The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devi...The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devices. Hence, green technology elements are crucial to design sustainable and future-proof network architectures. They are the solutions for spectrum scarcity, high latency, interference, energy efficiency, and scalability that occur in dense and heterogeneous wireless networks especially in the home area network （HAN）. Radio-over-fiber （ROF） is a technology candidate to provide a global view of HAN＇s activities that can be leveraged to allocate orthogonal channel communications for enabling wireless-enabled HAN devices transmission, with considering the clustered-frequency-reuse approach. Our proposed network architecture design is mainly focused on enhancing the network throughput and reducing the average network communications latency by proposing a data aggregation unit （DAU）. The performance shows that with the DAU, the average network communications latency reduces significantly while the network throughput is enhanced, compared with the existing ROF architecture without the DAU.展开更多
Context:Without clear understanding of the units used for ecosystem service(ES)mapping,ES assessment accuracy and the practical application of ES knowledge will be hampered.Method:We systematically reviewed 106 studie...Context:Without clear understanding of the units used for ecosystem service(ES)mapping,ES assessment accuracy and the practical application of ES knowledge will be hampered.Method:We systematically reviewed 106 studies over the past 11 years to explore the type,characteristic pattern and deficiencies of mapping units.Result:We proposed that ES mapping units can be categorized into minimal unit for assessing ESs using corresponding indicators and methods,and aggregated unit for analysis and application based on research objectives,and classified the mapping units into five common types.Of the 12 characterizing variables of ES mapping studies,some have been shown to introduce a difference in the selection of mapping units and to exhibit characteristic patterns.We also found that the accuracy of ES assessments based on minimal units was lacking,and aggregated units were insufficient to establish a link between ES knowledge and practice.Conclusion:Herein,we propose possible solutions such as the use of fine spatial resolution grids and the introduction of additional data beyond land cover as supplements to improve the assessment accuracy.To enhance the availability of the results for practice,aggregated units connected with urban planning units should be established at a spatial level suitable for urban management.展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia under Scholarship of Hadiah Latihan Persekutuan under Grant No.KPT.B.600-19/3-791206065445
文摘The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devices. Hence, green technology elements are crucial to design sustainable and future-proof network architectures. They are the solutions for spectrum scarcity, high latency, interference, energy efficiency, and scalability that occur in dense and heterogeneous wireless networks especially in the home area network （HAN）. Radio-over-fiber （ROF） is a technology candidate to provide a global view of HAN＇s activities that can be leveraged to allocate orthogonal channel communications for enabling wireless-enabled HAN devices transmission, with considering the clustered-frequency-reuse approach. Our proposed network architecture design is mainly focused on enhancing the network throughput and reducing the average network communications latency by proposing a data aggregation unit （DAU）. The performance shows that with the DAU, the average network communications latency reduces significantly while the network throughput is enhanced, compared with the existing ROF architecture without the DAU.
基金This work was supported by the China National R&D Program under grant number 2017YFC0505705.
文摘Context:Without clear understanding of the units used for ecosystem service(ES)mapping,ES assessment accuracy and the practical application of ES knowledge will be hampered.Method:We systematically reviewed 106 studies over the past 11 years to explore the type,characteristic pattern and deficiencies of mapping units.Result:We proposed that ES mapping units can be categorized into minimal unit for assessing ESs using corresponding indicators and methods,and aggregated unit for analysis and application based on research objectives,and classified the mapping units into five common types.Of the 12 characterizing variables of ES mapping studies,some have been shown to introduce a difference in the selection of mapping units and to exhibit characteristic patterns.We also found that the accuracy of ES assessments based on minimal units was lacking,and aggregated units were insufficient to establish a link between ES knowledge and practice.Conclusion:Herein,we propose possible solutions such as the use of fine spatial resolution grids and the introduction of additional data beyond land cover as supplements to improve the assessment accuracy.To enhance the availability of the results for practice,aggregated units connected with urban planning units should be established at a spatial level suitable for urban management.
