Analysis on the Mode of Trans-Regional Allocation of Agricultural Machinery

With the continuous progress of agricultural technology, agricultural mechanization presents a good development trend after half a century development. But agricultural machinery equipment and the level of agricultural mechanization are imbalances in different regions; the structure of agricultural machinery equipment is unreasonable; there are great differences in agricultural mechanization level of different operations and different crops and the whole level of agricultural mechanization social service is not high. Through cross regional allocation of existing agricultural machinery to improve the working efficiency of agricultural machinery;we can extend the operation time of the agricultural machinery and improve the operation effect and income of agricultural machinery.

Purchase-oriented Classification Model of the Spare Parts of Agricultural Machinery

Based on the classification of spare parts and the research results of the demand of spare parts,a three-dimensional classification model of spare parts of agricultural machinery is established,which includes the application axis sorted by technical characteristics,the cost axis classified by ABC method,and the demand axis classified by the demand of the spare parts of agricultural machinery.These dimension axes represent different factors,and the application of factors in purchase is analyzed.Guiding value of each dimension axis is summarized in the field of the spare parts purchase;and corresponding strategy instruction is put forward.Integrated application of these strategies by model makes the purchase have more realistic operational meaning.Application field of the three-dimensional model of spare parts is discussed;and the direction for further research is pointed out.

Nonfarm employment, agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency:An empirical study based on China's major wheat-producing areas

Based on the cross-sectional data of the survey conducted in China's main wheat producing areas at the end of 2019,this paper uses the translog production function model to estimate agricultural technical efficiency,and studies the relationship between nonfarm employment,agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency.The results show that the household non-agricultural employment ratio and non-agricultural income have a significant positive impact on the purchase of agricultural machinery services.In addition to the effect of scale efficiency,non-agricultural employment does not have a significant impact on agricultural technical efficiency,and labor transfer does not have a significant negative impact on agricultural production.

Application of reaction nitrogen arc cladding TiCN/Fe composite coating on cutter of agricultural machinery

In order to solve the high-price and short-lifetime problems of the cutter of agricultural machinery,and improve the wear resistance of the cutter, the TiCN/Fe metal ceramic composite coating was prepared on the substrate of Q235 steel by reaction nitrogen arc cladding technique. The mixture powder of titanium and graphite was preplaced on the Q235 steel surface after intensive mixing by planetary ball mill and gluing with starch binder. The microstructure and phase of the coatings, interface behavior between coatings and the substrate were investigated by scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The micro-hardness distribution of the coating section was tested by micro-hardness tester. Friction coefficient and wear weight loss were measured by abrasion machine. Wearing surface morphology was investigated by scanning electronic microscope. The results show that an excellent bonding between the coatings and the Q235 steel substrate is ensured by the strong metallurgical interface and phase of the coatings. The coatings are mainly composed of TiCN. The highest micro- hardness of the coatings reaches 1 089 HV0. 2, while the micro-hardness of Q235 steel substrate is only about 286 HV0. 2. The anti-abrasive test results show that the wear resistance of the cladding coating is better than that of quenched and tempered 65 Mn steel which is often used as cutter of agricultural machinery. The field test results show that the TiCN/ Fe metal ceramic composite coating prepared by reaction nitrogen arc cladding is feasible to the manufacture and remanufacture of the cutter of agricultural machinery.

Current Situations and Development Strategies for Integration of Peanut Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery in China

The mechanization level of peanut production is the bottleneck restricting the development of peanut production in China,while integration of agronomy and agricultural machinery is an essential approach for improving mechanization level of peanut production. This paper elaborated requirements of peanut agronomy for agricultural machinery from peanut planting modes,land cultivation,sowing,harvesting,picking,and shelling,etc. Besides,it discussed requirements of agricultural machinery for agronomy from peanut seed quality,variety characteristics,planting modes,and soil condition. In addition,it analyzed existing problems and restricting factors of integration of peanut agronomy and agricultural machinery. Finally,it came up with recommendations for development strategies including increasing government fund input,optimizing industrial distribution,and multidisciplinary joint research.

