Hygroscopic growth of aerosol scattering coefficient:A comparative analysis between urban and suburban sites at winter in Beijing

A humidity controlled inlet system was developed to measure the hygroscopic growth of aerosol scattering coefficient in conjunction with nephelometry at an urban site of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences （CAMS） in Beijing and a rural site at Shangdianzi Regional Background Air Pollution Monitoring Station （SDZ） outside Beijing during winter, from December 2005 to January 2006. Measurements were carded out at a wavelength of 525 nm with an Ecotech M9003 nephelometer. The hygroscopic growth function （or factor） of the aerosol scattering coefficientf（RH） increased continuously with increasing relative humidity （RH） and showed no obvious ＂step-like＂ deliquescent behavior at both sites during the experiment. The average growth factorf（RH） at the SDZ site could reach 1.5 when RH increased from less than 40% to 92%, and to 2.1 at the CAMS site when RH increased from less than 40% to 93%. The average hygroscopic growth factor at a relative humidity of 80%, f（RH = 80 ± 1%）, was found to be about 1.26 ±0.15 at CAMS and 1.24 ±0.11 at SDZ. Further analysis indicated that under relatively polluted conditions, the average hygroscopic growth factor was higher at the CAMS site than that at the SDZ site. However, under relatively clean air conditions, the difference between the two sites was small, showing a hygroscopic growth behavior similar to those of burning biomass or blowing dust. These results reflected the different characteristics of aerosol types at the two sites.

Rlationship between the aerosol scattering ratio and temperature of atmosphere and the sensitivity of a Doppler wind lidar with iodine filter

The sensitivity of Doppler wind lidar is an important parameter which affects the performance of Doppler wind lidar. Aerosol scattering ratio, atmospheric temperature, and wind speed obviously affect the measurement of Doppler wind lidar with iodine filter. We discuss about the relationship between the measurement sensitivity and the above atmospheric parameters. The numerical relationship between them is given through the theoretical simulation and calculation.

Scattering Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols over Lanzhou City and Applications Using an Integrating Nephelometer

The data, measured by a three-wavelength Integrating Nephelometer over Lanzhou City during the winters of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 respectively, have been analyzed for investigating the scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols and exploring their relationship and the status of air pollution. The aerosol particle volume distribution is inverted with the measured spectral scattering coe?cients. The results show that the daily variation of the aerosol scattering coe?cients is in a tri-peak shape. The average ratio of backscattering coe?cient to total scattering coe?cient at 550 nm is 0.158; there exists an excellent correlation between the scattering coe?cients and the concentration of PM10. The average ratio of the concentration of PM10 to the scattering coe?cients is 0.37 g m?2, which is contingent on the optical parameters of aerosol particles such as the size distribution, etc.; an algorithm is developed for inverting the volume distribution of aerosol particles by using the histogram and Monte-Carlo techniques, and the test results show that the inversion is reasonable.

Multiple scattering of light by water cloud droplets with external and internal mixing of black carbon aerosols

The mixture of water cloud droplets with black carbon impurities is modeled by external and internal mixing models.The internal mixing model is modeled with a two-layered sphere（water cloud droplets containing black carbon（BC） inclusions）,and the single scattering and absorption characteristics are calculated at the visible wavelength of 0.55 μm by using the Lorenz-Mie theory.The external mixing model is developed assuming that the same amount of BC particles are mixed with the water droplets externally.The multiple scattering characteristics are computed by using the Monte Carlo method.The results show that when the size of the BC aerosol is small,the reflection intensity of the internal mixing model is bigger than that of the external mixing model.However,if the size of the BC aerosol is big,the absorption of the internal mixing model will be larger than that of the external mixing model.

Recent Progress of Aerosol Light-scattering Enhancement Factor Studies in China

Assessment of the radiative forcing of aerosols in models still lacks sufficient input data for aerosol hygroscopicity. The light scattering enhancement factor [ f(RH, λ)] is a crucial parameter for describing aerosol hygroscopic growth properties.In this paper, we provide a survey of f(RH, λ) studies in China for the past seven years, including instrument developments of humidified nephelometers, ambient f(RH, λ) measurements in China, f(RH, λ) parameterization schemes, and f(RH, λ)applications in aerosol measurements. Comparisons of different f(RH, λ) parameterizations are carried out to check their performance in China using field measurement datasets. We also summary the parameterization schemes for predicting f(RH, λ)with aerosol chemical compositions. The recently developed methods to observe other aerosol properties using f(RH, λ)measurements, such as calculating the aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, cloud condensation nuclei number concentration,aerosol liquid water content, and aerosol asymmetry factor, are introduced. Suggestions for further research on f(RH, λ) in China are given.

