Insulation Diagnosis of Service Aged XLPE Power Cables Using Statistical Analysis and Fuzzy Inference

Cables that have been in service for over 20 years in Shanghai, a city with abundant surface water, failed more frequently and induced different cable accidents. This necessitates researches on the insulation aging state of cables working in special circumstances. We performed multi-parameter tests with samples from about 300 cable lines in Shanghai. The tests included water tree investigation, tensile test, dielectric spectroscopy test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electrical aging test. Then, we carried out regression analysis between every two test parameters. Moreover, through two-sample t-Test and analysis of va- riance (ANOVA) of each test parameter, we analyzed the influences of cable-laying method and sampling section on the degradation of cable insulation respectively. Furthermore, the test parameters which have strong correlation in the regression analysis or significant differ- ences in the t-Test or ANOVA analysis were determined to be the ones identifying the XLPE cable insulation aging state. The thresholds for distinguishing insulation aging states had been also obtained with the aid of statistical analysis and fuzzy clustering. Based on the fuzzy in- ference, we established a cable insulation aging diagnosis model using the intensity transfer method. The results of regression analysis indicate that the degradation of cable insulation accelerates as the degree of in-service aging increases. This validates the rule that the in- crease of microscopic imperfections in solid material enhances the dielectric breakdown strength. The results of the two-sample t-Test and the ANOVA indicate that the direct-buried cables are more sensitive to insulation degradation than duct cables. This confirms that the tensile strength and breakdown strength are reliable functional parameters in cable insulation evaluations. A case study further indicates that the proposed diagnosis model based on the fuzzy inference can reflect the comprehensive aging state of cable insulation well, and that the cable service time has no correlation with the insulation aging state.

A New Method for the Aging Evaluation of Oil-Paper Insulation Using η-Butanol and Methanol

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the aging life prediction and assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation,and to make up for the deficiencies of traditional characterizers,such as 2-furfural,carbon monoxide,and carbon dioxide,a method for the simultaneous determination of methanol,ethanol,n−propanol,and η-butanol in oil with a single injection is established by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The measured results show that the determination limits of the four alcohol characterizers can be controlled to 10μg/kg level.Based on this method,the change patterns of the above four alcohols with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization are obtained through thermal aging experimental research.Ethanol,η-propanol,and η-butanol in oil indicate nearly linear correlations with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization,similar to that of methanol.By analyzing 52 sets of measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation,η-butanol is found to have excellent performance,and a new method to evaluate the aging state of oil-paper insulation employing η-butanol and methanol is proposed along with the aging attention value model.The measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation indicate that the combination of η-butanol and methanol as the preferred characterizers can effectively compensate for the shortcoming of traditional characterizers in the early stages of aging,and the feasibility of the method is verified.Two possible pathways for the generation of η-butanol by cellulose cleavage during the aging of oil-paper are proposed from the chemical structure of cellulose.

Comprehensive evaluation of the transformer oil-paper insulation state based on RF-combination weighting and an improved TOPSIS method

The accurate identification of the oil-paper insulation state of a transformer is crucial for most maintenance strategies.This paper presents a multi-feature comprehensive evaluation model based on combination weighting and an improved technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)method to perform an objective and scientific evaluation of the transformer oil-paper insulation state.Firstly,multiple aging features are extracted from the recovery voltage polarization spectrum and the extended Debye equivalent circuit owing to the limitations of using a single feature for evaluation.A standard evaluation index system is then established by using the collected time-domain dielectric spectrum data.Secondly,this study implements the per-unit value concept to integrate the dimension of the index matrix and calculates the objective weight by using the random forest algorithm.Furthermore,it combines the weighting model to overcome the drawbacks of the single weighting method by using the indicators and considering the subjective experience of experts and the random forest algorithm.Lastly,the enhanced TOPSIS approach is used to determine the insulation quality of an oil-paper transformer.A verification example demonstrates that the evaluation model developed in this study can efficiently and accurately diagnose the insulation status of transformers.Essentially,this study presents a novel approach for the assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation.

Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation in the Electro-thermal Aging Process

High electric field and temperatures can result in electrical property degradation of oil-paper insulation and accelerate its aging process.This paper describes the regulation of space charge in the process of electro-thermal aging.Electric field distortion and differences in characteristic parameters during electro-thermal aging are analyzed,along with the effects of electro-thermal aging on space charge from the perspective of trap energy.High temperature and an electric field are used to accelerate the aging of oil-paper,and space charge characteristics are measured using the pulsed electro-acoustic(PEA)method throughout the electro-thermal aging.Based on results obtained,it can be concluded that homo-charge injection occurs at the anode and the type of the charge injection at the cathode varies throughout the electro-thermal aging;the decrease of permittivity during aging allows for space charge injection to take place;growth of trap depth makes the space charge accumulate in the middle of the sample;and space charge accumulation after electro-thermal aging results in inner electric field distortion,which leads to large current and decreased breakdown in voltages.

基于关联信息熵和轻量级梯度提升机的油纸绝缘特征优选策略

为了充分挖掘对变压器油纸绝缘综合诊断结果有利的老化特征量,提出一种基于关联信息熵和轻量级梯度提升机(LightGBM)的特征量优选策略。首先,基于不同老化状态的变压器介电响应实测数据,提取不同类别的时域特征量形成初始高维特征空间;其次,引入关联信息熵度量特征子集的相关性及冗余性,再利用轻量级梯度提升机评估特征的重要度,进而得到最优特征空间;最后,对比分析最优特征空间与不同对照组的诊断性能,有效验证了基于所提优选策略确定的最优特征空间的优越性。

Application of Voltage Response Method to Condition Assessment of Power Transformer

Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in the power system.Its operating condition affects the reliability of power supply directly.Therefore,in order to guarantee transformer operation safely and reliably,it is necessary to assess condition of power transformer accurately.Return voltage method based on voltage response measurements is still a new non-intrusive diagnosis method for internal insulation aging of transformer.In this paper the technique and application of return voltage measurement and some results of voltage response measurements of several transformers was introduced.Voltage response measurements were performed on various transformers with different voltage grades,various operating periods,different moisture contents and aging degrees on site.Derived moisture contents from return voltage measurement were compared with the corresponding moisture contents obtained from the analysis of oil samples.Based on on-site experiments and theoretical analysis,the criteria for insulation state of transformer are proposed.Moisture condition of transformer insulation can be determined by using return dominant time constant,and a good correlation between aging degree and the return voltage initial slopes of the aged transformers.Field test performed on several transformers,its interpretation of results are also presented,which proves that return voltage measurements can be used as a reliable tool for evaluating moisture content in transformer insulation.

油纸绝缘热老化特性及生成物的对比分析

对由普通25#矿物油、以Biotemp为代表的植物油和普通绝缘纸、热稳定纸组成的4种油纸绝缘试品在90、110和130℃ 3种温度下开展了热老化实验,测量并记录了老化过程中绝缘纸的聚合度、油中糠醛、CO、CO2以及油酸值和微水含量等老化特征参数和变化规律,并首次系统地对比分析了不同绝缘组合的老化特性,探索不同绝缘材料老化生成物的相关性关系,为传统的老化特征参量应用于不同油纸绝缘系统的老化诊断提供了依据,并为拓展变压器寿命预测理论奠定了基础。

变压器油纸绝缘热老化特性及特征量研究

对25#变压器矿物油、以BIOTEMP为代表的植物绝缘油、普通牛皮纸和热稳定绝缘纸材料构成的油纸绝缘试品进行了加速热老化实验,对老化过程中绝缘纸的聚合度变化规律及老化特性进行了对比分析,并对油中水分、糠醛含量这两个重要的老化特征参量的变化规律及其与聚合度的相关性关系进行了研究。研究的主要目的是探索新型绝缘材料的老化特性,为传统的老化特征参量应用于新型油纸复合绝缘材料构成的变压器老化诊断提供依据,并为拓展变压器寿命预测理论奠定基础。

基于极化/去极化电流法的交联聚乙烯电缆热老化程度判定

准确诊断交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆的老化程度对于评估其绝缘状态有着重要的意义。为了得到不同老化程度的电缆样品,进行了人工加速热老化实验,老化温度为140℃,老化时间分别为10、20、30、40 d。同时,设计了可以去除表面电流干扰的电缆测量结构,以此测得了样品的体极化/去极化电流（PDC）,并用极化强度仿真验证了实验结果。不同的去极化曲线形状可以初步判断出电缆的老化程度,但不够直观。为了定量地描述电缆老化程度,采用了能够反映电介质内部陷阱的参数老化因子A,研究结果表明：随着老化程度增加,电缆的A值总体上呈现了上升的趋势;在140℃老化温度下,老化时间约为20~30 d时电缆进入中重度老化阶段。根据该实验结果建议针对运行时间约为15 a的电缆进行PDC绝缘老化检测。

