The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve lo...The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.展开更多
This paper takes the Wudang Mountains and Wuhan Battle Memorial Hall as examples to investigate and analyze the losses of Wuhan during the Anti-Japanese War.The paper concludes with two inspirations:to make full use o...This paper takes the Wudang Mountains and Wuhan Battle Memorial Hall as examples to investigate and analyze the losses of Wuhan during the Anti-Japanese War.The paper concludes with two inspirations:to make full use of the intangible cultural heritage spots to carry out patriotism education for primary and middle school students;and to effectively transform the cultural resources of the tourist spots in Hubei Province into cultural industries,in order to achieve the sustainable development of intangible cultural resources of Hubei Province tourist attractions.展开更多
As a typical Lenin-style political party,what should be concerned most is the CPC’s (Communist Party of China) capacity in fighting against and clearing enemies.This study provides a distinct perspective to observe a...As a typical Lenin-style political party,what should be concerned most is the CPC’s (Communist Party of China) capacity in fighting against and clearing enemies.This study provides a distinct perspective to observe and recognize CPC’s ability of turning hostility into friendship.Japanese prisoners of war (POW) had been poisoned by ultra-nationalism and militarism for years,and thus were extremely difficult to be reformed.However,under the correct ideological guidance of Mao and the unremitting efforts of the CPC’s political officers and cadres,a great number of them acknowledged the CPC’s political ideology and joined the CPC’s team.展开更多
Base on the strategic bombardment to destroy willpower of Chinese Anti-Japanese war, in the Second World War, Japanese aircrafts were nondiscriminatorily bombing China’s cities, which committed crimes against humanit...Base on the strategic bombardment to destroy willpower of Chinese Anti-Japanese war, in the Second World War, Japanese aircrafts were nondiscriminatorily bombing China’s cities, which committed crimes against humanity. Actually, the US army nondiscriminatorily bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki and damaged the human rights too. The US army, however, speeded up Japanese surrender and protected more people’s rights to life. It is never forgotten that the painful game of protecting and damaging human rights between Japanese militarism and anti-fascist alliance.展开更多
The Chinese Anti-Japanese War was a battle between human rights protections and abuses, between civilization and brutality, and between justice and evil. During the war, the human rights of Chinese people were complet...The Chinese Anti-Japanese War was a battle between human rights protections and abuses, between civilization and brutality, and between justice and evil. During the war, the human rights of Chinese people were completely violated by the Japanese aggressors, causing an unprecedented human rights catastrophe. At the same time, Chinese people vigorously resisted the aggression in order to defend the national survival right and safeguard the human peace against war. The history of human rights’ victory over human rights abuses tells us: aggressive wars are the most serious violations of human rights. We must protect people’s right to peace for every country in the world. In order to avoid violations of human rights by war once again, we must safeguard the international postwar order and prevent the revival of fascism, whose essences are contempt for and trample on human rights. Therefore we have to respect and protect human rights and defend both the collective rights of every nation and the individual rights of every person in the world.展开更多
Since 1949,Chinese mainland historians and creators in film and television,novels,and reportage have continued to shape the heroic image of female groups in the base areas of the Communist Party of China(CPC)during th...Since 1949,Chinese mainland historians and creators in film and television,novels,and reportage have continued to shape the heroic image of female groups in the base areas of the Communist Party of China(CPC)during the Anti-Japanese War.They participated in production,women's mobilization,and reconstruction of the rural political order Tike men.55 They pursued the equality between men and women,marked by freedom of marriage,and also participated in regional guerrilla warfare to combat the Japanese puppet army"as men."However,in the remote villages of north China at the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,it was not common for women to unbind their feet.In wartime,most women over twenty years of age were forever left with the"three-inch golden lotus"(sancun jinlian)feet.The damage of the war accelerated their acceptance of the CPC's emancipation concepts and policies and presented them with an opportunity to actively implement them.The experience of survival drastically changed traditional aesthetics,ideas,and customs related to women.Physical and psychological changes occurred as a result of the war;women began to go out of their homes to participate in the work of the Women's Salvation Association and the Youth Salvation Association,and a group of women achieved marriage equality between men and women in the form of"divorce her husband"(qi xiu fu).Due to pressure,women carried more physical and mental responsibilities,faced insufficient advocacy for their rights,and the aesthetics and mentality of womanhood underwent change.展开更多