Simultaneous estimation of aerosol optical constants and size distribution from angular light-scattering measurement signals

The angular light-scattering measurement（ALSM） method combined with an improved artificial bee colony algorithm is introduced to determine aerosol optical constants and aerosol size distribution（ASD） simultaneously. Meanwhile, an optimized selection principle of the ALSM signals based on the sensitivity analysis and principle component analysis（PCA）is proposed to improve the accuracy of the retrieval results. The sensitivity analysis of the ALSM signals to the optical constants or characteristic parameters in the ASD is studied first to find the optimized selection region of measurement angles. Then, the PCA is adopted to select the optimized measurement angles within the optimized selection region obtained by sensitivity analysis. The investigation reveals that, compared with random selection measurement angles, the optimized selection measurement angles can provide more useful measurement information to ensure the retrieval accuracy. Finally,the aerosol optical constants and the ASDs are reconstructed simultaneously. The results show that the retrieval accuracy of refractive indices is better than that of absorption indices, while the characteristic parameters in ASDs have similar retrieval accuracy. Moreover, the retrieval accuracy in studying L-N distribution is a little better than that in studying Gamma distribution for the difference of corresponding correlation coefficient matrixes of the ALSM signals. All the results confirm that the proposed technique is an effective and reliable technique in estimating the aerosol optical constants and ASD simultaneously.

Measurement and analysis of ozone, ultraviolet B and aerosol light scattering coefficients in the Arctic

Tropospheric ozone （O3）, ultraviolet B （UVB） radiation and aerosol light scattering coefficients （SC） were investigated on a cruise ship during the fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition from July 1 September 20, 2010. The results showed that O3, UVB and SC decreased with increasing latitude, with minimum values recorded in the central Arctic Ocean. Average O3 concentrations were 15.9 ppbv and 15.1 ppbv in the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean, respectively. Ozone concentrations increased to 17.5 ppbv in the high Arctic region. Average UVB values were 0.26 W.m-2 and 0.14 W.m-2 in the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean, respectively. The average SC in the Bering Sea was 4.3 M.m-1, more than twice the value measured in the Arctic Ocean, which had an average value of 1.7 M.m-1. Overall, UVB and SC values were stable in the central Arctic Ocean.

Analysis on characteristics of aerosol absorption and scattering over Zhangye, China

The first China-US joint dust field experiment was carried out by Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Me- teorological Administration, and University of Maryland, the Department of Energy （DOE）, USA, from April to June, 2008. The observation sites are located at Zhangye National Climatological Observatory, Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University （SACOL）, and Jingtai with the Mobile Facilities of SACOL. The measurements of Particle Soot Absorp- tion Photometer and TSI Integrating Nephelometer are used to analyze the aerosol absorption and scattering characteristics over Zhangye. The results are： the aerosol absorption, total scattering, and backscattering coefficients present similar diurnal variation trends with their bi-peaks at 08：00 and 22!00, and they are generally higher in nighttime than in daytime. Their monthly average coefficient is the highest in April, and the!l drops in succession in May and June. Frequency analysis of aerosol single scattering albedo （SSA） shows that the magnitudes＇0f SSA at 450, 550, and 700 nm are mainly within 0.7q3.9. The maximum frequency of SSA at 450 and 700 nm distribute at 0.8, and at 0.85 for 550 nm. The averages of SSA at 450, 550, and 700 nm are 0.72, 0.75, and 0.68, respectively.

