Visual Analysis of Application and Development Trend of Agarwood Based on CiteSpace

The Chinese traditional medicine,agarwood,is a commonly used medicine for regulating qi,which has many clinical applications because of its unique curative effect.In this study,CiteSpace software was used to visually analyze the application and development trend of agarwood in the literature from CNKI website in the period of 2007-2022.The analysis results showed that the research on agarwood has basically formed core groups of authors,and universities and their affiliated hospitals are main publishing institutions.Moreover,in this study,several research directions of agarwood were also summarized,including clinical research,chemical composition,structural identification and quality standards,showing that agarwood has rich and flexible application prospects in many aspects.On this basis,several suggestions were put forward:strengthening the cooperation between universities and research institutes and building a scientific research cooperation community,and promoting the combination of clinical research and laboratory research.

An analysis of agarwood trade patterns,historical perspectives,and species identification challenges:repercussions for importing nations

Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regarding cultivation quantities and expected yields of Agarwood from distinct species.This study aims to address this gap by exploring the historical context and trade evolution of Agarwood,highlighting its global importance,and the challenges associated with securing accurate species information.Method:On-site visits to Agarwood cultivation sites were conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of Aquilaria species and their cultivation requirements.Additionally,a thorough analysis of global export and import data for Agarwood products over the last decade was undertaken.Results:China Mainland emerged as the leading exporter of Agarwood,averaging an annual export value of USD 1 million.India’s substantial exports challenge the prevailing notion of limited Agarwood production within its borders.Hong Kong and Singapore are pivotal distribution hubs,while Hong Kong and Taipei feature prominently as import destinations.Our analysis uncovers anomalies in the representation of Agarwood producers from 2001 to 2008,suggesting potential misclassification of Aquilaria Agarwood as Gyrinops in global export information.These findings underscore the urgency of investigating classification and reporting practices in the Agarwood trade.Furthermore,A.filaria emerges as a notable source,while A.malaccensis is decline in prominence.Conclusion:This study provides crucial insights for policymakers,stakeholders,and industry players seeking to make informed decisions in the Agarwood trade landscape.The results highlight the need for accurate species identification,classification,and reporting practices to ensure sustainable cultivation and trade of Agarwood.

Dynamic analysis of gene expression and determination of chemicals in agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis

Agarwood is the resinous heartwood of Aquilaria species.However,low yields and high costs of existing stimulation methods have led to the need for new techniques to produce agarwood rapidly and effectively.We developed a biological agarwood-inducing technique(Agar-Bit)that produces high yields and quality within 6 months.To better understand agarwood formation by Agar-Bit,dynamic gene expressions of key synthetases pathways of sesquiterpenes and chalcone-related enzymes at different times were determined after both Agar-Bit and the traditional burning chisel drilling(BCD)stimulation on Aquilaria sinensis trees.The qRT-PCR results show that some characteristic synthase genes were expressed at greatly different levels and times compared with the controls.For the Agar-Bit technology,main changes were after the 3rd or 5th month,while BCD expression clearly changed at the 5th month.Essential oils and total chromone contents were simultaneously determined.In the Agar-Bit group,both were higher and similar to natural levels.The Agar-Bit methodology is a new option for producing agarwood as demonstrated by genetic and chemical aspects.The differences in gene expression within 6 months for both groups indicates that the mechanisms of the two methods are different.These findings provide information on genetic variation during the process of agarwood formation.

