The acceleration degradation processes of different aged refuses with the forced aeration for landfill reclamation

Forced aeration is one of the promising ways to accelerate landfill reclamation,and understanding the relation between aeration rates and waste properties is the prerequisite to implementing forced aeration under the target of energy saving and carbon reduction.In this work,landfill reclamation processes with forced aeration were simulated using aged refuses(ARs)of 1,4,7,10,and 13 disposal years,and the potential of field application was also investigated based on a field project,to identify the degradation rate of organic components,the O_(2)consumption efficiency and their correlations to microbes.It was found that the removal rate of organic matter declined from 20.3%(AR_(1))to 12.6%(AR_(13)),and that biodegradable matter(BDM)decreased from 5.2%to 2.4%at the set aeration rate of 0.12 L O_(2)/kg waste(Dry Matter,DM)/day.A linear relationship between the degradation rate constant(K)of BDM and disposal age(x)was established:K=−0.0002193x+0.0091(R^(2)=0.854),suggesting that BDM might be a suitable indicator to reflect the stabilization of ARs.The cellulose/lignin ratio decrease rate for AR1(18.3%)was much higher than that for AR13(3.1%),while the corresponding humic-acid/fulvic-acid ratio increased from 1.44 to 2.16.The dominant bacteria shifted from Corynebacterium(9.2%),Acinetobacter(6.6%),and Fermentimonas(6.5%),genes related to the decompose of biodegradable organics,to Stenotrophomonas(10.2%)and Clostridiales(3.7%),which were associated with humification.The aeration efficiencies of lab-scale tests were in the range of 5.4–11.8 g BDM/L O_(2)for ARs with disposal ages of 1–13 years,and in situ landfill reclamation,ARs with disposal ages of 10–18 years were around 1.9–8.8 g BDM/L O_(2),as the disposal age decreased.The increased discrepancy was observed in ARs at the lab-scale and field scale,indicating that the forced aeration rate should be adjusted based on ARs and the unit compartment combined,to reduce the operation cost.

Flu Epidemics Force versus Virus Type in USA

We estimate the influenza force according to the virus type in the USA (United States of America) for the season 2010/11 to 2019/20. For these we use the data available from CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) related to Public Health Laboratory Virologic Age Surveillance and The Burden Estimates presented by CDC yearly.

Nanomechanical Characterization of Bone Quality Depending on Tissue Age via Bimodal Atomic Force Microscopy

Characterization of bone quality during the healing process is crucial for successful implantation procedures and patient comfort.In this study,a bone implant specimen that underwent a 4-week healing period was investigated.Bimodal atomic force microscopy(AFM)was employed to simultaneously obtain the morphology and elastic modulus maps of the newly formed and pre-existing bone regions within the sample.Results indicate that the new bone matrix possessed lower miner-alization levels and presented larger,uneven mineral grains,exhibiting the attributes of a woven bone.On the other hand,the old bone matrix exhibited a more uniform and mineralized structure,which is characteristic of lamellar bones.The new bone had a lower overall elastic modulus than the old bone.Bimodal AFM further confrmed that the new bone displayed three regions comprising unmineralized,partially mineralized,and fully matured sections,which indicate a turbulent change in its composition.Meanwhile,the old bone exhibited two sections comprising partially mineralized and matured bone parts,which denote the fnal phase of mineralization.This study provides valuable insights into the morphological and nanome-chanical diferences between the old and new bone matrixes and presents a novel approach to investigate bone quality at diferent phases of the bone-healing process.

The five major changes in the evolution of the Loess Plateau

On the basis of the geomorphology, paleosol, paleoclimate and loess age, major changes of the Loess Plateau were studied. There are five major changes in the evolution of the Loess Plateau in China. Among them, the first, second, third and fourth major changes have taken place since the formation of the Loess Plateau, and the fifth major change will happen in 100 years. The first major change, which occurred at about 2.50 Ma BP, was a transition from red earth plateau to the Loess Plateau, and reflects the climate from the warm-sub-humid to the alteration between cold-and-dry and warm-and-humid. The driving force of this first major change was climate. The second major change, which took place at about 1.60 Ma BP, was a vital transition of the main rivers in this area from non-existence to existence, and represented an important change on the Loess Plateau＇s neotectonic uplift from the slow rising to periodically accelerated rising, and making the river＇s erosion go from feeble to strong. The driving force of the second major change is tectonic uplift. The third major change which occurred at about 150 ka, was a great transition of the Yellow River＇s inpouring from a lake outlet to a sea outlet. At that time, the Yellow River cut the Sanmen Gorge. The transition led to the transformation of loess material from internal transportation to external transportation. The driving force of the third major change was running water erosion. The fourth one that occurred at about 1.1 ka was a change of the Loess Plateau from natural erosion to erosion accelerated by human influences. The driving force of the fourth major change is mainly human activities. The fifth major change, which is the opposite change to the fourth one, in which the motive power is human activity, too.

Time-dependent force of infection and effective reproduction ratio in an age-structure dengue transmission model in Bandung City,Indonesia

Dengue virus infection is a leading health problem in many endemic countries,including Indonesia,characterized by high morbidity and wide spread.It is known that the risk factors that influence the transmission intensity vary among different age groups,which can have implications for dengue control strategies.A time-dependent four−age structure model of dengue transmission was constructed in this study.A vaccination scenario as control strategy was also applied to one of the age groups.Daily incidence data of dengue cases from Santo Borromeus Hospital,Bandung,Indonesia,from 2014 to 2016 was used to estimate the infection rate.We used two indicators to identify the changes in dengue transmission intensity for this period in each age group:the annual force of infection(FoI)and the effective reproduction ratio based on a time-dependent transmission rate.The results showed that the yearly FoI of children(age 0–4 years)increased significantly from 2014 to 2015,at 10.08%.Overall,the highest FoI before and after vaccination occurred in youngsters(age 5–14 years),with a FoI of about 6%per year.In addition,based on the daily effective reproduction ratio,it was found that vaccination of youngsters could reduce the number of dengue cases in Bandung city faster than vaccination of children.

17GAME签约韩国当红网游 多产品线运营考验服务能力

17GAME成功签约了《Special Force》、《Stone Age Ⅱ》两款国外网游产品。