAI retrieval. This study presents a statistical method that calculates the background value of UVAI using TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument(TROPOMI) observation data over the Pacific Ocean under clear-sky scenes. Radiative transfer calculations were performed to simulate the dependence of UVAI on aerosol type and viewing geometry. We firstly applied the background UVAI to reducing the effects of viewing geometry and the degradation of the TROPOMI irradiance measurements on the UVAI. The temporal variability of the background UVAI under the same viewing geometry and aerosol concentration was identified. Radiative transfer calculations were performed to study the changes in background UVAI using Aerosol Optical Depth from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and reflectance measurements from TROPOMI as input. The trends of the temporal variations in the background UVAI agreed with the simulations. Alterations in the background UVAI expressed the reflectance variations driven by the changes in satellite state. Decreasing trends in solar irradiance at 340 and 380 nm due to instrument degradation were identified. Our findings are valuable because they can be applied to future retrievals of UVAI from the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument(EMI) onboard the Chinese GaoFen-5 satellite.
文摘The objective of this work is to analyze the temporal and spatial variability of the monthly mean aerosol index (AI) obtained from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in comparison with the available ground observations in Nigeria during 1984-2013. It also aims at developing a regression model to allow the estimation of the values of AI in Nigeria based on the data from ground observations. TOMS and OMI data are considered and treated separately to provide continuity and consistency in the long-term data observations, together with the meteorological variable such as wind speed, visibility, air temperature and relative humidity that can be used to characterize the dust activity in Nigeria. The results revealed a strong seasonal pattern of the monthly distribution and variability of absorbing aerosols along a north to south gradient. The monthly mean AI showed higher values during the dry months (Harmattan) and lower values during the wet months (Summer) in all zones. From December to February, higher AI values are observed in the southern region, decreasing progressively towards the north, while during March-October, the opposite pattern is observed. The AI showed clear maximum values of 2.06, 1.93, and 1.87 (TOMS) and 2.32, 2.27 and 2.24 (OMI) in the month of January and minimum values in September over the north-central, southern and coastal zones, while showing maximum values of 1.76 (TOMS) and 2.10 (OMI) during March in the Sahel. New empirical algorithms for predicting missing AI data were proposed using TOMS data and multiple linear regression, and the model co-efficient was determined. The generated coefficients were applied to another dataset for cross-validation. The accuracy of the model was determined using the coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup> and the root mean square error (RMSE) calculated at the 95% confidence level. The AI values for the missing years were retrieved, plotted and compared with the measured monthly AI cycle. It is concluded that the meteorological variables can significantly explain the AI variability and can be used efficiently to predict the missing AI data.
文摘本文利用2005~2020年北京地区观测得到的辐射资料,揭示近十多年来北京地区紫外辐射的变化规律,同时对影响紫外辐射长期变化的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,紫外辐射呈现出明显的日、季节变化特征。日变化呈现出单峰的变化规律,在正午时出现一天中的极大值,而早晚则是低值时段,极大值和极小值分别出现在中午12时(北京时,下同;16.26 W m^(−2))和上午08时(5.64 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射从春季开始逐渐增强,到夏季出现一年中的极大值,随后开始下降,直到冬季出现一年中的极小值,月均极大值和极小值分别出现在6月(12.17 W m^(−2))和12月(5.4 W m^(−2))。紫外辐射年均值为9.74 W m^(−2)。紫外辐射与晴空指数呈现正相关,与气溶胶光学厚度和大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)呈现负相关。
基金National Key Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2016YFC0203301)National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China(2015CB453201,2013CB430103)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41375058,41530427)Jiangsu Natural Science Key Project of China(BK20150062)
文摘RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.
基金Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster under contract No. KLME05001
文摘Based on Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） monthly aerosol optical thickness （AOT） measurements in 1980–2001 a study is made of space/time patterns and difference between land and sea of AOT 0.50 μm thick over China,which are put into correlation analysis with synchronous extreme temperature indices （warm/cold day and night）.Results suggest that 1） the long-term mean AOT over China is characterized by typical geography,with pronounced land-sea contrast.And AOT has significant seasonality and its seasonal difference is diminished as a function of latitude.2） On the whole,the AOT displays an appreciably increasing trend,with the distinct increase in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and SW China,North China,the mid-lower Changjiang （MiLY） valley as well as the South China Sea,but marginal decrease over western/northern Xinjiang and part of South China.3） The AOT over land and sea is marked by conspicuous intra-seasonal and -yearly oscillations,with remarkable periods at one-,two-yr and more （as interannual periods）.4） Land AOT change is well correlated with extremely temperature indexes.Generally,the correlations of AOT to the extreme temperature indices are more significant in Eastern China with 110 ° E as the division.Their high-correlation regions are along the Southern China coastline,the Loess Plateau and the Sichuan Basin,and even higher in North China Plain and the mid-lower Changjiang River reaches.5） Simulations of LMDZ-regional model indicate that aerosol effects may result in cooling all over China,particularly in Eastern China.The contribution of aerosol change may result in more decrease in the maximum temperature than the minimum,with decrease of 0.11/0.08 K for zonal average,respectively.