History and perspectives of induction technology for agarwood production from cultivated Aquilaria in Asia: a review

Agarwood, the resinous product of Aquilaria spp.(Thymelaeaceae), is highly valued for medicinal and fragrant purposes. Unsustainable forest harvesting contributes to the declining population in the wild, threatening their existence. As a protection effort, cultivation occurred in range countries, mainly in Asia, effectively establishing mass plantations. The success of domesticating Aquilaria relies heavily on technological advancement in agarwood induction, without which the entire thriving industry will collapse. In this paper, we describe efforts since 1929 and current progress and variation in induction as practiced in Asia. The methods include traditional practices and artificial induction via inoculum and chemical inducer, experimented and patented or otherwise. Artificial induction methods are being developed to intensify agarwood production in terms of yield and quality. While traditional methods are commonly applied by rural planters, artificial methods with the use of specific agents/chemicals are seen as more appealing for inducing agarwood, and have a higher demand from entrepreneurs and plantation owners.Several issues related to induction technology faced by stakeholders in agarwood cultivation are presented, such as safety levels, cost, yields, and quality. We conclude by highlighting remaining challenges in induction methods and their associated technologies.

Use of two fungal species to induce agarwood resin formation in Gyrinops walla

Gyrinops walla Gaertn. is the only species growing in Sri Lanka that belongs to the agarwood family,Thymelaeaceae. Although agarwood resin induction and extraction from Aquilaria species of the same family have been practised for many decades in Southeast Asian region,the ability of producing agarwood resins in G. walla was discovered recently. Since previous studies were on agarwood resins formed due to natural causes, the present study was conducted to identify the potential fungal species that are capable of artificially inducing agarwood resin formation in G. walla. Since this is the first ever study conducted on artificial inducement of agarwood resin formation in G.walla, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani were selected owing to their high abundance in the naturally formed agarwood resinous tissues collected from 25 G. walla trees.Both fungal species were separately grown in yeast extract glucose agar and used to inoculate healthy G. walla trees under aseptic conditions. Three holes were made for each tree and 2 g of fungal culture including the medium were placed in each hole. Tissue discoloration, characteristic aroma, resin content and resin constituents were checked at10 cm intervals above and below the inoculation points for a period of 1 year. Results revealed that tissue discoloration and resin content were higher in the trees inoculated with A. niger. Other than at 10 cm above and below the inoculation points, samples collected at all locations had significantly higher resin contents when inoculated with A. niger compared to F. solani. Sixteen agarwood resin constituents, which were also recorded in Aquilaria species, were identified from the discolored tissues using GC–MS analysis. Jinkohol, agarospirol and 2(2-phenyl)chromone derivatives were found in all discolored tissues collected at 10-cm intervals of the trees inoculated with both fungi. b-Seline, c-eudesmol and valerenal were found in nine of 10 sample points on the stem. c-Elemene was recorded only in one sample. The characteristic aroma during burning was stronger for dark-colored tissues than the light-colored ones. The present study confirmed the potential use of certain fungal species to induce agarwood resin in G. walla and that A. niger is more effective than F.solani.

Fungal Microbes Associated with Agarwood Formation

Agarwood is studied as the resinous secondary metabolites produced by the natural microbial infection. The current study investigated the range of microbial infection in agarwood trees collected from various parts of India. A total of 17 isolates were collected and identified based on the morphological and molecular studies. The study revealed that the agarwood was naturally infected with Aspergillus, Lasiodiploidia, Chaetomium, Fusarium and Penicillium species. Further studies on enzyme activities involved in the pathogenesis process showed the higher cellulase, ligninolytic and laccase activities in Aspergillus isolate AR13 when compared to other isolates. The current study has offered a potential opportunity to further strengthen the research on possible development of microbial strains for artificial inoculation in agar trees to induce agarwood formation.

Identification of chemical compounds in agarwood-producing species Aquilaria malaccensis and Gyrinops versteegii