The cosmopolitan cultural behaviors employed by war films and teleplays in the reconstruction of national traumatic memories are worthy of understanding and respect. However, in present-day China, the quantity of Anti...The cosmopolitan cultural behaviors employed by war films and teleplays in the reconstruction of national traumatic memories are worthy of understanding and respect. However, in present-day China, the quantity of Anti-Japanese War films and teleplays is abnormally high, and their values deeply enmeshed in a radical nationalism. The result is a general trend towards a ＂carnival of vengeful images.＂ Given the potential harms implicit in this situation, the question of just what kind of war narratives are appropriate for the contemporary circumstances of globalization should receive serious attention and reconsideration from society at large.展开更多
Between 1941 and 1945, the Nationalist government supervised a program that trained more than 3,300 male college students and recent graduates to serve as interpreters for the US military in the China-Burma-India （CB...Between 1941 and 1945, the Nationalist government supervised a program that trained more than 3,300 male college students and recent graduates to serve as interpreters for the US military in the China-Burma-India （CB1） Theater. These interpreters made the Sino-US alliance a reality by enabling American servicemen to communicate with other Chinese. But despite the program＇s operational success, interpreters suffered from intractable morale problems. Interpreters began their service with lofty expectations. Senior officials and intellectuals encouraged them to see themselves as central figures in China＇s struggle for nafonal rejuvenation. They would uplift the country by convincing American servicemen to see Chinese as equals and by introducing American technology, traits, and habits to the Chinese Army. It all sounded glorious to cadets undergoing training, but actual interpreter service proved bitterly disappointing to most young men. They found their monotonous duties unworthy of their position The Nationalist government, for its part, lacked the capacity to keep them clothed, paid, and fed. Their own compatriots--soldiers and civilians alike--regarded them with suspicion. Most frustrating of all, American soldiers refused to treat them as equals. By examining interpreter morale problems in China fronl 1941 to 1945, this article enriches our understanding of wartime interpreting, China in a global World War II, and sources of friction in the Sino-US alliance展开更多
In a fragmented wartime China(1931—45),the levels of violence,suffering,and resistance varied in|different regions.The Anti-Japanese War left people with different experiences and memories.To date,both Chinese-and En...In a fragmented wartime China(1931—45),the levels of violence,suffering,and resistance varied in|different regions.The Anti-Japanese War left people with different experiences and memories.To date,both Chinese-and English-language scholarship have paid insufficient attention to the more than two hundred million common Chinese who stayed in Japanese-occupied areas.To help fill this gap,this study provides a thematic analysis of interviews conducted by the author with six Chinese women of the urban middle-class about their experiences in the Japanese-occupied areas.It adds voices and perspectives of ordinary,middle-class women to the rich tapestry of everyday life of wartime China.The oral narratives of these women are everyday accounts of uncertainty,fear,and survival.More important,they are testimonies to the evolution of their gender consciousness and their determination to pursue an education as a means of resisting gender inequality.In addition,these oral narratives show how these women developed strategies in their marriages,work,and political views to reconcile with the reality of living with the enemy.Their everyday forms of resistance helped them maintain dignity in the face of foreign imperialism.展开更多
Mobilizing men to serve in the army was one of the fundamental tasks of the Nationalist government during the Anti-Japanese War （1937-45）. Using ground-level conscription cases from counties around Chongqing, this p...Mobilizing men to serve in the army was one of the fundamental tasks of the Nationalist government during the Anti-Japanese War （1937-45）. Using ground-level conscription cases from counties around Chongqing, this paper examines wartime rural administration. In interior areas, the draft rested on rural administrators, the recently revived baojia system. The baofia heads were in a difficult position： the state demanded full quotas of draftees, while residents tried to leverage bureaucratic discipline by filing accusations against them with higher ups. Their divided loyalties produced both predation and protection. Alongside the familiar stories of predatory extortion and press-gang conscription, baojia leaders also acted in ways that were protective of their neighbours and communities. The patterns of draft-related cases in rural Sichuan revise our picture of baojia leaders as unchecked bullies and thus throw new light on both the KMT＇s war effort and its state-making.展开更多
文摘The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.