基于局部放电因子向量和BP神经网络的油纸绝缘老化状况诊断

模拟真实变压器的内绝缘运行环境,设计了一种单因子加速热老化试验。提取了局部放电脉冲相位分布(PRPD)模式的四个图谱及其对应的27个特征量,利用因子分析方法从27个特征量中提取了10个主成分因子。在局部放电10个主成分因子的基础上,选择BP神经网络对油纸绝缘的老化状况进行诊断。输入训练样本数据分别采用BP标准算法和四种改进算法对网络进行了训练,并对测试样本进行了老化诊断。基于10个主成分因子的BP网络在一定程度上能够诊断油纸绝缘的老化状况。各种算法的诊断结果表明L-M算法是比较合理的油纸绝缘老化诊断的BP网络算法。

基于热刺激电流的硅橡胶合成绝缘子老化诊断方法初探

初步研究了用热刺激电流(TSC)技术进行硅橡胶合成绝缘子老化状态评估诊断的可行性。首先研究各种试验参数对硅橡胶合成绝缘子TSC特性的影响,结合不同测试条件的硅橡胶绝缘子陷阱电荷趋势图,确定一种合适的TSC试验参数,并在此给定的试验参数下,对比研究同一厂家新旧2批合成绝缘子的TSC特性。初步试验发现,新旧绝缘子的TSC测试结果明显不同。结合绝缘子的憎水性测试及微观结构分析发现,TSC测试结果与憎水性、微观结构之间存在一定联系。研究结果表明,如果深入系统地研究TSC特性与老化特性之间的关系,TSC技术有可能成为硅橡胶合成绝缘子老化程度评价及诊断的新方法。

变压器油纸绝缘极化谱的仿真研究

回复电压测量方法能有效检测变压器固体绝缘的含水量,然而对于含有局部峰值点的回复电压极化谱,难以给出明确的诊断结论。在引入扩展德拜模型基础上,建立了绝缘极化、老化过程和等值电路参数三者之间的关系,并仿真分析了电路参数的改变引起特征量和极化谱的变化规律。仿真分析结果表明,回复电压特征量的主时间常数能诊断不同几何电容的变压器的绝缘状态,是一个诊断绝缘状态的有效特征量;而且极化谱的形状也是诊断绝缘状态的有效特征量,其终端部分的形状和回复电压值能反映固体绝缘的老化状态。试验研究结果证明仿真结论是有效的。

300MW汽轮发电机主绝缘老化诊断

介绍谏壁发电厂300MW汽轮发电机定于绝缘老化诊断的研究结果、采用新的检测方法对试验线棒进行了介质损耗、交流电流和局部放电测量，并用介质损耗增长率△2、电容增长率△C″、局部放电损耗指数PDI，交流电流增长指数m2、局部放电统计参量的偏斜度Sk和UWB放电脉冲的能量分布等特征参量对测量结果进行分析，同时采用扫描电镜对试验线棒的微观结构进计观察。结果表明，发电机主绝缘老化比较严重，新提出的特征参量较传统的评估参量更能有效地表征发电机主绝缘的老化状态。

频域介电谱用于高压电流互感器绝缘诊断

电流互感器(TA)是电网控制回路的重要组成部分,失效时可能引起相对地故障或高能量爆炸,妨碍变电站的安全运行。为了提高电流互感器的运行可靠性,基于频域谱理论和测试技术,提出了联合频域介电谱和高压介损试验进行高压电流互感器绝缘状态及老化诊断的方法。首先利用频域介电谱(FDS)对3台220kV TA进行测试,得到了主绝缘的tanδ-f和C*-f特性曲线。然后对设备进行了高压介损试验,得到了主绝缘的tanδ-U曲线,并将10kV工频介损与FDS测试结果进行了对比,验证了两者的一致性。从试验结果可知:绝缘严重老化或受潮均使得固体绝缘中水分含量增加、低频段的介质损耗升高;老化严重时,低频段的复电容实部随频率降低而增大,绝缘受潮时复电容实部基本不随频率变化;绝缘老化设备在tanδ-U曲线上呈现开口形状,绝缘受潮设备的tanδ基本不随电压U变化,为两者的区分提供了新途径。FDS作为一种估计纸中水分和油电导率的可靠工具,结合高压介质损耗试验有利于对高压TA绝缘进行更有效、准确的诊断。