Agarwood is a non-timber forest product found in tropical rain forests.It is a black and fragrant resin valued for the perfume industry and demand continues to increase.However,the Indonesian agarwood-producing species,Aquilaria malaccensis and Gyrinops versteegii do not automatically produce such quality resin.Bio-induction technology or inoculation using Fusarium solani is usually applied to these species to trigger resin production.This research aims to identify agarwood compounds formed in seedlings and trees of A.malaccensis and G.versteegii after these species were inoculated with the fungus F.solani.The chemical compounds were identified by comparing the patterns of mass spectra fragmentation in the sample and in previous studies.Five groups of agarwood compounds were identified:(1)sesquiterpen group-cisjasmone and aromadendrenepoxide;(2)chromones group-8-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromen-4-one and newly-discovered chromone derivative,7-(benzyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-methylchromone found only in G.versteegii;(3)aromatic group-benzylacetone,guaiacol,p-ethylguaiacol,phenol,syringaldehyde,vanilin,furfuryl alcohol,and furfural;(4)fatty acid group-palmitic acid,oleic acid,and lauric acid;and,(5)triterpen group-squalene.

Evaluation of Substrates for Mass Culture of <i>Phaeoacremonium parasiticum</i>, the Fungus Responsible for Artificial Oleoresin Deposition in Agarwood Plant

For establishing the favourable media for growth of Phaeoacremonium parasiticum, the fungus was inoculated in five different media (Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), Host Extract (50%) + PDB (50%) (HE + PDB), and the solid media viz., Rice Bran (RB), Maize Meal (MM) and Wheat Bran (WB)) at pH of 6.5 and incubated at a temperature of 30&#8451;± 1&#8451;. The solid media were added with water at the rate of 70 ml/100g of solid substrate. After 30 days of inoculation, conidial population of P. parasiticum in liquid media was lower compared to conidial population in solid media. In solid media, MM media showed the highest conidial population (9.56 log&#183;cfu/g) followed by WB (9.50 log&#183;cfu/g) and RB (9.38 log&#183;cfu/g). Hence, Maize Meal media (MM: Water = 100 g:70 ml) at pH of 6.5, incubation temperature: 30&#8451;± 1&#8451;for 30 days would be the standard technique for mass production of P. parasiticum.

An Application of Six Sigma Methodology in Agarwood Tissue Culture

Agarwood has the mixed scent of ambergris and sandalwood, and cannot be artificially synthesized. Due to massive logging, agarwood is now listed as an endangered plant. Agarwood tissue culture can save provenance for breeding. For different combinations of TDZ (Thidiazuron), BA (6-Benzylaminopurine), and activated carbon of different concentrations, this study used the six sigma, as well as design of experiment (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize agarwood adventitious buds induced incidences and growth numbers. The results showed that, the combination of 4.0 ppm TDZ and 0.5 ppm BA, without activated carbon, had the best effect of adventitious bud induced incidence up to 21.75%, and adventitious bud growth number up to 24.8, improvements of 35.29% and 42.78%, respectively. The results verified that using the six sigma methodology could effectively enhance the induction of agarwood tissue culture adventitious buds, promote the blooming of agarwood in large numbers, and further realize agarwood restoration.

Medicinal Uses of Agarwood

Agarwood from Aquilaria plants, also known as Chen Xiang (沉香), is traditionally used for the treatment of abdominal pain and as a sedative. Because of the great demand and the rareness of agarwood, extensive harvesting of Aquilaria plants has nearly led to the extinction of the species. To fully utilize this resource, the use of different parts of Aquilaria needs to be investigated. This article will focus on the pharmacological properties and the mechanism of action of different parts of Aquilaria plants.

Temporal characteristics of agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis after applying whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique

Objective: Agarwood—a resinous wood produced by Aquilaria plants in response to injury or artificial induction—is a valuable medicinal and fragrance resource. Whole-Tree Agarwood-Inducing Technique(Agar-WIT) has been widely used to produce agarwood. However, the time-dependent characteristics of agarwood formation induced by Agar-WIT are yet to be clarified. To promote technologically efficient utilization and upgradation of Agar-WIT, the dynamic process and mechanism of agarwood formation were analyzed for one year.Methods: Agarwood formation percentage, barrier layer microscopic properties, extract levels, compound level, and characteristic chromatograms of agarwood were examined by referring to the Chinese Pharmacopeia(2020 version).Results: Agar-WIT could maintain a high percentage of agarwood formation over one year compared with that of healthy plants. Alcohol-soluble extract and agarotetrol levels showed fluctuating cyclic changes with peaks occurring first during the fifth and sixth months, and subsequently in the 11th month.Aquilaria trees subjected to Agar-WIT treatment for 1–12 months showed significant characteristics of a dynamic agarwood formation process. The barrier layer began to appear in the fourth month after treatment. Alcohol-soluble extractive levels in agarwood formed in the second month, and thereafter,exceeded 10.0%, and agarotetrol in agarwood produced after four months or later, exceeded 0.10%.Conclusion: According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, alcohol-soluble extractive levels in agarwood should not be less than 10.0% and agarotetrol level should exceed 0.10%. After four months of Agar-WIT treatment, the formed agarwood theoretically met these standards and was suitable for developed and utilization. However, the optimal harvest time was found to be the 11th month, followed by the sixth month after Agar-WIT treatment. Therefore, Agar-WIT resulted in swift agarwood formation and stable accumulation of alcohol-soluble extracts and agarotetrol. Thus, this method is efficient for large-scale cultivation of Aquilaria sinensis to produce agarwood and provide raw materials for the agarwood medicinal industry.

Production of high-quality agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis trees via whole-tree agarwood-induction technology

We used whole-tree agarwood-induction technology to produce agarwood from Aquilaria sinensis trees within 20 months, and evaluated the quality of this agarwood. The results showed its characteristics were similar to those of high-grade wild agarwood in terms of texture, chemical constituents, essential oil content, and ethanol-soluble extract content, with the lattermost quality far surpassing the requirement of traditional Chinese medicine agarwood, as indicated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010. To the best of our knowledge, this is first study to show that high-quality agarwood can be produced in whole A. sinensis trees via a chemically induced technology.

A Review of Quality Assessment and Grading for Agarwood

Agarwood is an important non-timber forest product widely used in religious and cultural activities as perfume and fragrance and as traditional medicine in Asia. The high value of agarwood and the inflated consuming market have led to constant rising of the prices. In general, the price of the agarwood is determined according to its quality, which can be divided into different grades. But up to now, there is not any standard quality grading system which could be used overwhelmingly throughout the agarwood producing, commerce and consumption. Therefore, we reviewed agarwood in diversified grading indexes, systems and methods.

沉香历代香谱考证和香气成分研究进展

香气是评价沉香品质的重要指标,沉香因其独特的香气被誉为四大名香之首(沉、檀、龙、麝)。目前,国内外学者已经对沉香的化学成分进行了大量报道,主要包括倍半萜类、2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类和芳香族类成分。然而,对于沉香的香气成分和香气特征缺乏系统的分析和总结。本文旨在综述沉香的历代香谱考证和香气成分的现代研究,并初步构建沉香的香气轮廓图,同时展望沉香后续的分子感官研究,以期揭示沉香致香的奥秘。