The Application of Combination Forecasting Model in Forecasting the Total Power of Agricultural Machinery in Heilongjiang Province

Agricultural machinery total power is an important index to reflect and evaluate the level of agricultural mechanization. Firstly,we respectively made use of exponential model,grey forecasting and BP neural network to construct models depending on historical data of agricultural machinery total power of Heilongjiang Province; secondly,we constructed the combined forecasting models that respectively based on divergence coefficient method,quadratic programming and weight distribution of Shapley value. Fitting results showed that the various combination forecasting model is superior to the single models. Finally,we applied the combination forecasting model which based on the weight distribution method of Shapley value to forecast Heilongjiang agricultural machinery total power,and it would provide some reference to the development and program for power of agriculture machinery.

On Development of Agricultural Machinery Operating Service in Chongqing

Development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing takes on rapid increase in number of service organizations,diversified service methods,improvement in service level,and constant service income. However,there are some problems,including unreasonable composition and small scale of service organization,imbalanced development of four service methods,low service level,and low operating income of agricultural machinery households. To accelerate development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing,it is recommended to take following measures: adjusting subsidy for purchase and operation of agricultural machinery; improving fiscal and taxation and financial system; speeding up infrastructure construction,establishing agricultural machinery information network,and improving organizational form and methods of agricultural machinery operating service.

The Impacts of Agricultural Machinery Purchase Subsidies on Mechanized Crop Residue Recycling

Crop residue recycling can improve the quality of the cropland,and it has multiple economic and ecological benefits.However,such practice is with low adoption due to different constraints.In this paper,we use the survey data from Baoding,Hebei province,and use the probit model to explore how the agricultural machinery purchase subsidies affect the mechanized crop residue recycling.The results showed that several factors that affect farmers in adopting the practice of mechanized crop residue crop recycling.Among these factors,the cost of adopting such practice is significant.The agricultural machinery purchase subsidies can effectively reduce the cost of such practice,as well as promote mechanized crop residue recycling.The paper also proposed several actions in the future.They include increasing the subsidies on agricultural machinery purchase and increasing farmers' awareness on crop residue recycling.

Agricultural Machinery Input,Labor Resource Allocation,and Rural Household Land Transfers

This paper explores the impact of agricultural machinery input on rural households’land transfers,which is conducive to the acceleration of agricultural modernization,agricultural production at scale,and rural revitalization.By using the micro-data on rural households(2014–2018)from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),we made an empirical analysis of the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers and drew three conclusions.First,agricultural machinery input has a positive impact on land transfers,which means the more rural households invest in agricultural machinery,the more willing they are to participate in land transfers.Second,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers is mainly exerted by adjusting the allocation of labor resources for rural households,or rather by increasing the number of farmers engaged in agriculture and reducing the number of farmers-turned traders and workers to facilitate land transfers.Third,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers concerns both the positive transfers-in and the negative transfers-out,and such an impact stays stable across income groups.Accordingly,we should further increase agricultural machinery-related subsidies,improve the agricultural machinery service outsourcing market,and help rural households to reasonably allocate their labor resource endowments and invest in agricultural machinery to increase land transfers.

Agricultural Machinery Industry in China

The agricultural machinery industry in China has obtained greatachievements and China has become a big country of agricultural machineryproduction along with the agricultural development.The development ofChinese agricultural machinery industry grew very fast in recent years.Since 2002,the annual growth rate of total output value of agriculturalmachinery and sales income exceeded 20 percent.Service object ofagricultural machinery covers the whole agricultural field.Integrate

Challenges and Opportunities for China＇s Agricultural and Rural Development in the 12th Five-year Plan Period

Despite the great progress of rural socioeconomic development in the 11 th Five-year Plan period （2006-2010）, China＇s agriculture and countryside are still.lacing the challenges of a crude development pattern, backward rural development and cities＇ weak driving effect on the countryside. In the 12th Five-year Plan period （20I 1-2015）, China should transform the way agriculture grows and operates; promote rural socioeconomic development; improve urban planning and its functions, institutional innovation, and urban/rural integration to lay a solid foundation for building an all-round well- off society.