基金This paper is one of the research results of the Humanities and Social Science Project of the Ministry of Education,“Research on the crime of Japanese army destroying documents in central China during the Anti-japanese war—Taking University libraries,museums and archives collections as an example”(item number:15YJA770016).
文摘This paper takes the Wudang Mountains and Wuhan Battle Memorial Hall as examples to investigate and analyze the losses of Wuhan during the Anti-Japanese War.The paper concludes with two inspirations:to make full use of the intangible cultural heritage spots to carry out patriotism education for primary and middle school students;and to effectively transform the cultural resources of the tourist spots in Hubei Province into cultural industries,in order to achieve the sustainable development of intangible cultural resources of Hubei Province tourist attractions.
文摘As a typical Lenin-style political party,what should be concerned most is the CPC’s (Communist Party of China) capacity in fighting against and clearing enemies.This study provides a distinct perspective to observe and recognize CPC’s ability of turning hostility into friendship.Japanese prisoners of war (POW) had been poisoned by ultra-nationalism and militarism for years,and thus were extremely difficult to be reformed.However,under the correct ideological guidance of Mao and the unremitting efforts of the CPC’s political officers and cadres,a great number of them acknowledged the CPC’s political ideology and joined the CPC’s team.
文摘Base on the strategic bombardment to destroy willpower of Chinese Anti-Japanese war, in the Second World War, Japanese aircrafts were nondiscriminatorily bombing China’s cities, which committed crimes against humanity. Actually, the US army nondiscriminatorily bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki and damaged the human rights too. The US army, however, speeded up Japanese surrender and protected more people’s rights to life. It is never forgotten that the painful game of protecting and damaging human rights between Japanese militarism and anti-fascist alliance.
文摘The Chinese Anti-Japanese War was a battle between human rights protections and abuses, between civilization and brutality, and between justice and evil. During the war, the human rights of Chinese people were completely violated by the Japanese aggressors, causing an unprecedented human rights catastrophe. At the same time, Chinese people vigorously resisted the aggression in order to defend the national survival right and safeguard the human peace against war. The history of human rights’ victory over human rights abuses tells us: aggressive wars are the most serious violations of human rights. We must protect people’s right to peace for every country in the world. In order to avoid violations of human rights by war once again, we must safeguard the international postwar order and prevent the revival of fascism, whose essences are contempt for and trample on human rights. Therefore we have to respect and protect human rights and defend both the collective rights of every nation and the individual rights of every person in the world.
文摘Since 1949,Chinese mainland historians and creators in film and television,novels,and reportage have continued to shape the heroic image of female groups in the base areas of the Communist Party of China(CPC)during the Anti-Japanese War.They participated in production,women's mobilization,and reconstruction of the rural political order Tike men.55 They pursued the equality between men and women,marked by freedom of marriage,and also participated in regional guerrilla warfare to combat the Japanese puppet army"as men."However,in the remote villages of north China at the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,it was not common for women to unbind their feet.In wartime,most women over twenty years of age were forever left with the"three-inch golden lotus"(sancun jinlian)feet.The damage of the war accelerated their acceptance of the CPC's emancipation concepts and policies and presented them with an opportunity to actively implement them.The experience of survival drastically changed traditional aesthetics,ideas,and customs related to women.Physical and psychological changes occurred as a result of the war;women began to go out of their homes to participate in the work of the Women's Salvation Association and the Youth Salvation Association,and a group of women achieved marriage equality between men and women in the form of"divorce her husband"(qi xiu fu).Due to pressure,women carried more physical and mental responsibilities,faced insufficient advocacy for their rights,and the aesthetics and mentality of womanhood underwent change.