Absorption Properties of Urban/Suburban Aerosols in China

The broadband diffuse radiation method is improved to retrieve the aerosol refractive index imaginary part （AIP） and broadband （400-1000 nm mean） single scattering albedo （SSA）. In this method, four sets of SSA selection criteria are proposed for quality control. The method is used to retrieve AIP, SSA and absorptive optical thickness （AbOT） from routine hourly-exposed pyrheliometer and paranometer measurements over 11 sites （meteorological observatories） in China during 1998-2003. Apart from one suburban site （Ejin Qi）, the other urban sites are all located around big or medium cities. As shown in the retrieval results, annual mean SSA during 1998-2003 changes from 0.941 （Wuhan） to 0.849 （Lanzhou）, and AIP from 0.0054 to 0.0203. The 11-site average annual mean SSA and AIP are 0.898 and 0.0119, respectively. SSA during winter is smaller for most sites. There is an evidently positive correlation between SSA and aerosol optical thickness （AOT） for all sites. There is also a positive correlation between SSA and relative humidity for most sites, but a negative correlation for a few sites, such as Kashi and ǚrǚmqi in Northwest China.

The Radiative Forcing of Aerosols in a West Africa Sahelian Urban City: Case Study of Ouagadougou

This paper is an assessment of radiative forcing caused by atmospheric aerosols in an urban city in West Africa. It is carried out in Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso and is an illustration of the radiative impact in most of the large Sahelian urban cities which are under the same climatic influences and whose populations present similarities in their socio-economic aspects. Using the GAME code, the radiative forcing was calculated at the top of the atmosphere, in the atmospheric layer and at the earth’s surface. The results showed overall a cooling effect at the top of the atmosphere due to the backscattering in space of the incident radiation, a heating in the atmospheric layer due to the absorption effect and a surface cooling justified by the attenuation of radiation crossing the atmosphere. Using monthly average values of optical properties, vertical temperature and humidity profiles, daily temperatures and surface albedo, the simulation yielded forcing values ranging from -6.77 W/m2 to -2.56 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere, from 15.8 W/m2 to 34.7 W/m2 in the atmospheric layer and from -41.00 W/m2 to -21.68 W/m2 at the earth’s surface. In addition, the warming was simulated in the first atmospheric layer (in contact with the surface), and the results show values ranging from 0.8°C to 1.8°C. The study of the annual variability of the results showed a strong correlation between the radiative forcing and the seasonal succession characteristic of the climate in West Africa with the extreme values in the month of March (characteristic of the dry and hot season) and in the month of August (characteristic of the rainy season).

气溶胶谱分段拟合对能见度计算的影响

针对气溶胶谱分布函数拟合中存在的偏差严重影响能见度计算精度的问题,提出了一种采用Junge谱与Deirmendjian谱结合的分段拟合方法来提高气溶胶谱分布函数的精度,并在大气环境模拟舱内进行了实验验证。首先,在大气模拟舱内生成了气溶胶多峰谱分布,建立了气溶胶谱分布的参数化模型。然后,对比分析了所提综合谱分段拟合方法和单一谱函数法拟合谱函数的相对误差和相关系数。最后,基于相对偏差和相关性评估了所提方法计算能见度的精度。结果表明利用所提方法计算获得的能见度与观测值的平均相对偏差为4.87%,相关性R^(2)=0.9847,证明其拟合结果具有较好的准确性、稳定性,且与实际观测值具有较好一致性。

天空可见-近红外光谱偏振态自动测量仪设计

太阳光在地球大气传输过程中产生的散射会呈现出固有的偏振特性,因此利用大气散射偏振态分布特性及其与太阳照射几何以及地表观测几何之间存在的对应关系,为地球大气层内导航提供了可能。然而因气象变化造成的大气组分改变会直接影响光散射分布,从而影响基于偏振态分布的方向定位精度,因此在偏振导航实际应用过程中,其方向指引精度受大气状况影响较大。为研究不同气象条件下天空偏振态变化内在机理,研制了一台天空可见-近红外光谱偏振态自动测量仪。该仪器可按需进行定时段、定天区、多天候天空光谱偏振态测量,采用分时偏振同时分谱非成像测量体制。仪器主要由偏振分析模块、偏振检测方位定位驱动电机、微型光谱仪、GPS定位模块、嵌入式采集控制模块、二维载重转台等部分组成,光谱范围为390~960nm,光谱分辨率为1.5nm,观测视场为3°,光谱线偏振度测量精度优于98.85%,偏振角测量精度优于0.1°,单点观测时间小于9s。经实验室定标和外场测试,表明该仪器可在多种气象条件下稳定观测天空光谱偏振态,其测量数据可用于天空偏振态影响机理相关研究。