2BP-2000型水稻育秧播种机分盘装置研制

针对现有育秧播种机分盘装置生产效率较低、高速作业时易出现卡盘和秧盘输送不连续等问题,该研究设计了一种生产效率不低于2000盘/h的机械气动式自动分盘装置,可快速、准确完成分盘和供盘,适配2BP-2000型水稻育秧播种机高速播种。阐述了分盘装置的基本结构和工作原理,开展分盘、接盘过程分析,确定装置稳定分盘、接盘作业的关键机构与工作参数。分盘稳定性试验结果表明,生产率为1600~2000盘/h时,分盘稳定性不低于98.67%。开展以层叠秧盘数、生产率和秧盘质量为试验因素,以接盘成功率为试验指标的三因素三水平正交旋转组合试验,得到影响接盘成功率的因素主次关系为生产率、层叠秧盘数、秧盘质量,其中生产率、层叠秧盘数对接盘成功率影响显著(P<0.05),秧盘质量对接盘成功率影响不显著(P≥0.05),表明分盘装置对不同质量的秧盘适应性较好,其最优参数组合为:生产率2000盘/h、层叠秧盘数6盘/层、秧盘质量750 g/盘,该条件下分盘装置的接盘成功率均值为98.43%,与预测值仅相差0.29个百分点。研究结果对提高水稻硬盘育秧播种机械化水平具有实用价值。

农机合作社绩效评价方法及应用——基于6D-BSC和改进PCA、VIKOR方法

农机合作社作为新型农业经营主体,科学客观评价其发展的绩效水平对农机合作社的健康发展、促进乡村振兴具有重要意义。结合新阶段农机合作社发展现状、特点及评价需求,创建基于六维平衡计分卡(6D-BSC)的绩效评价指标体系设计新方法,并依其设计涵盖经营规模、学习与成长、技术效果、经济效果、绿色发展和受益群体六个方面的评价指标体系;创建基于主成分分析方法(PCA)的指标权重计算方法并依其确定各指标权重值;改进基于模糊多准则(VIKOR)方法的绩效评价准则。三种方法有机结合使评价指标体系建立更加合理,评价结果更加准确。以黑龙江省14个地市(县)的农机合作社为研究对象进行实证研究,评价结果显示,农机合作社总体绩效水平可以划分为六个层次,其中齐齐哈尔市农机合作社总体绩效水平最高处于第一层次,绥化市农机合作社运营效果突出处于第二层次,哈尔滨市、黑河市农机合作社总体绩效水平较高处于第三层次。

基于SARIMA-改进RS-多步LSTM的农机装备需求组合预测模型

针对农机装备需求受实际农业生产和其他多种因素影响,需求数据呈现周期性、非线性等特点,难以准确预测农机需求的问题,提出一种集成SARIMA-改进RS-多步LSTM的农机装备需求预测方法。通过确定参数组合,构建季节性差分自回归滑动平均(SARIMA)模型。引入完全集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)、改进随机搜索(RS)算法和多步长短期记忆网络(LSTM),构建改进RS-多步LSTM模型。将SARIMA模型和改进RS-多步LSTM模型进行最优加权组合,得到组合预测模型。以某型号农机装备进行实例验证,结果表明,所提方法能够有效预测农机装备需求的时间序列,评价指标MSE、MAE、R2分别为225.45、13.22和0.9209。

Nitrogen cycling and environmental impacts in upland agricultural soils in North China： A review

