Simulation Evaluation of Outdoor Noise Environment in Buildings

Green campus design has become an essential strategy to enhance campus life and learning.However,noise pol-lution remains a troubling aspect that impacts teaching and learning processes,even causing harm to the health of students and teachers.Therefore,acoustic environment quality design is crucial.This article focuses on the expansion project of a school campus in Shenzhen.We simulated and analyzed the outdoor noise environment separately for the proposed teach-ing building,as well as the existing buildings like the dining hall,teaching building,and laboratory building.The results showed that the proposed teaching building was mainly affected by surrounding noise,with the worst outdoor noise being in classrooms adjacent to the teaching building in the south and the basketball court at the west of the classroom,with maximum noise values reaching 73 dB and 66 dB,respectively.In the future,these rooms should be renovated to achieve an excellent indoor soundproof environment.

Evidence-based Landscape Design of University Campus:Relationship Between Characteristics of Outdoor Environments and Actual Uses of Students

Several studies have shown a positive relationship between high quality outdoor environments and users’health.Education of agricultural professionals also demands high quality outdoor environments in order to promote students’wellbeing,which in turn supports scientific researches.This study analyzed relationship between students’actual uses and campus outdoor environments,identified what environmental characteristics that students prefered,how they used and why they participated in the outdoor activities.The results could be used as guidance of campus design and management.Investigation of three universities in Harbin provided 686 valid questionnaires.The results suggested that health awareness effectively promoted students’use frequencies of outdoor environments.Environment with"natural"and"cultural"characteristics,especially undulating landform,vibrant plants and landmarks in a serpentins design style attracted more uses.Female students showed more preferences on social interaction activities than males.Students who had good economic consumption levels and participated in outdoor activities frequntly in childhood prefered to join all the kinds of activities after university enrollment.

Renovation of Outdoor Environment in Old Residential Communities Suitable for the Elderly against the Background of Population Aging

More old residential communities have become unsuitable for the elderly because of the aging of outdoor physical environment and functional degradation. This paper investigated behaviors and mental activities of the elderly, problems of outdoor environment in old residential communities, and proposed strategies for the renovation of old residential communities from the perspectives of outdoor environment, road, greening and public supporting facilities according to demands of the elderly on outdoor environment, so as to provide them a comfortable and reasonable outdoor environment.

Effects of Outdoor Thermal Environment upon the Human Responses

In a summer outdoor space, the influence of short-wave length solar radiation on the human body is strongly apparent, heat is retained in the body, and the risk of heat disorders such as heat stroke increases. To avoid this, it is essential to seek shade to avoid the influence of short-wave length solar radiation. In addition, natural ground surfaces such as green spaces and water surfaces are useful in reducing the air temperature. It is indispensable to consider climate mitigation effect of outdoor space. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the thermal environment of an outdoor space on the human body in rural and suburban regions where paddy fields remain. Subject experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between the thermal environment evaluation index enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature (ETFe) in an outdoor space and the physiological and psychological responses of the human body. Experiment sites were selected with consideration for the natural ground surface such as bare ground where the surface is gravel or soil;paved ground such as concrete, asphalt or blocks;green areas covered in plants;and water surfaces, as well as the sky factor due to buildings or trees etc. and the proportion of the solid angle of components of greenery and water etc. comprising the solid angle of the total celestial sphere. A ground surface feature with a high heat capacity may promote sensation of hot and deteriorate the thermal sensation. A landscape of thick vegetation with a high green factor may have a strong feeling of confinement, which can make it somewhat hot and somewhat uncomfortable thermal environment due to the sense of stagnation. Compared with the urban environment, it is conceivable that the difference in the perceptual environment, whereby it is subconsciously assumed to be a comfortable thermal environment, had an effect in the rural and suburban regional environment, resulting in an ETFe lower than the upper limit of comfort in a summer urban environment.

Skin Temperature and Body Surface Section in Non-Uniform and Asymmetric Outdoor Thermal Environment

In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

Heart of Landscape and Contribution of Building Environment: Discussions about Landscape Construction of Outdoor Environment Water Circulation System

Recently, the increasing concern about the environmental quality of human settlements makes people realize that the attractive environment given by natural ecology also deficiently needs the feedback and protection of nature in some forms so that the natural ecology can be endlessly cycled on its own. Taking the project of German Enterprise Center in Qingdao Sino-German Ecopark as an example, this paper discussed construction of outdoor environment water circulation system using the landscape building method.