沉香多级提取物的化学成分及释香行为

[目的]沉香提取物是其主要应用方式之一。针对不同应用领域对沉香成分需求存在显著差异的问题,在提取过程中对沉香主要成分进行粗犷分离,明确不同提取物的释香行为,为实现沉香在特定领域的定向、高效利用提供参考。[方法]以传统沉香和奇楠沉香为研究对象,通过水蒸气-溶剂多级提取,获得精油、浸膏、醇沉等沉香多级提取物;利用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,分析不同品种沉香多级提取物的化学成分差异;采用顶空-气相色谱联用(HS-GC-MS)技术,分析传统沉香和奇楠沉香多级提取物在40~160℃的香气释放规律。[结果]水蒸气-溶剂多级提取可实现传统沉香和奇楠沉香中倍半萜、色酮类成分的粗犷分离;水中蒸馏和隔水蒸馏对精油成分影响较小,均主要含有倍半萜和芳香族小分子物质,相对峰面积≥99%;蒸馏后再进行溶剂提取,获得的浸膏主要含有色酮类成分,相对峰面积≥90%;醇沉可实现对传统沉香浸膏中杂质的有效分离。2种沉香多级提取物的主要化学成分和释香成分存在显著差异:传统沉香、奇楠沉香精油中,分别主要含有榄香醇、α-檀香醇,40℃时主要释香物质分别为匙叶桉油烯醇、(1R,3aR,5aR,9aS)-1,4,4,7-Tetramethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5a,8,9-octahydrocyclopenta[c]benzofuran;传统沉香浸膏中色酮种类更为丰富,160℃后色酮裂解形成大量小分子挥发性物质,出峰数量和强度明显高于奇楠沉香。[结论]通过多级提取方式,可获得富含倍半萜类化合物的沉香精油以及富含色酮类成分的沉香浸膏、杂质较高的醇沉。精油在低温时具有较好的香气释放能力,适合开发香水、日化等常温释香产品;浸膏适用于高温释香,可开发熏香、燃香等产品;奇楠沉香浸膏中主要成分为2-(2-苯乙基)色酮、2-[2-(4-甲氧基苯基)乙基]色酮,可用于该色酮的单体分离;醇沉中沉香有效物质明显降低,可开发低值化产品。

海南沉香灸治疗轻度抑郁性失眠患者的疗效观察

目的探讨海南沉香灸对轻度抑郁性失眠患者的影响。方法选取2020年11月—2022年1月期间因抑郁性失眠于海南省中医院康复科门诊就诊的85例患者,按随机数字表法分为沉香灸组30例、艾灸组30例、安慰灸组25例。沉香灸组采用针刺、耳穴埋针联合海南沉香灸治疗,艾灸组采用针刺、耳穴埋针联合艾灸治疗,安慰灸组采用针刺、耳穴埋针联合安慰灸治疗。治疗2、4、8周后和随访期间,观察比较两组患者临床疗效及治疗前后汉密尔顿抑郁评分(Hamilton depression score,HAMD)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表评分(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)、抑郁自评量表评分(Self-rating depressive scale,SDS)。结果治疗后沉香灸组总有效率93.33%(28/30)、艾灸组总有效率73.33%(22/30)均明显高于安慰灸组44.00%(11/25),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且沉香灸组总有效率明显高于艾灸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗2、4、8周后及随访期间,3组患者HAMD评分均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);沉香灸组和艾灸组HAMD评分均低于安慰灸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗8周后及随访期间,沉香灸组HAMD评分低于艾灸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗2、4、8周后及随访期间,3组患者PSQI评分均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);沉香灸组和艾灸组PSQI评分均低于安慰灸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);沉香灸组PSQI评分低于艾灸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗2、4、8周后及随访期间,3组患者SDS评分均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);沉香灸组和艾灸组SDS评分均低于安慰灸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗4、8周后及随访期间,沉香灸组SDS评分均低于艾灸组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论沉香灸和艾灸可改善轻度抑郁性失眠患者的抑郁症状和睡眠,沉香灸对抑郁症状和睡眠改善优于艾灸。

沉香传说:占婆天依阿那仙女形象在越南王朝国家的演变

越南芽庄占婆塔供奉占人的婆那伽女神,流传至今的祭歌吟唱女神创造了沉香和稻米。北方的大越—安南国南进,逐步夺取占婆王国的区域,最终被灭国。国虽不存,但斯土斯民仍在,占人对婆那伽女神的祭祀为越人所重,将女神改造为越南道教中乘沉香木而来的玉仙仙主。女神又进入越南的儒教国家祭祀体系,成为天依阿那演妃主玉,越人由此完成了占越文化的融合。在天依阿那仙女形象的演变过程中,名贵的沉香是至关重要的神圣物品,也是沉香产区神灵与物产结合发展的典范。