霾过程黑碳对气溶胶散射吸湿增长的影响

利用成都市2017年10~12月逐时的“干”气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数和环境气象监测资料,结合同时次气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子(Gf)的反演数据,分析了4类霾强度条件下黑碳浓度(C_(BC))的变化特征,并基于广义可加模型(GAM)探讨了C_(BC)对气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子(f)的影响机制.结果表明:(1)轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾强度条件下的C_(BC)均服从对数正态分布,其均值随霾强度的增加而增大,变差系数则随霾强度的增加而减小.(2) C_(BC)与Gf之间呈现非线性负相关,C_(BC)与C_(PM2.5/PM10)(细颗粒物质量浓度与粗颗粒物质量浓度之比)之间则呈现非线性正相关(均通过了α=0.01的显著性检验);随着霾的渐近演化,Gf随C_(BC)增加而减小的趋势持续增强,C_(PM2.5/PM10)随C_(BC)增加而增大的趋势则持续减弱.(3) Gf与C_(PM2.5/PM10)之间存在显著的交互作用(通过了α=0.001的显著性检验),以Gf与C_(PM 2.5/PM10)为双变量的GAM模型能更好地表征f的变化特征.

内蒙古半干旱区气溶胶散射特性及影响因素

利用2020年7月9日至2023年7月8日锡林浩特市散射系数、黑碳(BC)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)质量浓度以及气象要素观测资料,从气溶胶散射特性的时间变化、概率密度分布、与不同类型气溶胶和气象因子的相关程度等方面展开分析,并针对该地区开展散射系数等级划分。结果表明:(1)该地区气溶胶散射能力整体水平较低,但是春季沙尘输送、冬季及夜晚逆温出现频率较高会造成该地区气溶胶散射能力的明显增强。(2)粒径越小的气溶胶与散射系数的相关程度越高,与散射系数的相关系数大小依次为BC>PM_(2.5)>PM_(10),但同时具有季节差异性,此外秋、冬季硝酸盐颗粒是造成该地区散射能力增强的重要因素,夏、秋、冬季硫酸盐颗粒对该地区的散射能力也具有一定贡献。(3)以相关系数的增幅作为当前气象因素对散射系数的贡献率,得到当前气象因素对散射系数的贡献率在1%~2%之间。

淮河流域典型农田区气溶胶散射特性的日变化和季节变化研究

利用2019年寿县国家气候观象台气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶质量浓度及相关气象观测数据,统计分析了淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶散射特征及其成因,为该区域气溶胶污染辐射强迫及其对农业生产影响方面的研究提供了定量观测证据。研究表明:该地区气溶胶散射系数具有显著的季节变化规律,冬季最高,夏季最低;三个波长(450、525、635 nm)气溶胶日平均散射系数分别为329.8±180.0、270.2±153.7、214.4±128.4 Mm^(-1),并且散射系数日变化与天气要素和大气层结日变化规律具有很好的相关性,且冬季日振幅远小于其他三季;?ngstr?m指数年平均值为1.32,后向散射比年平均值为0.15,气溶胶质量散射系数年平均值为4.83 m^(2)/g,表明淮河流域农田区域的气溶胶以细颗粒为主;气溶胶散射系数大小主要受偏西风调控,散射系数与能见度具有高度的负相关幂函数关系;污染日的气溶胶散射系数远大于清洁日,污染物很大程度上影响了光辐射在大气中的传输能力,污染程度高,大气的散射作用就越强。

上甸子秋冬季雾霾期间气溶胶光学特性

通过对2004年秋冬季(9—12月)4次雾霾天气过程在京、津背景地区——北京上甸子大气本底污染监测站观测的大气气溶胶光学特性的分析,发现该地区气溶胶光学特性受天气过程的影响很大。4次雾霾影响时段,平均气溶胶散射系数σ_(sca)、吸收系数σ_(abs)和单次散射反照率ω都远高于雾霾过后清洁时段的数值,其中气溶胶ω在雾霾影响时段为0.94～0.97,雾霾后为0.84～0.86,平均减小了0.1左右,表明雾霾天气有利于气溶胶的累积和生成。相比于光吸收性气溶胶,雾霾天气对光散射性气溶胶的增加更为有利,反映了二次气溶胶的产生及其对消光的贡献可能有较大增加。