Promotion and Renewal of the Outdoor Environment of the Collective Housing That Promotes Health <br/>—Based on the Post-Epidemic Perspective

The COVID-19 is a major global health event that has changed people’s lives and behaviors. As a fragile and sensitive area with high population density and poor living conditions in the city, collective housing is also an important construction area for future urban renewal. In the process of the spread of the new crown epidemic, the collective housing has exposed a series of weaknesses such as difficult community management, inconvenience of life, and insufficient outdoor space. Therefore, the update and transformation of the outdoor environment of the collective housing combined with the concept of public health is a problem that must be considered at present. This article combines the practice of renewal and transformation of the X community in Chaoyang District, Beijing, combined with survey methods such as questionnaires, interviews, and observations, combined with the needs of residents and the practical experience of the grassroots management unit, and carried out an overall renewal design of the external space environment of the collective housing. The epidemic is combined with the division of functional layout, refined design of outdoor activity space to ensure safe distance, and increased shared smart facilities to improve the quality of the outdoor environment of collective residences and strengthen community resilience;to achieve communication and sharing, epidemic prevention and control on the basis of ensuring safe social distance outdoor sports and other functions. In this way, the ability of collective housing to prevent, identify, and dispose of urban risks will be improved, and will provide residents with a better and livable community life.

Outdoor thermal environmental research of the mountainous city by GIS

The study of urban outdoor thermal environment was carried out in one of the mountainous cities by using geography information system(GIS) technique which is connected with predicting and evaluating models for the outdoor thermal environment, monitoring data and simulating data. A prediction and evaluation system were set up. A typical mountainous city, i.e., Yunyang city in Chongqing in China, was taken as an example, its urbanization trend and population growth was predicted and evaluated. The heat island intensity and its trend were simulated, the temperature field, velocity field and the humidity field were analyzed. The results show that GIS is an effective tool to deal with the outdoor thermal environment, especially for the mountainous cities with special geographical particularities. GIS can be used in the environmental management and the city planning especially for the mountainous cities.

Outdoor Corrosion Performance Study of Selected Construction Materials in Bonny Island

Corrosion studies are important due to the enormous cost involved in the replacement of materials in all kinds of applications. The outdoor study on corrosion behavior of aluminum sheet, chequered aluminum plate and zinc alloys roofing sheet commonly used as construction material within a highly industrial settlement were examined using the gravimetric technique. The outdoor corrosion of these alloys at different sites was observed via its exposure to atmospheric conditions, monitored and recorded for 12 months at an interval of 2 months. Results depicted a process spanning the initial and intermediate stages of corrosion. The samples of construction materials at Bonny island showed substantial weight losses and rate of corrosion which varied largely on percentage of atmospheric humidity, salt precipitations, industrial aerosols and corrosive gases present at the exposure site as well as the nature of the material and the presence of protective coating formed during corrosion process. The rapid rate of deterioration of these materials causes severe economic importance on the indigenes’ activities including the oil and gas industries and other construction companies on the island. Thus, there is urgent need for research concerned with methods to control or prevent excessive deterioration of metals in Bonny Island.

干热地区不同居住区夏季室外热环境分析——以石河子市5个居住区为例

随着城镇化的快速发展,大规模的城市开发建设加剧了城市热岛效应,干热地区夏季城市热环境问题尤为突出,城市活力下降。为探究不同形态参数和建筑布局对干热地区居住区夏季室外热环境的影响,通过对石河子市五个典型居住区的热环境物理参数进行实测调研,运用控制变量法对比不同形态参数对居住区的影响,并采用多元回归分析的方法探究干热地区室外热环境的影响因素,以期为干热地区营造健康舒适的室外环境和街区设计提供借鉴和参考。

冷辐射墙系统对室外热环境的改善

选取夏季沈阳西塔步行街作为研究对象,通过实地测量和PHOENICS软件模拟,对比分析了步行街的室外热环境。发现测量数据与模拟数据的趋势大体相同,并且有较好的拟合结果,验证了PHOENICS模拟软件对街区室外热环境模拟的可行性。同时通过热舒适评价指标UTCI评价了湿热天气下街区的热舒适,其中阴影区外的行人活动区域UTCI值达到42℃左右,街区平均UTCI达到37℃左右,属于极端热应力和很强的热应力范围。为改善步行街的室外热环境,建立了冷辐射墙系统,通过试验验证和数据分析证明了冷辐射墙系统对室外热环境有较好的改善效果。最后在PHOENICS模拟软件中,将冷辐射墙模型加到原有的街区模型中,模拟发现在加入冷辐射墙的3号楼附近,风速增加了1m/s,温度降低了3℃左右,验证了冷辐射墙系统在热湿天气下对街区室外热环境有很好的改善效果。

重庆崖线型绿道夏季热环境及影响要素研究——以佛图关公园为例

崖线型绿道是依托重庆特有的山崖线型空间修建的绿道,通过改善夏季热环境,对健康出行有重要意义。通过对佛图关公园内的绿道进行测试,探究其热环境现状与影响机理。发现不同空间形式的绿道热环境差异显著,日照时长和地表均温与UTCI1呈强正相关,在提高绿道热环境方面,绿化山体优于树木,绿地优于石材铺装的下垫面。