文摘The cosmopolitan cultural behaviors employed by war films and teleplays in the reconstruction of national traumatic memories are worthy of understanding and respect. However, in present-day China, the quantity of Anti-Japanese War films and teleplays is abnormally high, and their values deeply enmeshed in a radical nationalism. The result is a general trend towards a ＂carnival of vengeful images.＂ Given the potential harms implicit in this situation, the question of just what kind of war narratives are appropriate for the contemporary circumstances of globalization should receive serious attention and reconsideration from society at large.
文摘Between 1941 and 1945, the Nationalist government supervised a program that trained more than 3,300 male college students and recent graduates to serve as interpreters for the US military in the China-Burma-India （CB1） Theater. These interpreters made the Sino-US alliance a reality by enabling American servicemen to communicate with other Chinese. But despite the program＇s operational success, interpreters suffered from intractable morale problems. Interpreters began their service with lofty expectations. Senior officials and intellectuals encouraged them to see themselves as central figures in China＇s struggle for nafonal rejuvenation. They would uplift the country by convincing American servicemen to see Chinese as equals and by introducing American technology, traits, and habits to the Chinese Army. It all sounded glorious to cadets undergoing training, but actual interpreter service proved bitterly disappointing to most young men. They found their monotonous duties unworthy of their position The Nationalist government, for its part, lacked the capacity to keep them clothed, paid, and fed. Their own compatriots--soldiers and civilians alike--regarded them with suspicion. Most frustrating of all, American soldiers refused to treat them as equals. By examining interpreter morale problems in China fronl 1941 to 1945, this article enriches our understanding of wartime interpreting, China in a global World War II, and sources of friction in the Sino-US alliance
文摘In a fragmented wartime China(1931—45),the levels of violence,suffering,and resistance varied in|different regions.The Anti-Japanese War left people with different experiences and memories.To date,both Chinese-and English-language scholarship have paid insufficient attention to the more than two hundred million common Chinese who stayed in Japanese-occupied areas.To help fill this gap,this study provides a thematic analysis of interviews conducted by the author with six Chinese women of the urban middle-class about their experiences in the Japanese-occupied areas.It adds voices and perspectives of ordinary,middle-class women to the rich tapestry of everyday life of wartime China.The oral narratives of these women are everyday accounts of uncertainty,fear,and survival.More important,they are testimonies to the evolution of their gender consciousness and their determination to pursue an education as a means of resisting gender inequality.In addition,these oral narratives show how these women developed strategies in their marriages,work,and political views to reconcile with the reality of living with the enemy.Their everyday forms of resistance helped them maintain dignity in the face of foreign imperialism.
文摘Mobilizing men to serve in the army was one of the fundamental tasks of the Nationalist government during the Anti-Japanese War （1937-45）. Using ground-level conscription cases from counties around Chongqing, this paper examines wartime rural administration. In interior areas, the draft rested on rural administrators, the recently revived baojia system. The baofia heads were in a difficult position： the state demanded full quotas of draftees, while residents tried to leverage bureaucratic discipline by filing accusations against them with higher ups. Their divided loyalties produced both predation and protection. Alongside the familiar stories of predatory extortion and press-gang conscription, baojia leaders also acted in ways that were protective of their neighbours and communities. The patterns of draft-related cases in rural Sichuan revise our picture of baojia leaders as unchecked bullies and thus throw new light on both the KMT＇s war effort and its state-making.
