Optimization of Rural Governance Structure under the Development of New Agricultural Management Entities

The positive impact of the development of new agricultural business entities and their institutional systems on the optimization of rural governance structures can be examined from various perspectives,including the state,market,rural society,urban-rural relations,and grassroots governance structure in rural communities.The development of these new agricultural business entities has not only redefined but also restructured the power distribution and governance patterns in rural developing countries,markets,and villages.The rural social order has evolved into a ternary mutual structure governance pattern,often referred to as the“state market rural”model.This transformation has prompted adjustments in the national economic and social policy structure and management systems at both macro and micro levels.It has led to the reshaping of power dynamics,benefit distribution,and governance structures in both urban and rural areas,resulting in significant changes to the economic and social fabric of rural regions.Furthermore,the grassroots governance structure in rural society,characterized by“township governance and village governance,”is undergoing continuous development and improvement.This transition is marked by a shift towards a collaborative governance structure that encourages diverse participation.Building upon the aforementioned optimizations,the rural governance structure now exhibits new characteristics.These include a more extensive and diverse range of rural governance mechanisms,increased openness in governance processes,and a heightened synergy among various governance mechanisms.This dynamic evolution reflects a richer,more diverse,and more open approach to rural governance,fostering a stronger collaborative effort in the pursuit of effective governance.

Analysis on Function Orientation and Development Countermeasures of New Agricultural Business Entities

Along with the rapid advance of industrialization and urbanization process, fostering new agricultural business entities become inevitable for agricultural transformation and the construction of agricultural modernization in China. The status of the new agricultural business entities determines the level of modern agricultural development. In recent years, new agricultural business entities have grew rapidly. However, there are still many problems including the difficulties in financing loans, inadequate agricultural insurance system, bad implementation of agricultural subsidies, jagged agricultural talents and so on. In order to foster new agricultural business entities, countermeasures should be carried out to ensure financial support, perfect the agricultural insurance, strengthen the level of agricultural subsidies, strive to develop the degree of specialization agricultural operators and so on.

Research on Financial Support for the New Types of Agricultural Management Entities from the Perspective of the Rural Revitalization Strategy

Both the escape from the predicament of traditional financial support in rural areas and the cultivation of new types of agricultural management entities underlie,at a micro level,the improvement of a new-type of agricultural management system,and offer an important guarantee for the implementation of a rural revitalization strategy.In reference to the demands of carrying out reform,activating factors,invigorating entities and stimulating markets during the implementation of this rural revitalization strategy,we are applying a financing preference theory that infers and analyzes the excessive preference for new-type agricultural management entities(family farms,specialized farmer cooperatives,specialized large family farms,and modern agricultural enterprises)regarding government subsidies(quasi-equity financing).Our analysis has identified crucial factors in the issue and predicts that government subsidies(quasi-equity financing)will crowd out financial support funding(quasi-debt financing),and we offer empirical proof obtained through statistical modeling.As our results indicate,financing costs,free cash flows,and the perceived income adequacy(PIA)of new-type agricultural management entities all have significant influence upon decision-making for debt financing by such entities.Therefore,with the concrete contents of the formulation of policies concerning the financial support for rural agricultural strategy,one not only needs to consider the further decrease of financing costs,but also should take into account both the designing of cash flow mechanism in the process of paying both principal and interest,and the improvement of bankruptcy rules for agricultural management entities to accelerate the transformation of family farms,specialized farmer cooperatives,and specialized large family farms,towards modern agricultural enterprises.Meanwhile,upgrades to the supply chains of the agriculture industry,improvements to the construction of the rural financial information system,building an accounting system that meets the requirements of the rural revitalization strategy,and giving full play to the policies for financial support,which assume an important role in activating factors and markets during the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy,are also anticipated.