天津城区春季大气气溶胶消光特性研究

利用天津大气边界层观测站2011年4月1日~5月10日气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数、PM2.5质量浓度、大气能见度和常规气象观测数据,分析了气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数的变化特征,以及气溶胶消光系数与PM2.5质量浓度和大气能见度的关系,并对两种方法计算的消光系数进行了比较.结果表明,观测期间天津城区气溶胶散射系数为369.93 Mm-1,对大气消光贡献为86.7%,气溶胶吸收系数为36.32Mm-1,对大气消光贡献为8.5%,单次散射反照率为0.91;气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数的日变化特征具有明显的双峰结构,对应于早晚交通高峰;不同天气类型下其日分布特征存在较大差异,霾日散射系数和吸收系数最高,沙尘日和降水日次之,晴日最低;气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数与PM2.5质量浓度呈线性正相关,与大气能见度呈指数负相关,观测期间气溶胶质量散射效率均值为2.95m2/g;采用Koschmieder’s公式反算能见度获得的大气消光系数,与通过测量气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶吸收系数、气体散射系数和气体吸收系数等分量加和获得的消光系数相比一致性较好,高相对湿度天气下能见度反算值高于各系数加和值.

应用积分浑浊度仪研究兰州城市冬季大气气溶胶

利用积分浑浊度仪监测得到的散射系数和多波段光度计观测资料分析了兰州冬季大气气溶胶的一个个例的散射光学特征.用散射系数计算了后向散射比、不对称因子、单次反照率、波长指数等重要的辐射参数,为气溶胶辐射强迫研究以及气溶胶辐射强迫参数化方案提供了基础资料.在此基础上建立了一种适合利用散射系数反演气溶胶细微粒子谱分布的方法.

石家庄春季大气气溶胶的散射特征

利用2010年5月积分浊度仪、PCASP-X2和能见度仪的观测资料,分析了石家庄大气气溶胶的散射特征及其与气溶胶粒子浓度、能见度、气象条件的关系.结果表明,观测期间,450,550,700nm 3个波段的气溶胶散射系数平均值±标准差分别为（257±293）,（199±237）和（143±173）Mm-1,散射系数的变化很大,但气溶胶微物理特征相对比较稳定.散射系数日变化呈3峰分布,峰值出现在8：00、13：00和0：00.以550nm波长为例,气溶胶散射系数的变化范围为144~308Mm-1,夜间散射系数大于白天,非晴天散射系数平均值（524.9Mm-1）是晴天散射系数（112.3Mm-1）的4.7倍.气溶胶3个波段后向散射比均大于0.15,说明石家庄细粒子污染比较严重.散射系数和体积浓度成正比,但由于局地气象条件和污染源的影响,有气溶胶体积浓度变大,散射系数变化不大的情况出现.气溶胶散射系数和能见度呈负相关;根据Koschmieder公式计算得到的能见度,能较好反映实际观测情况.当大气相对湿度较高时,气溶胶散射系数随湿度增大呈现两种不同的变化趋势,即一部分气溶胶的散射系数有明显的增大,而另一部分则随着相对湿度的增加并未增大,反而比干气溶胶散射系数要小.局地风场也会影响气溶胶散射特性.

半干旱区气溶胶散射特性研究

利用2005年1月至9月锡林浩特观象台积分浊度计的观测资料,结合同期的PM10质量浓度、能见度以及常规气象资料,分析了半干旱地区气溶胶的散射系数变化特征,讨论了它的季节变化、日变化、不同沙尘天气下气溶胶散射系数的变化情况,以及散射系数与PM10质量浓度、能见度的关系。结果表明1月至9月散射系数总体呈先下降再升高的趋势,日变化呈明显的双峰型;散射系数能很好的反映沙尘天气的强度;它与PM10质量浓度变化规律基本一致,两者之间具有很好的相关性;散射系数与能见度呈指数相关关系。