恢复性户外办公产品设计策略研究

获得可以指导恢复性户外办公产品设计的系统化策略。首先,调研并整理办公群体的恢复需求。其次,通过文献研究的方式,探究办公产品中针对恢复需求的健康性设计策略;确定带来恢复性的理论机制,归纳产生恢复性效益的关键特征。最后,运用产品情感化设计方法对恢复关键特征进行解读。得到包含“感官体验-功能操作-深层意义”3层次的具恢复性的户外办公产品设计策略。恢复性理论为户外办公产品设计创新提供设计思路与参考。

社区建成环境对老年人户外活动的影响研究——以福州市区为例

文章进行了福州市区社会调查,收集受访者社会属性信息、活动特征等个人数据,测算环境土地利用混合度、建筑密度等环境数据,运用多元线性回归分析方法,来分析研究社区建成环境对老年人户外活动频率的影响,并提出建议。

建筑群风场环境下空调室外机周围热环境分析

空调运行时,外部室外机的散热会受到建筑群内复杂风场环境的干扰,继而影响其运行效率。以布置在凹槽内部的空调室外机为研究对象,考虑建筑群内部的流场变化,研究了正面风、后面风向下室外机运行时的热环境,分析了室外机随楼高、位置的热环境差异,并着重对比了处于迎风建筑和下风向建筑中室外机散热的差异。研究表明,空调室外机的运行效能受建筑群内风场环境的影响较大。正面风向下,风速越大,室外机效率越差;下风向建筑B处室外机运行时的效率更差。后面风向下,处于下风向建筑A处室外机的平均进风温度相对来说更高。

促进身体活动的高校户外环境设计策略

当代大学生久坐不动的生活方式严重影响其健康,因此本文旨在提出有利于诱发身体活动行为的高校户外环境设计策略。结合理论支持、因素构建和调查结果分析,建立大学生身体活动行为影响因素模型,进而推导得出:满足区位便捷的可达性、拓展用户体验的友好性、利用边界空间的灵活性、挖掘地域文化的创新性、创造场地发展的可持续性五点策略,希望能够对校园身体活动促进价值的释放产生积极作用。

基于Pathfinder的石家庄老旧小区户外环境优化设计研究

目前,石家庄市老旧小区户外环境出现空间局促、管理混乱、设施老化等问题,导致老旧小区普遍存在较高的安全隐患,缺乏应对各类灾害的能力。通过实地调研石家庄市老旧小区,归纳其典型老旧小区空间格局及户外环境;结合仿真模拟软件建立模型,模拟人员在小区中疏散情况,总结拥堵特征及人员行为特征;研究小区户外环境与人员疏散效率之间存在的关系,提出针对性优化策略;并使用Pathfinder软件对优化策略进行仿真模拟,验证优化策略可行性。

健康生态学视角下的老年养护院户外环境设计研究——以安徽灵璧老年养护院为例

人口老龄化与城镇老年养护院的发展对室外环境的质量提出了更高的要求。从“健康生态学”视角,通过文献研究和调查问卷等方法,在建筑学和户外环境两个层面分析养护院室外环境的建构与设计,总结老年人户外活动空间的类型及其对应的活动方式,可以形成针对性的设计策略,实现促进老年人生理和心理健康并提升生活质量的目标。

安全交互智能儿童户外防护服设计

采用问卷调查和统计学方法,分析学龄前儿童群体的户外安全功能需求,确定儿童户外防护服设计要素。阐述交互式儿童户外防护服的创新设计模式与设计思路,以学龄前儿童为例,进行基于安全交互智能模块的儿童户外防护服设计实践,设计出一款具备落水自动充气浮力自救模块、GPS定位救援模块,并与户外功能性面料结合的儿童户外防护服。所设计开发的儿童户外防护服将安全交互智能的创新方法运用到儿童户外服装产品设计中,实用易用,功能符合儿童在户外环境的使用需求,为儿童功能性服装的研发提供参考。

理解老年人的身体活动:基于时空行为视角的研究

目的:从时空行为视角对建成环境与老年人户外身体活动的时空行为特征进行研究,为促进我国老年人身体活动水平提升和应对老龄化趋势提供新思路。方法:采用全球定位系统(global position system,GPS)和三维加速度计对126名老年人时空行为数据进行同步收集,通过空间算法将环境暴露数据与身体活动数据相关联,总结其出行方式、出行时间、出行频率、出行范围等特征。结果:1)老年人户外身体活动存在“点-线”型、“候鸟”型、“条链”型、“自由”型、“邻里”型、“综合”型6种时空模式;2)老年人主要户外身体活动范围为家附近500 m左右;3)老年人近45%的热量消耗和中高强度身体活动发生在户外空间,主要户外活动兴趣点为休闲娱乐、购物和运动健身;4)老年人户外身体活动特征以出行频率高和短时耗为主,出行次数对身体活动水平有显著影响,出行次数每增加1次,平均每周户外身体活动水平增加20.5 min。结论:我国老年人户外身体活动呈现出多样化的时空行为模式,未来可以将增加出行次数作为促进老年人身体活动水平的切入点。