经鼻给药沉香精油对单次长时间应激小鼠PTSD样行为及海马GluN2A、GluN2B表达的影响

目的评价经鼻给药沉香精油对单次长时间应激(single-prolonged stress,SPS)诱导的小鼠创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)样行为的作用,并从突触的角度探讨其可能的作用机制。方法通过气相色谱—质谱联用定性分析沉香精油主要成分;将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、沉香精油低剂量组、沉香精油高剂量组和阳性药组[罗利普兰(Rolipram,ROL)],每组8只。采用行为学实验评价SPS小鼠的PTSD样行为:分别通过恐惧记忆测试实验检测小鼠恐惧凝滞时间,旷场和高架十字迷宫实验评价小鼠的焦虑样行为。Western blot法检测小鼠海马组织N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)2A亚单位(GluN2A)、2B亚单位(GluN2B)蛋白表达水平。结果沉香精油样品中共检测到117种挥发性成分。动物实验结果表明,与正常组比较,模型组小鼠表现出强烈的焦虑样行为及恐惧记忆消退异常(P<0.05),而沉香精油及阳性药ROL可明显改善SPS小鼠的异常行为(P<0.05),并逆转GluN2A、GluN2B的异常表达(P<0.05)。结论经鼻给药沉香精油对SPS诱导的小鼠PTSD样行为具有改善作用,其机制可能与调控GluN2A、GluN2B蛋白表达有关。

沉香结香方法与技术研究进展

沉香是沉香属木质部组织及其分泌物共同组成的天然混合物质,是一种“药香”两用材,经济价值高,用途广,可用于制药、香熏、日化产品等。沉香的形成受外界胁迫,次生代谢物的合成及积累,为一个偶然、长期的过程,致使野生沉香数量稀少,难以满足沉香市场的需求,人工诱导结香成为了沉香产业发展的必然之路。目前,已有通过人工方法诱导沉香形成,但其产量高低不一,质量参差不齐。文章对结香方法和技术进行总结,为提高人工沉香的产量和质量以及沉香产业化发展提供依据。

CO_(2)与液态物质耦合对沉香形成及成分的影响

【目的】探明CO_(2)与液态物质(无机盐、激素和真菌)耦合对土沉香Aquilaria sinensis结香的诱导效果,寻求高效诱导土沉香结香的新方法,为人工诱导结香技术促进结香提供理论依据。【方法】以13年生土沉香为研究对象,采用CO_(2)与3种液态物质(无机盐、激素和真菌)耦合的方法诱导处理树体,1年后,取样观察沉香树体结香部位切片组织结构和内含物变化,并检测醇溶性挥发油含量及化学成分。【结果】1)不同诱导处理对土沉香木质部中的淀粉颗粒均有不同程度的消耗。木薄壁细胞内侵填物质通过导管–薄壁细胞间半具缘纹孔进入相邻导管内积累至完全堵塞。2)CO_(2)与3种液态物质(无机盐、激素和真菌)诱导处理中,射线薄壁细胞、轴向薄壁细胞和导管内油脂类物质积累存在差异,CK-1(只充CO_(2))仅存有少量油脂类物质,CK-2(只打孔不充CO_(2))未观察到油脂类物质。3)诱导变色范围受诱导方法影响较大,处理孔位置越远诱导变色距离越短,CO_(2)与无机盐联合诱导处理变色范围最大。4)不同诱导处理的醇溶性挥发油含量存在差异,黑褐色树脂越多含量越高。GCMS结果显示,5种诱导处理后共鉴定出74种化合物,其中共有的成分主要为11种,且部分醇溶性挥发油成分的相对含量在不同处理间差异较大。【结论】5种诱导方式所产沉香样品的醇溶性挥发油含量、沉香特征性成分及含量存在差异,CO_(2)与无机盐耦合诱导的土沉香特征性成分和含量均高于其他处理,诱导所产沉香品质最好,其次为CO_(2)与真菌联合诱导所产沉香,仅填充CO_(2)所产沉香品质较差。