Prevention of Agricultural Market Risks by Agricultural Production Entities in Hubei Province

Different agricultural production and operation entities face the same market risks.Since there is a huge gap in market risk prevention ability between agricultural market operation entities,the gap of risk prevention effect is huge.Using statistical analysis and comparative analysis methods,this paper analyzed characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural market risks and pointed out characteristics of agricultural market and special characteristics of agricultural production and operation entities in Hubei Province.Based on SWOT analysis on market risk prevention ability of agricultural production and operation entities in Hubei Province,it came up with three recommendations,including upgrading agricultural production and operation entities,enlarging the production and operation scale,and strengthening the ability of balancing the market demand and supply and bargaining power and pricing power.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Growth of New Agricultural Operating Entities

Based on the survey data of 718 new agricultural operating entities in Hubei Province in 2016,the principal component analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate the factors affecting the growth of new agricultural operating entities. The results indicate that the policy environment and administrative environment have a high impact on the growth of new agricultural operating entities,followed by human environment,production and operating characteristics and family characteristics. The household characteristics have the lowest impact on the growth of new agricultural operating entities. Finally,it came up with the policy recommendations.

Moderate scale and realization potential of new citrus-planting business entities in hilly and mountainous areas in China

The natural and economic conditions of agricultural resources vary greatly in China,especially in hilly and mountainous areas.The phenomenon of land fragmentation has become increasingly prominent,so that large-scale operations cannot be fully achieved in a short period of time,and the centralized and continuous scale of operations cannot be realized in China.In addition,with increasingly strict farmland protection and agricultural land use control systems,the issues of nongrain production and nonagricultural cultivated land use have become increasingly restricted.Thus,it is quite necessary to determine the appropriate scale of operations and the means to achieve moderately scaled operations for the new business entities.On the basis of microsurvey data for 108 new citrus-planting business entities in the modern agricultural park in the Chongqing's Jiangjin District,an area with long citrus-planting history,we measured the moderate scale of new citrus-planting business entities to maximize profit using a translog growth model.According to the projection pursuit model,we evaluated the suitability conditions of citrus planting in garden land,woodland,grassland,and general cultivated land in the study area.We then explored the potential for new moderate-scale business entities within different farming radii.The results showed that large-scale planting conditions of citrus in garden land,forest land,grassland,and general cultivated land in the study area were suitable,and the proportion of high-suitable and mediumsuitable land was 73.42%.Under the existing social and economic conditions,the moderate scale of new citrus-planting business entities in the study area was 1.8–2.7 hm^(2).In particular,its rankings from large to small were agricultural enterprises(17.19–25.78 hm^(2)),farmer cooperatives(16.88–25.33 hm^(2)),big growers and breeders(6.39–9.59 hm^(2)),and family farms(5.02–7.53 hm^(2)).In the sample of 108 households,only 47.22%of the entities achieved moderate-scale operation,of which 25%of the entities achieved a scale greater than moderate operation.However,52.78%of the entities achieved a scale of less than moderate operation.These entities would have to transfer the surrounding adjacent garden land,forest land,grassland,or general cultivated land to achieve largescale land management.The land area of the adjacent gardens in a 1000 m farming radius could meet the moderate-scale operation demand of the vast majority of new business entities.For the vast majority of new business entities,the land area of the adjacent woodland,grassland,and general cultivated land could supplement the garden land to achieve moderate-scale operation in a 500 m farming radius.If the land area with moderate suitability and high suitability is prioritized,the land area in the adjacent gardens in the 1000 m farming radius could meet the moderate-scale operation demand for the vast majority of new business entities.Within the 500 m farming radius,the vast majority of new business entities have achieved moderate-scale operations if the land area adjacent to forest land,grassland,and general arable land was supplemented by gardens;however,a few entities could not achieve moderate-scale operations.From the village perspective,gardens were prioritized.Sixteen villages had planting areas and planting suitability that exceeded the average level of the study area,accounting for 23.53%.If combined with the reserve potential of the garden land,eight villages could improve their potential,accounting for 11.76%.Therefore,the conditions of large-scale citrus planting in the study area should be further improved,and the scale expansion of new citrus-planting business entities should receive additional scientific guidance.

