An Exploration of the British Army Female Nursing Service during World War I

After the outbreak of World War I,the British War Office decided to dispatch female nursing personnel to the front lines due to the severe casualties among soldiers,the underdeveloped military medical services of the allied forces,and the maturity of the British Army female nursing service.Despite the harsh working conditions and the complexities of nurse-patient relationships under wartime restrictions,the female nursing staff also experienced moments of leisure that allowed them to relax and recuperate.The wartime British Army Female Nursing Service had a positive effect in reducing casualties and promoting the development of the official nurse registration movement.

Burns and frostbite in the Red Army during World War Ⅱ

The start of World War Ⅱ(WWⅡ) led to the deployment of combat troops in several continents. Destruction and many casualties among both the military and civilians became an inevitable consequence. A large amount of people injured were in need of life-saving treatment and a speedy return to duty. Intensive studies of the specific issues of diagnosis and treatment of thermal injury were conducted in the Soviet Union before the war. The first special units for patients with burn injuries were created, and the first specialists received their first clinical experience. The contributions of famous Soviet scientists in the development of the treatment of burns and frostbite in WWⅡ are studied in this article. The structure of thermal injuries among military personnel and the results of their treatment are shown. Treatment, classification and quantity frostbite in the structure of sanitary losses during the WWⅡ are studied in this article.

Regard History as a Mirror and Create a New World of Peace,Development and Cooperation—In Commemoration of the 60^(th) Anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World's Anti-Fascist War

The year 2005 marks the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the world’s anti-fascist war. China and many other countries have held all kinds of activities to commemorate this event that has most deeply impacted human history. The Second World War, the crudest war

The Effects of World War Ⅱ:Analysis of Kensuke's Kingdom

Kensuke's Kingdom is a highly readable British survival novel written by Michael Morourgo. It is not only a survival novel, but also a realistic novel for the children. By the two disparate characters, the writer wants to discuss the effects of the war, which is the deeper meaning of this novel. Writing war and the effects of the war is a heavy but necessary topic for children's literature. Books like Kensuke's Kingdom can be woven into young readers' developing senses of themselves, extending their imaginations and helping them to understand the world from unaccustomed points of view.

Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiingshen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War

This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.

Iraq War and Principal contradictions in World Politics

Nobody denies that the Iraq war launched by America is a local war that is of global influence and beyond the anti-terror campaign. The various contentions among major world political powers before and after the war reveal that the world strategic structure that is changing since the end of the Cold War has gone through another grave impact after the 9/11 events. The paper does not want to make an

The Influence of U. S-Iraq War on World System and International Order

The ongoing U. S. -Iraq war is the focus of various governments, peoples and media of the world. Analyses can be made from different angles. I want to discuss the influence of the U. S. -Iraq war on current and future world system and international system. The U. S. -Iraq war is not a war in a traditional sense, but the first comprehensive war in the new century, involving military, political,

Ecuador and World War I： One Nation＇s Experience on the Periphery of the Great War and During its Aftermath, 1914-1924

In the horrific conflict of 1914-1918 known as World War I, Latin American nations were peripheral players but they were not immune from its effects. This essay reviews the conflict＇s impact on Ecuador--a Latin American nation that after declaring neutrality in 1914, broke relations with Germany on December 7, 1917 but refrained from any involvement in the actual fighting. Following a brief review of the existing historiography of this period, the study examines Ecuador＇s geographic, political, economic and social situation in 1914; its involvement in the war as a neutral between 1914 and April 6, 1917; and the developments that occurred after its decision to break relations with Germany in December 1917 until the armistice on November 11, 1918. Finally it suggests how the consequences of Ecuador＇s stance in the months after the restoration of peace contributed to the end of the Liberal Era in 1924.

Multicultural Women＇s Views on the First World War in Virginia Woolf＇ s Mrs. Dalloway

This year highlights the centenary of the outbreak of World War I and this paper aims at comparing and contrasting multicultural views on the First World War in Virginia Woolf＇s Mrs. Dalloway （1925）. The views on the First War are portrayed by a plurality of voices, most of which are women＇s, and they allow readers to think of the war experience in a more subjective but also more plural way. In this novel, voices from both sides of the First War resonate, i.e., the hegemonic side of the war--the Allies--is compared and contrasted to the subjectivity of the voices of the ＂others＂--the Axis, although they do not necessarily work in harmony. Such innovation in point of view has, in great part, contributed to converging story and history, allowing this literary work to partake in the production of historical knowledge and cultural memory of the War.

Memory Recently Retold： The Chinese Historical Writing of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War （1931-1945） and World War il （1939-1945） have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of ＂historical war stories＂ in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, ＂historical facts＂ of this era are, in reality, very vague in people＇s minds and their ＂facts＂ are often simply a construction of frequently retold ＂historical war stories＂ mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China＇s desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.

