With the increase in the power receiving proportion and an insufficient peak regulation capacity of the local units, the receiving-end power grid struggles to achieve peak regulation in valley time. To solve this prob...With the increase in the power receiving proportion and an insufficient peak regulation capacity of the local units, the receiving-end power grid struggles to achieve peak regulation in valley time. To solve this problem while considering the potential of the large-scale charge load of electric vehicles(EVs), an aggregator-based demand response(DR) mechanism for EVs that are participating in the peak regulation in valley time is proposed in this study. In this aggregator-based DR mechanism, the profits for the power grid’s operation and the participation willingness of the EV owners are considered. Based on the characteristics of the EV charging process and the day-ahead unit generation scheduling, a rolling unit commitment model with the DR is established to maximize the social welfare. In addition, to improve the efficiency of the optimization problem solving process and to achieve communication between the independent system operator(ISO) and the aggregators, the clustering algorithm is utilized to extract typical EV charging patterns. Finally, the feasibility and benefits of the aggregator-based DR mechanism for saving the costs and reducing the peak-valley difference of the receiving-end power grid are verified through case studies.展开更多
To facilitate the coordinated and large-scale participation of residential flexible loads in demand response(DR),a load aggregator(LA)can integrate these loads for scheduling.In this study,a residential DR optimizatio...To facilitate the coordinated and large-scale participation of residential flexible loads in demand response(DR),a load aggregator(LA)can integrate these loads for scheduling.In this study,a residential DR optimization scheduling strategy was formulated considering the participation of flexible loads in DR.First,based on the operational characteristics of flexible loads such as electric vehicles,air conditioners,and dishwashers,their DR participation,the base to calculate the compensation price to users,was determined by considering these loads as virtual energy storage.It was quantified based on the state of virtual energy storage during each time slot.Second,flexible loads were clustered using the K-means algorithm,considering the typical operational and behavioral characteristics as the cluster centroid.Finally,the LA scheduling strategy was implemented by introducing a DR mechanism based on the directrix load.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DR approach can effectively reduce peak loads and fill valleys,thereby improving the load management performance.展开更多
There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk...There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.展开更多
温控负荷(temperature control loads,TCLs)灵活性可行域的有效量化和聚合是其响应电价与调控信号的前提。由于TCLs能量在时间上耦合,且设备调节特性和物理参数各异,具有较高异质性,现有聚合方法面临计算复杂度高、适配性差等问题。该...温控负荷(temperature control loads,TCLs)灵活性可行域的有效量化和聚合是其响应电价与调控信号的前提。由于TCLs能量在时间上耦合,且设备调节特性和物理参数各异,具有较高异质性,现有聚合方法面临计算复杂度高、适配性差等问题。该文基于极端场景法建立了通用虚拟电池(virtual battery,VB)模型,即通过一套标准电池参数描述资源灵活性,其通用形式使得聚合可行域可以按一定规则线性求和获得。在此基础上,提出一种基于虚拟电池模型的外逼近闵可夫斯基聚合方法,并从数学上不失一般性地对不同异质性设备聚合的有效性进行了证明与推广。最后,提出了考虑系统灵活性供需平衡的负荷聚合商日前优化调度模型。算例结果表明,所提温控负荷可行域聚合方法在提高了外逼近精度的同时保证了较高的计算效率。相比传统模型,所提聚合模型有着更好的优化性能。展开更多
虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)是一种新型运行模式,通过有效聚合电网中大量需求侧资源并制定有效的动态聚合调控策略,实现电网不同时空的功率互补,提高电网调控的灵活性和系统的经济性。从电网调度角度分析了典型电网需求响应行为...虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)是一种新型运行模式,通过有效聚合电网中大量需求侧资源并制定有效的动态聚合调控策略,实现电网不同时空的功率互补,提高电网调控的灵活性和系统的经济性。从电网调度角度分析了典型电网需求响应行为特性,提出了需求响应能力指标和虚拟电厂分类聚合方法,构建了多源虚拟电厂调控模型,以其结果支撑虚拟电厂响应资源的分层分区互补调控。最后,以某园区为案例,分析了虚拟电厂调控策略的合理性和多源虚拟电厂调控的科学性。结果表明,整体动态调控策略可以引导虚拟电厂科学合理地发挥需求响应价值,促进电网负荷平稳和系统安全稳定运行。展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project from the State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company of China (52094019006U)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (18QB1400200)。