The upland agricultural soils in North China are distributed north of a line between the Kunlun Mountains, the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River. They occur in arid, semi-arid and semi-humid regions and crop production often depends on rain-fed or irrigation to supplement rainfall. This paper summarizes the characteristics of gross nitrogen（N） transformation, the fate of N fertilizer and soil N as well as the N loss pathway, and makes suggestions for proper N management in the region. The soils of the region are characterized by strong N mineralization and nitrification, and weak immobilization and denitrification ability, which lead to the production and accumulation of nitrate in the soil profile. Large amounts of accumulated nitrate have been observed in the vadose-zone in soils due to excess N fertilization in the past three decades, and this nitrate is subject to occasional leaching which leads to groundwater nitrate contamination. Under farmer＇s conventional high N fertilization practice in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system（N application rate was approximately 600 kg ha–1 yr–1）, crop N uptake, soil residual N, NH_3 volatilization, NO_3~– leaching, and denitrification loss accounted for around 27, 30, 23, 18 and 2% of the applied fertilizer N, respectively. NH_3 volatilization and NO_3~– leaching were the most important N loss pathways while soil residual N was an important fate of N fertilizer for replenishing soil N depletion from crop production. The upland agricultural soils in North China are a large source of N_2O and total emissions in this region make up a large proportion（approximately 54%） of Chinese cropland N_2O emissions. The “non-coupled strong ammonia oxidation” process is an important mechanism of N_2O production. Slowing down ammonia oxidation after ammonium-N fertilizer or urea application and avoiding transient high soil NH4＋ concentrations are key measures for reducing N_2O emissions in this region. Further N management should aim to minimize N losses from crop and livestock production, and increase the recycling of manure and straw back to cropland. We also recommend adoption of the 4 R（Right soure, Right rate, Right time, Right place） fertilization techniques to realize proper N fertilizer management, and improving application methods or modifying fertilizer types to reduce NH_3 volatilization, improving water management to reduce NO_3~– leaching, and controlling the strong ammonia oxidation process to abate N_2O emission. Future research should focus on the study of the trade-off effects among different N loss pathways under different N application methods or fertilizer products.

顶钵-夹茎组合式取苗装置设计与试验

针对现有钵苗自动移栽技术中,夹钵式取苗方式受钵体强度及盘根性差异影响易导致钵体破损,降低取苗成功率,夹茎式取苗方式受茎秆强度及钵体与穴盘之间黏附力影响易造成伤苗、钵体不能取出等问题,该研究提出了一种顶钵-夹茎组合取苗方式,并进行了结构设计、装置试制与试验优化。对辣椒穴盘苗茎秆和钵体力学特性进行了测试,得到茎秆拉伸和径向压缩力学特性,及钵体拉拔与压缩力学特性,并建立了顶钵-夹茎组合式取苗装置在顶与夹过程中钵体和茎秆的受力模型,对取苗装置关键参数进行了设计。搭建试验台架,以“中农绿亨线椒363”穴盘苗为对象,以钵体含水率、取苗频率和顶钵高度为影响因素开展正交试验,结果表明经顶钵-夹茎取苗后的穴盘苗生长状态良好,确定最优水平为含水率45%,取苗频率60株/min,顶钵高度10 mm,该条件下钵体破损率为1.98%,取苗成功率为98%。田间试验表明平均取苗成功率为93.05%,株距合格率为88.17%。研究可为辣椒、番茄等旱地作物穴盘苗移栽技术改进优化提供参考。

基于全质心WLS-HDS-TWR算法的无人驾驶农业机械协同定位算法研究

针对室内全球导航卫星系统(Global navigation satellite system,GNSS)信号受遮挡时,农用车辆协同定位精度低、稳定性差、信号丢包等问题,本文开展面向超宽带(Ultra-wideband,UWB)调频技术的室内外农用车辆协同定位算法研究。首先,搭建三基站多边测距定位模型,实现主基站绝对位置标定以及辅助基站绝对位置坐标的变换求解;其次,提出全质心加权最小二乘的高速双边双向(Weighted least squares high double sided two-way ranging,WLS-HDS-TWR)农机协同定位算法,基于泰勒级数展开的WLS估计算法,求解主车位置。同时,提出面向室内环境的多状态基站组合的UWB定位模块布设模式,并验证其可行性;通过飞行时间法(Time of flight,TOF)获取主从车距离信息,融合GNSS标定位置信息、主车坐标信息以及测距信息,实现主从车协同定位。最后,基于Prescan/Simulink搭建联合仿真平台,验证提出算法的可靠性;通过农用履带车辆开展室内及室外协同定位实车试验,试验结果表明:全质心WLS-HDS-TWR协同定位算法可有效解决室内GNSS信号缺失问题,室内环境下,定位精度较HDS-TWR及全质心LS-HDS-TWR算法分别提高26.98%和22.03%,满足智能农机协同定位作业需求。