A Weakly-Supervised Method for Named Entity Recognition of Agricultural Knowledge Graph

It is significant for agricultural intelligent knowledge services using knowledge graph technology to integrate multi-source heterogeneous crop and pest data and fully mine the knowledge hidden in the text.However,only some labeled data for agricultural knowledge graph domain training are available.Furthermore,labeling is costly due to the need for more data openness and standardization.This paper proposes a novel model using knowledge distillation for a weakly supervised entity recognition in ontology construction.Knowledge distillation between the target and source data domain is performed,where Bi-LSTM and CRF models are constructed for entity recognition.The experimental result is shown that we only need to label less than one-tenth of the data for model training.Furthermore,the agricultural domain ontology is constructed by BILSTM-CRF named entity recognition model and relationship extraction model.Moreover,there are a total of 13,983 entities and 26,498 relationships built in the neo4j graph database.

Enlightenment of Development of Japanese and Germen Agricultural Management Main Body to China

As shown in the agricultural development experience of various countries in the world,the agricultural operating entity has become an effective means to increase the agricultural production efficiency and establish a scientific management model.Promoting the continuous improvement of the modern agricultural management system is not only an important means for solving the three rural issues in China,but also a key measure to enhance China's agricultural competitiveness.This paper introduced the basic situation of agricultural operating entities in Japan and Germany,summarized their advanced experience,and finally came up with feasible recommendations for enhancing the competitive advantages of agricultural operating entities in China.

New Agricultural Business Entity and Rural Governance Body against the Backdrop of Rural Revitalization

The new agricultural business entity is the representative of the "new" productive forces in the countryside. Based on the analysis of the connotation of the new agricultural business entity, this paper further explains the new characteristics of the new agricultural business entity, such as internationalization, informatization, greening, ecologization, and organizational integration. The new type of agricultural business entity is the innovation of socialist agricultural management system with Chinese characteristics, which has brought new institutional performance to agricultural and rural modernization, and caused changes in the rural governance body and its structure in terms of production relations. The traditional basic subject "villager" has changed to "professional farmer", "homogenization" to "heterogeneity" and "diversification", and governance pattern to "unitary leading and pluralistic participation". These developments and changes reflect the dialectical relationship movement between rural productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure. New agricultural business entity, rural governance body and their structural system have become an important basis for rural revitalization.

北京甘薯产业发展现状·问题和对策建议

北京作为甘薯的主要集散地,其市场供给及科研导向对我国甘薯市场有重要影响。从种植规模、区域布局、生产效益、科技支撑、市场需求及产业化情况等方面分析了北京甘薯产业发展现状。针对甘薯种苗繁育体系、贮藏技术、机械化程度、产后加工等方面存在的问题,提出健全脱毒种薯和良种繁育技术体系,加强甘薯产业关键核心技术研究与推广,提升甘薯产业的价值增值能力等对策建议。

新型农业经营主体对劳动力流动的影响效应

新型农业经营主体是推进农业农村现代化和乡村振兴的有机载体,有效推动了农业规模化经营,有助于引导和促进劳动力流动,从而实现农村劳动力的优化配置。基于中国社会科学院农村发展研究所中国乡村振兴调查(CRRS)数据,选用Logit模型研究新型农业经营主体对劳动力流动的影响效应。研究表明:第一,新型农业经营主体会促进劳动力的回流,但对劳动力流出无显著影响;第二,有新型农业经营主体的村庄更容易吸引年龄较低和受教育程度较高的农村劳动力的回流;第三,在新型农业经营主体吸引劳动力回流的过程中,参与过非农职业技术培训的农村劳动力更容易回流。基于此,从管理与服务方式、培育方向、人才培养和体制机制四个角度提出了针对性的政策建议,为引导和优化农村劳动力的合理配置提供借鉴经验,对于当前农村经济社会可持续发展、推动建设农业强国具有重要的现实价值。