World War Ⅱ Victory Allows No Distortion in the Interests of Justice and World Peace

2015 marks the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression(1937-1945)and the World Anti-Fascist War.This year also marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations.At this historical moment in the inheritance of the past and ushering in the future,the

Emergency Money in Hungarian Pharmacies from World War l to the Hungarian Soviet Republic

All of the existing emergency notes of pharmacy in Hungary between 1914 and 1919 were collected, presented and studied. The concept of emergency money, the causes and circumstances leading to its development were defined. The historical backgrounds of these reasons were studied and presented in chronology order. The various issued emergency money of pharmacy was classified and demonstrated in pictures. When an economic crisis turns up in the life of mankind, special solutions will occur. World War I breaking out a hundred years ago and the Hungarian Soviet Republic created such a situation in Hungary. The official currency was replaced with a new one, the amount of which could not cover the daily purchase of people. The lack of change led to print numerous emergency notes in different fields of life. In this study, all of the so-far discovered pharmaceutical emergency money was collected and presented systematically. The paper is considered to be unique since in the field of the history of pharmacy similar ones have not been born recently. The released notes provide an instantaneous picture of the industry （art, typography, chemical industry etc.） of the given country as well. These pieces of paper are regarded to be valuable treasure among numismatics.

Africa and the World Wars

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the First World War and the 75th anniversary of the Second World War. Mauya Omauya a media editor and lecturer in international affairs at Kenya＇s Moi University, believes that from slavery to colonialism and neocolonialism, Africa has been a victim of wars started far from its shores. His views follow：

从“自由灯塔”到“世界领袖”:两次世界大战与美国人国际角色认知的转变

从18世纪晚期到20世纪初期,美国精英们虽然抱有以共和主义改造世界的理想,但相信美国应该专注于国内的“共和实验”,以榜样的力量而非对外干预行动来影响世界,扮演“自由灯塔”而非“自由十字军”的角色。一战爆发后,威尔逊试图重塑美国人的国际认知,说服民众放弃孤立主义并支持美国在战后发挥世界领导作用,但没有成功。到二战结束时,美国朝野终于达成共识,认识到美国不应该满足于做“自由灯塔”,还应该成为战后的“世界领袖”,承担起领导世界实现和平与繁荣的责任。美国精英们对美国国际角色认知的改变既是美国实力迅速增长和国际环境巨变的结果,更与两次世界大战的教训有关。特别是二战的悲剧使美国民众意识到,美国的安全和繁荣与外部世界息息相关,美国有必要通过对国际事务的主导塑造有利于美国的世界环境。美国从此走上了全球干涉和霸权护持之路,对美国自身和整个世界都产生深远影响。

英国对美国的“反向租借”援助及清偿(1941-1946)

第二次世界大战期间,英国在接受美国“租借”援助的同时向美国提供“反向租借”援助,是同盟成员国向美国提供“反向租借”援助的典型个案。依据《英美互助协定》,英国向美国提供力所能及的一切物品、服务、设备和情报,美国则承诺在清算对英“租借”援助时以此作为冲抵。在未包括净价值160亿美元已消耗、损毁或散失援助物资的情况下,英国以信贷方式支付6.5亿美元清偿了价值60.3亿美元的美国“租借”援助。然而,战时美英谈判互助和战后谈判清偿都充分暴露了美国通过“租借”援助谋求长远利益的意图,英国虽尽力抵制,但为了战时生存和战后重建不得不屈从于美国的政策意志。

“冷战”·“逆行”·“新时期”—— 世界华文文学视野下的中国当代文学

完整意义上的中国当代文学应当包括中国版图内全部地区的当代文学,但现在我们通常所说的“中国当代文学”是指中国境内(境指关境)的当代文学。从世界华文文学的视野来观照这一传统意义上的文学样态时,可以从三个方面提供对当代文学的新认识:置身“冷战”环境,但“中国当代文学”对“冷战”的参与,具有一种“非典型形态”;“中国当代文学”向现实主义挺进并不断深入,与整个世界文学潮流形成了一种“逆行”发展的势头;在经历了“拨乱反正”的过渡期后,一是向西方深度学习追求先锋,二是自觉回视传统有意寻根,“中国当代文学”放弃了“新”“新文学”的尝试,以一种既具有自觉的理论意识和本土立场,又兼具开放和包容的姿态,拥抱世界文学并致力于并入世界文学,从而造就了一个“新时期”。

“文明”的雕刻:“一战”华工战壕艺术的传统意蕴

“一战”赴欧华工在做工之余,曾制作了相当数量的战壕艺术品(Trench Art),因其特有的东方风格而受到欧洲人的喜爱,它们以馈赠礼品或艺术商品方式流入欧洲家庭和当地社会。区别于欧洲战壕艺术多为纪念战争标志性事件而制作的特点,华工战壕艺术作品更多采用中国古典符号和民间元素,如吉祥纹、古诗词、神话传说中的人物形象以及龙图腾等,在跨文化语境中,体现了东方文明对战争之物独特的雕刻与重塑,凝结了和合、贵生的中国传统文化意蕴。