基于DEM-MBD的油茶林分层切抛式开沟刀组研制

针对油茶种植林地土壤粘重板结环境下因刀片剧烈冲击导致开沟效果不理想、功率消耗较大和机具振动的问题,该研究设计了一种油茶林分层切抛式开沟刀组。根据油茶开沟施肥的农艺要求,分析土壤与切土刀片间的相互作用、建立土壤颗粒在抛土刀面上的动力学微分方程,得到影响刀组切抛性能的关键因素为偏心系数、最大工作半径r1处滑切角、安装角和刀轴转速。通过EDEM-RecurDyn耦合仿真,以作业功耗与沟深稳定性系数为评价指标进行单因素及二次正交旋转组合试验,基于NSGA-Ⅲ算法对构建的二阶多项式响应面模型进行循环逼近优化,确定最优参数组合为:偏心系数1.3、最大工作半径r1处滑切角64.7°、安装角55.1°、刀轴转速301 r/min,与对照组单一外层切土刀和正装抛土刀的组合方式相比,最优参数组合下分层切抛式开沟刀组的扭矩波动降低率为21.53%。田间试验结果表明,最优参数刀组下仿真与田间试验的作业功耗、沟深稳定性系数相对误差分别为10.25%和4.55%,验证了耦合仿真模型的准确性;田间试验的作业功耗与沟深稳定性系数分别为25.96 kW和88.31%,比功耗和现有的果园开沟刀组相比降低了8.31%,沟深稳定性系数满足国家相关标准的技术要求,研究结果可为油茶林开沟刀组的设计和优化提供理论支撑与参考。

铲齿-双滚筒组合式花生捡拾装置研制

两段收获是国内花生机械化收获主要方式。大中型花生捡拾收获机所配置的弹齿滚筒式捡拾装置结构复杂且易损坏,捡拾过程中不仅存在植株抛起、壅堆、漏捡和掉果等问题,弹齿弹出地面时也会造成扬尘,严重制约了花生收获作业效率、增加花生损失,加剧环境污染。针对上述问题,该研究在分析弹齿滚筒捡拾花生过程基础上,提出了由铲齿、拨秧滚和捡拾滚(简称双滚筒)构成的花生捡拾机构,研制出相应的捡拾装置样机并进行田间性能试验;基于Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理,以植株捡拾率和荚果落果率为试验指标以机组前进速度,捡拾速比和铲齿半径为试验因素进行了正交试验,并对试验因素进行优化。试验结果表明,铲齿-双滚筒组合式花生捡拾装置作业中不存在植株抛起、壅堆和弹齿扬尘等问题;在田间试验条件下,作业速度为1.2 m/s、捡拾速比为1.2、铲齿半径为498 mm时,花生植株捡拾率均值为99.22%,落果率均值为1.84%,均优于花生捡拾作业标准要求。铲齿-双滚筒研究结果对解决国内花生捡拾收获机存在的捡拾问题具有重要意义。

4BL-1型白萝卜联合收获机缨叶聚拢装置优化与试验

为解决白萝卜机收过程中因缨叶聚拢不全导致损失率与损伤率高、切头合格率低等问题,该研究依据白萝卜缨叶物理力学特性,设计了一种白萝卜缨叶聚拢装置,以实现白萝卜缨叶从田间自然“半散开”状态聚拢成束,利于后续拔取作业。构建白萝卜缨叶聚拢装置运动学模型,确定“拢缨速比”的取值范围;构建装置结构参数和前进速度、拢缨速比及作业姿态等运动参数及拢叶机构倾角对缨叶聚拢性能影响的数学模型,并求解出各因素优选区间。以缨叶聚拢成功率、缨叶破损率为评价指标,开展三因素三水平正交组合试验,依据响应面法分析各因素对二者的影响效应,并对模型进行优化。试验结果表明:缨叶聚拢成功率影响显著性顺序为前进速度、拢缨速比、拢叶机构倾角;缨叶破损率影响显著性顺序为拢缨速比、拢叶机构倾角、前进速度;最优参数组合为:前进速度0.4 m/s、拢缨速比3.9、拢叶机构倾角86.3°。在最优参数组合下开展台架试验验证,结果表明:缨叶聚拢成功率、缨叶破损率分别为92.04%、8.81%,满足拔取式白萝卜联合收获机缨叶聚拢需求。研究结果可为白萝卜收获机械的设计提供参考。