基于连续提示注入与指针网络的农业病害命名实体识别

针对农业病害领域命名实体识别过程中存在的预训练语言模型利用不充分、外部知识注入利用率低、嵌套命名实体识别率低的问题,本文提出基于连续提示注入和指针网络的命名实体识别模型CP-MRC(Continuous prompts for machine reading comprehension)。该模型引入BERT(Bidirectional encoder representation from transformers)预训练模型,通过冻结BERT模型原有参数,保留其在预训练阶段获取到的文本表征能力;为了增强模型对领域数据的适用性,在每层Transformer中插入连续可训练提示向量;为提高嵌套命名实体识别的准确性,采用指针网络抽取实体序列。在自建农业病害数据集上开展了对比实验,该数据集包含2933条文本语料,8个实体类型,共10414个实体。实验结果显示,CP-MRC模型的精确率、召回率、F1值达到83.55%、81.4%、82.4%,优于其他模型;在病原、作物两类嵌套实体的识别率较其他模型F1值提升3个百分点和13个百分点,嵌套实体识别率明显提升。本文提出的模型仅采用少量可训练参数仍然具备良好识别性能,为较大规模预训练模型在信息抽取任务上的应用提供了思路。

新型农业经营主体促进山区小农户机械化的“滴涓效应”研究——以云南山区为例

本文旨在研究促进山区小农户与现代农业衔接的路径和机理。通过对云南省山区小农户的调查数据,采用回归和调节模型进行实证分析,验证促进山区小农户机械化水平的外部和内部路径以及相关机理的有效性,并探讨新型农业主体对山区小农户机械化水平影响的“涓滴效应”。研究结果表明,山区小农户的机械化水平主要受其社会和自然资源的影响以及内部互助行为的作用。新型农业经营主体在提升山区小农户整体机械化水平方面并不显著,但在提升部分山区小农户的机械化水平方面具有显著作用。农业企业的带动效应对于提升“非合作社社员”和“未获得免费培训”的山区小农户机械化水平起到明显的促进作用。而农民合作社仅在提升合作社社员的机械化水平方面发挥显著作用。因此,建议加大山地农业机械的研发投入,增强新型农业经营主体在提升小农户整体现代农业水平方面的作用,以促进小农户与现代农业的有机衔接。

小农户联结新型农业经营主体的实践逻辑

基于可持续生计理论,从联结导向和治理机制两个维度出发,构建不同联结导向及其差异化治理机制的分析框架,探究小农户联结新型农业经营主体的实践逻辑。研究揭示了4种不同的联结类型及其治理机制:类型A(能力导向型联结-市场治理机制)强调市场机制在提升小农户生计能力中的作用;类型B(能力导向型联结-行政治理机制)通过政策扶持和环境优化提升小农户生计能力;类型C(权利导向型联结-市场治理机制)侧重于市场化方式激活农地“三权分置”改革红利,保障小农户生计权利;类型D(权利导向型联结-行政治理机制)则采用行政主导方式强化小农户生计权利保障。同时,小农户联结新型农业经营主体应以巩固拓展农地“三权分置”改革成效为契机,发挥“有效市场”和“有为政府”在联结过程中的作用,优化合作经营与可持续生计的协同制度体系。但是,小农户联结新型农业经营主体过程中,必须有效防范因生计能力不足和生计权利缺失导致的经营效能低下及其衍生风险。

海南省新型农业经营主体与农户利益联结机制:国内外经验与启示

以家庭农场、专业合作社、龙头企业等为代表的新型农业经营主体与农户的紧密利益联结,能有效提高农民的组织化程度,促进农业现代化发展。本研究通过文献梳理和调研访谈,总结分析了美国和日本以农业合作社和农业协会为代表的农业经营组织与农户之间的利益联结模式和机制,以及国内合作社和家庭农场等农业经营主体与农户之间的利益联结及其典型模式。基于此,创新海南省的新型农业经营主体与农户利益联结机制,各级主管部门应加大对新型农业经营主体的政策扶持力度,健全海南的农村社会化服务体系和利益联结方式,促进新型农业经营主体和基层农户的增效增收以及可持续发展。