XLPE电缆水树老化及其诊断技术的研究进展

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆的水树老化是导致电缆绝缘水平下降和运行寿命缩短的主要诱因之一。本文对交联聚乙烯电缆的水树老化及其诊断技术的研究进展进行了回顾,首先介绍了交联聚乙烯电缆中的水树老化现象及其潜在的危害,对水树的定义、特征、生长机理及其生长过程中的影响因素等方面的研究成果进行了阐述,并指出了水树与电树之间潜在的相互转化关系。其次,分析并比较了水树的各种诊断技术,包括微观表征、传统介电性能测试以及新型诊断测试技术。最后,探讨了电缆的水树老化及其诊断技术未来的研究方向。

基于动态力学分析的大电机主绝缘老化诊断

采用动态力学分析方法研究了大电机定子试验线棒绝缘在多因子应力作用下的老化诊断,提出了用动态力学参量来描述试验线棒绝缘老化状态的新方法。对不同老化阶段试验线棒绝缘进行了动态力学实验,分析了各力学特征参量与老化程度的关系。实验结果表明, 动态力学参量如动态模量、玻璃化转变温度、动态力学耗峰值、半峰值宽度和玻璃化转变活化能能够有效地表征大电机主绝缘的老化状态。

油纸绝缘老化拉曼光谱特征量提取及诊断方法

实现油纸绝缘老化的准确诊断是预防油纸绝缘设备故障的重要技术手段,获取能准确反映油纸绝缘老化的有效特征量是关键。结合拉曼光谱分析在物质成分分析及状态诊断的良好应用,论文基于实验室油纸绝缘拉曼光谱分析平台,针对通过加速老化获得的不同老化阶段的油纸绝缘样本,开展了油纸绝缘老化拉曼光谱特征量提取及诊断研究。通过对不同样本的拉曼光谱检测,运用主成分分析法对拉曼光谱数据降维,提取与油纸绝缘老化具有明显对应特征的拉曼光谱特征量;结合粒子群优化算法和多分类支持向量机诊断方法,建立了基于拉曼光谱老化特征量的油纸绝缘老化诊断模型,实验验证了该模型的有效性。

直流高压干式套管的多参量诊断

准确诊断干式套管主绝缘的老化状态,对于电力系统的可靠运行及状态检修具有非常重要的意义。为此,分别测量了干式套管主绝缘试样的介质损耗参量、泄漏电流、局部放电参量和剩余击穿电压,采用基于统计学的方法建立了多参量诊断的数学模型,对干式套管主绝缘进行了老化状态评估。结果表明:所测参量中,偏斜度Sk+、介电损耗tanδ、局放起始电压UPDIV、吸收比Pi为最优参量组;多参量诊断会提高绝缘状态评价的准确性,但也并不是参量越多越好,合理的选取诊断参量十分重要。

基于局部放电监测的水轮发电机主绝缘诊断分析系统

在分析国内外大型水轮发电机主绝缘状态监测与诊断研究现状的基础上,针对主绝缘诊断与监测系统中所存在的问题,利用信息集成技术,提出了大型水轮发电机主绝缘综合诊断系统解决方案——以局部放电监测为中心,综合利用计算机监控系统、其他相关监测单元、在线巡检量和离线试验检修指标等相关信息进行综合诊断分析。讨论了局部放电的模式识别方法,建立了变工况模型,并将其用于模式识别和模式老化度分析,研究了主绝缘故障的综合诊断流程,给出了主绝缘状态评估方法和绝缘老化趋势分析算法。详细介绍了系统框架、功能模块定义和系统的软硬件实现方法。该系统部分已投入现场应用。

油纸绝缘弛豫法谱线特征量提取及老化诊断

针对时域介电响应法的弛豫响应参数求解的不确定性及特征量提取不够直接、物理意义不易描述等问题,提出基于直接确定性参数辨识与弛豫法谱线特征量的变压器油、纸绝缘老化诊断新方法。首先,采用末端双点解析法确定去极化电流谱线中的弛豫参量;分别绘制表征变压器绝缘油、绝缘纸状态的弛豫最小、最大法谱线,直接提取4个新特征量:弛豫最小法向角θτmin、弛豫最小法线长Pτmin、弛豫最大法向角θτmax、弛豫最大法线长Pτmax;经研究分析证实:绝缘油老化程度越严重,θτmin越小,Pτmin越短;绝缘纸老化程度越严重,θτmax越小,Pτmax越短。多台变压器试验验证:依据新特征量能有效诊断出油、纸绝缘老化状态;弛豫参量辨识新方法和新特征量提取为油纸绝缘老化诊断提供了新思路。