Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Aerospace Manufacturing Facilities in the United States–A Step towards Sustainable Development

In this study,information on energy usage in the United States(U.S.)aerospace manufacturing sector has been analyzed and then represented as energy intensities(kWh/m2)to establish benchmark data and to compare facilities of varying sizes.First,public sources were identified and the data from these previously published sources were aggregated to determine the energy usage of aerospace manufacturing facilities within the U.S.From this dataset,a sample of 28 buildings were selected and the energy intensity for each building was estimated from the data.Next,as a part of this study the energy data for three additional aerospace manufacturing facilities in the U.S.were collected firsthand.That data was analyzed and the energy intensity(kWh/m2)for each facility was calculated and then compared with the energy intensities of the 28 buildings from the sample.Three different indicators of energy consumption in aerospace manufacturing facilities were used as comparators to assist facility managers with determining potential energy savings and help in the decision-making process.On average,aerospace manufacturing facilities in the United States spent 4 cents for each dollar of sale on energy.The energy intensity(kWh/m2)and the power intensity(W/m2)for each facility were calculated based on the actual facility energy bills.The power intensity for these facilities ranges from 34 to 134 W/m2.The energy intensity ranged from 232 to 949 kWh/m2.We found that the power intensity could be used to estimate energy consumption when the annual operating hours of the facility are considered.and to estimate the energy-related carbon dioxide emissions.

Development of the Supply Chain Oriented Quality Assurance System for Aerospace Manufacturing SMEs and Its Implementation Perspectives

Aerospace manufacturing SMEs are continuously facing the challenge on managing their supply chain and complying with the aerospace manufacturing quality standard requirement due to their lack of resources and the nature of business. In this paper, the ERP system based approach is presented to quality control and assurance work in light of seamless integration of in-process production data and information internally and therefore managing suppliers more effectively and efficiently. The Aerospace Manufacturing Quality Assurance Standard （BS/EN9100） is one of the most recognised and essential protocols for developing the industry-operated-and-driven quality assurance systems. The research investigates using the ERP based system as an enabler to implement BS/EN9100 quality management system at manufacturing SMEs and the associated implementation and application perspectives. An application case study on a manufacturing SME is presented by using the SAP based implementation, which helps fiarther evaluate and validate the approach and application system development.

Accuracy evaluation for in-situ machining reference points binocular measurement based on credibility probability

Passive binocular measurement systems are being increasingly utilized in the in-situ industries of automobiles,aviation,and aerospace,etc.due to their excellent qualities of accuracy,efficiency,and cost performance.Whereas the barrier of evaluating the accuracy of measured objects resulted from the unequal equivalent focal length and quantization of pixels,has limited their further development and application of high requirements for in-situ machining,e.g.,the measurement of machining reference points for the positioning of robotic drilling in aerospace manufacturing.In this paper,an accuracy evaluation method is proposed to address the problem.Firstly,the unequal equivalent focal length is considered to improve the accuracy of 3D reconstruction.Next,the credibility probability model is developed to calculate the probability of the observed error in the public view of the binocular measurement system and indicates the direction of improvement.Finally,the in-situ experiment is carried out to validate the method within the effective public view range of 300 mm×300 mm.The experiment results show that the RMSs of observed errors are superior to 0.035 mm,and the credibility probabilities are all higher than 0.91;the maximum 3D reconstruction accuracy improvement is 60.3%,with the error reduced from 0.078 mm to 0.031 mm.

Development and application of high-end aerospace MEMS

This paper introduces the design and manu- facturing technology of aerospace microelectromechanical systems （MEMS） characterized by high performance, multi-variety, and small batch. Moreover, several kinds of special MEMS devices with high precision, high reliability, and environmental adaptability, as well as their typical applications in the fields of aeronautics and aerospace, are presented.