乡村产业振兴带头人培育:群体分析 、现实困境与提升策略——基于6省区“头雁”群体的调查

乡村产业振兴带头人是推进农业农村现代化、建设农业强国的重要力量。本文通过对参加国家乡村产业振兴带头人培育“头雁”项目的1236名新型经营主体进行调研,总结了中国乡村产业振兴带头人群体的主要特点,剖析了当前培育工作的现实困境和提升策略。研究发现:中国乡村产业振兴带头人群体已初具规模,群体越发开放化、多元化、专业化,体现出年富力强、融合发展、效率提升等新特点。调研显示,乡村产业振兴带头人培育“头雁”项目取得了良好成效,但也面临培育需求与参训目标存在“岔口”、数字农业赋能发展能力不足、品牌建设限制盈利能力、缺乏辐射带动和资源转化的有效路径等问题。对此,本文建议从探索全员覆盖的“开环教育”、强化搭建服务平台、赋能新业态运营、建设长效运行机制四方面进一步提升国家乡村产业振兴带头人培育“头雁”项目的成效。

农地流转对土地生态安全的影响研究进展

综述了土地生态安全领域研究进展及农地流转对土地生态安全的影响,总结了农地流转领域的相关研究,分析了新时代农业经营主体多元化背景下,土地利用中出现的新情况、新问题。针对当前农地流转生态风险认知不足、土地生态安全系统性评估方法体系有待完善、适应经营权流转的土地生态安全调控机制尚不健全等现实问题,提出进一步探索农业经营主体多元化对土地生态安全的影响机制,发展土地生态安全评估方法,建立从源头调控的土地生态安全调控机制,以满足新形势下乡村振兴中生态振兴对农地持续利用的精细化管理需求。

新型农业经营主体创业胜任力分析及培育对策

发展新型农业经营主体有利于保障重要农产品有效供给、带动农民就业增收、促进乡村产业融合和绿色转型发展。基于创业胜任力理论,结合新型农业经营主体的政策要求,运用半结构化的行为事件访谈法收集数据,采用逐行编码、文本搜索和矩阵编码等质性分析方法分析数据,探讨了新型农业经营主体的创业胜任力模型框架。研究表明,新型农业经营主体创业胜任力的理论结构可以分为7个维度共27个要素,初创、成长和成熟阶段的创业胜任力要素和焦点行为要求存在共性和差异性。因此,应当规范新型农业经营主体创业胜任力的通用门槛标准和差异性标准,采用可操作的差异性内容来评价、培训和开发不同发展阶段新型农业经营主体的创业胜任力,满足现代农业高质量发展对新型农业经营主体的创业胜任力要求。

新型农业经营主体发展具有小农户包容性吗

本文基于中国家庭大数据库等微观调研数据,将村庄数据和微观农户数据进行匹配,实证估计了新型农业经营主体对村庄内小农户增收和收入不平等的影响,并进行包容性分析和影响机制检验。研究发现:(1)新型农业经营主体对村庄内小农户的农业经营性收入和家庭总收入起到了显著的正向提升作用。(2)新型农业经营主体降低了小农户的收入不平等程度,对较低收入队列小农户的家庭总收入的促进作用较强,且其增收效应在不同人力、物质和社会资本水平的小农户之间并无明显差异,体现了包容性。(3)新型农业经营主体主要通过促进土地流转和降低土地细碎化程度、调整种植结构、推动农业机械化、开展农业技术培训等机制,促进了小农户农业经营性收入和家庭总收入的提高。

我国家庭农场的研究进展——基于CiteSacep的可视化分析

为梳理家庭农场相关研究脉络并预测其发展方向,运用CiteSpace软件对CNKI数据库2005—2021年“家庭农场”研究主题的文献进行可视化分析。研究表明该领域发文数量总体呈上升趋势,共经历低水平浮动阶段、快速上升阶段和大幅波动阶段,并在2015年达到发文数量顶峰135篇。通过对作者和机构的文献共被引分析,发现该领域较为稳定的核心作者共15位,以杜志雄、郭熙保和高强分别为首的研究团队具有较强的影响力;就研究机构而言,网络密度为0.0026,科研机构间合作强度较弱、科研水平相差较大,且发文量高的科研机构多集中于农林类高校院系;在家庭农场主题的研究热点上,“家庭农场”“农业社会化服务”“粮食安全”等聚类组合研究倍受研究者的青睐;凸显词探测显示“乡村振兴”凸显强度最高为12.9055,“小农户”“规模经营”“农地流转”“人力资本”等关键词凸显强度紧随其后,这也标志着家庭农场未来的研究方向可能继续由此展开。