文摘With the increase in the power receiving proportion and an insufficient peak regulation capacity of the local units, the receiving-end power grid struggles to achieve peak regulation in valley time. To solve this problem while considering the potential of the large-scale charge load of electric vehicles(EVs), an aggregator-based demand response(DR) mechanism for EVs that are participating in the peak regulation in valley time is proposed in this study. In this aggregator-based DR mechanism, the profits for the power grid’s operation and the participation willingness of the EV owners are considered. Based on the characteristics of the EV charging process and the day-ahead unit generation scheduling, a rolling unit commitment model with the DR is established to maximize the social welfare. In addition, to improve the efficiency of the optimization problem solving process and to achieve communication between the independent system operator(ISO) and the aggregators, the clustering algorithm is utilized to extract typical EV charging patterns. Finally, the feasibility and benefits of the aggregator-based DR mechanism for saving the costs and reducing the peak-valley difference of the receiving-end power grid are verified through case studies.
基金supported by the Basic Science(Natural Science)Research Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(No.23KJB470020)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Youth Fund)(No.BK20230384)。
文摘To facilitate the coordinated and large-scale participation of residential flexible loads in demand response(DR),a load aggregator(LA)can integrate these loads for scheduling.In this study,a residential DR optimization scheduling strategy was formulated considering the participation of flexible loads in DR.First,based on the operational characteristics of flexible loads such as electric vehicles,air conditioners,and dishwashers,their DR participation,the base to calculate the compensation price to users,was determined by considering these loads as virtual energy storage.It was quantified based on the state of virtual energy storage during each time slot.Second,flexible loads were clustered using the K-means algorithm,considering the typical operational and behavioral characteristics as the cluster centroid.Finally,the LA scheduling strategy was implemented by introducing a DR mechanism based on the directrix load.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DR approach can effectively reduce peak loads and fill valleys,thereby improving the load management performance.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant No.72174062)the 2018 Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research,Ministry of Education,China(Grant No.18JZD032).The completion of this articlewas accomplished with the help of many teachers and classmates.We sincerely thank them for their help and guidance.
文摘There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.
文摘温控负荷(temperature control loads,TCLs)灵活性可行域的有效量化和聚合是其响应电价与调控信号的前提。由于TCLs能量在时间上耦合,且设备调节特性和物理参数各异,具有较高异质性,现有聚合方法面临计算复杂度高、适配性差等问题。该文基于极端场景法建立了通用虚拟电池(virtual battery,VB)模型,即通过一套标准电池参数描述资源灵活性,其通用形式使得聚合可行域可以按一定规则线性求和获得。在此基础上,提出一种基于虚拟电池模型的外逼近闵可夫斯基聚合方法,并从数学上不失一般性地对不同异质性设备聚合的有效性进行了证明与推广。最后,提出了考虑系统灵活性供需平衡的负荷聚合商日前优化调度模型。算例结果表明,所提温控负荷可行域聚合方法在提高了外逼近精度的同时保证了较高的计算效率。相比传统模型,所提聚合模型有着更好的优化性能。
文摘虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)是一种新型运行模式,通过有效聚合电网中大量需求侧资源并制定有效的动态聚合调控策略,实现电网不同时空的功率互补,提高电网调控的灵活性和系统的经济性。从电网调度角度分析了典型电网需求响应行为特性,提出了需求响应能力指标和虚拟电厂分类聚合方法,构建了多源虚拟电厂调控模型,以其结果支撑虚拟电厂响应资源的分层分区互补调控。最后,以某园区为案例,分析了虚拟电厂调控策略的合理性和多源虚拟电厂调控的科学性。结果表明,整体动态调控策略可以引导虚拟电厂科学合理地发挥需求响应价值,促进电网负荷平稳和系统安全稳定运行。