Flood and Waterlogging Disaster Damage Evaluation in Middle-Lower Yangtze River by 3S technology

The evaluation method, model and process for the flood and waterlogging disaster condition by GIS,RS and GPS technology and the method for setting up disaster condition database, dyke database and historical disaster damage database are presented. An index of flood damage degree(FDD) used to evaluate the relative degree of disaster loss and divide flood and waterlogging area is suggested. The value of flood damage degree can be calculated as follows :taking the various disaster losses of sample area in a base year as standard value and computing the ratios of various disaster loss values in different areas and years to the standard flood disaster loss values, then summing up the weighted ratios. The computed results are the value of flood damage degree in the every year. The macroscopic flood disaster distribution can be evaluated by the values of flood loss degree.

Risk assessment of coastal flooding disaster by storm surge based on Elevation-Area method and hydrodynamic models:Taking Bohai Bay as an example

The future inundation by storm surge on coastal areas are currently ill-defined.With increasing global sealevel due to climate change,the coastal flooding by storm surge is more and more frequently,especially in coastal lowland with land subsidence.Therefore,the risk assessment of such inundation for these areas is of great significance for the sustainable socio-economic development.In this paper,the authors use Elevation-Area method and Regional Ocean Model System(ROMS)model to assess the risk of the inundation of Bohai Bay by storm surge.The simulation results of Elevation-Area method show that either a 50-year or 100-year storm surge can inundate coastal areas exceeding 8000 km^(2);the numerical simulation results based on hydrodynamics,considering ground friction and duration of the storm surge high water,show that a 50-year or 100-year storm surge can only inundate an area of over 2000 km^(2),which is far less than 8000 km^(2);while,when taking into account the land subsidence and sea level rise,the very inundation range will rapidly increase by 2050 and 2100.The storm surge will greatly impact the coastal area within about 10-30 km of the Bohai Bay,in where almost all major coastal projects are located.The prompt response to flood disaster due to storm surge is urgently needed,for which five suggestions have been proposed based on the geological background of Bohai Bay.This study may offer insight into the development of the response and adaptive plans for flooding disasters caused by storm surge.

Use of GIS and Remote Sensing Technology as a Decision Support Tool in Flood Disaster Management: The Case of Southeast Louisiana, USA

The primary objective of this paper was to identify flood-prone areas in Southeast of Louisiana to help decision-makers to develop appropriate adaptation strategies and flood prediction, and mitigation of the effects on the community. In doing so, the paper uses satellite remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) data for this purpose. Elevation data was obtained from the National Elevation Dataset (NED) produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) seamless data warehouse. Satellite data was also acquired from USGS Earth explorer website. Topographical information on runoff characteristics such as slope, aspect and the digital elevation model was generated. Grid interpolation TIN (triangulated irregular network) was carried from the digital elevation model (DEM) to create slope map. Image Drape was performed using ERDAS IMAGINE Virtual GIS. The output image was then draped over the NED elevation data for visualization purposes with vertical exaggeration of 16 feet. Results of the study revealed that majority of the study area lies in low-lying and very low-lying terrain below sea level. Policy recommendation in the form of the need to design and build a comprehensive Regional Information Systems (RIS) in the form of periodic inventorying, monitoring and evaluation with full support of the governments was made for the study area.

DEEP THOUGHTS OF LAND UTILIZATION ABOUT THE RARELY SEVERE FLOODING DISASTERALONG THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER IN 1998

In the summer of 1998, a rarely severe flooding disaster occurred in the whole basin of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River, which caused enormous losses. By 22nd of August, 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalitieswere involved, 21. 2 million ha of land were inundated, 223 million people were affected, 3004 people were killed and4. 97 million buildings were collapsed. The estimated direct loss of the country accounted to 166. 6 billion yuan (RMB).The main reason of the disaster is the unusual climate but the unreasonable land utilization the aggravated the disaster.This paper consists of two parts. One part analysed the unreasonable land utilization, including the neglect of forest landprotection, which caused the forest land area to decrease by 440 thousand ha in the whole country every year, the enclosing of lakes for cultivation, which decreased the area of lakes located along the banks of the Changjiang River from 17 200km2 at the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China to 6531 km2 in 1983, the changing of functions oflakes, which reduced the volume of storage exceedingly, for example, only 5 spots of lakes were used for storing water inWuhan City, and the slow progress of the construction of flood diversion and storage area, which would cause huge lossesonce flood was diverted. The other part explored the strategy of land utilization on the supplying of land for flood controlprojects, such as embankment, drainage installation, flood diversion and storage area, and on tapping the potentialsthrough narrowing and amalgamgting the range of rural residential quarters and small towns, reclaiming reserved resources, transforming middle and low productive fields, attaching importance to land arrangement and recultivation, and adjusting contracted fields partially, to ensure the sustainable and stable growth of the region.

IMPACT OF FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE ON FLOOD AND WATER LOGGING DISASTERS IN LIXIAHE REGION

Lixiahe region is one of the susceptible area to flood and waterlogging disasters in China due to its low topographic relief and having difficulty in draining floodwater away.The condition will be more serious if sea level rises in the future.The estimated results by some scientists indicate that the sea level could rise probably 20-100 cm by 2050.However,what the effect will future sea level rise exerts on flood drainage and on flood or waterlogging disasters? A hydrological system model has been developed to study the problem in the lower reaches of the Sheyang River basin.Predicted results from the model show that,if sea level rises,drainage capacity of each drainage river will decrease obviously,and the water level will also rise.From the change of drainage capacity of drainage rivers the trends of flood and waterlogging disasters are analyzed in the paper if the severe flood that happened in the past meets with future sea level rise.Some countermeasures for disaster reduction and prevention against sea-level rise are put forward.

Preliminary Study in Spatial Data Warehouse of Flood Control and Disaster Mitigation in Yangtze River Basin

Since 1990s,the spatial data warehouse technology has rapidly been developing, but due to the complexity of multi-dimensional analysis, extensive application of the spatial data warehouse technology is affected. In the light of the characteristics of the flood control and disaster mitigation in the Yangtze river basin, it is proposed to design a scheme about the subjects and data distribution of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin, i.e., to adopt a distributed scheme. The creation and development of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin is presented .The necessity and urgency of establishing the spatial data warehouse is expounded from the viewpoint of the present situation being short of available information for the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin.

Basic Works of Flash Flood Disaster Analysis and Assessment in Rucheng County of Hunan Province

The method and experience of basic work of flash flood disaster analysis and assessment in early period are introduced in a case of Rucheng County,Chenzhou City,Hunan Province,containing analysis of general situation in county region,excavation of working map information,determination of assessment object list,examination of investigated data,and standardized arrangement of data. Finally,the suggestions for basic work of analysis and assessment are given,which could provide the references for implementing analysis and assessment work of flash flood disaster in other regions.

Spatiotemporal Change of Agrometeorological Flood Disasters in Heilongjiang Province

Agrometeorological disasters severely impact agriculture in Heilongjiang Province.Flood is one of the main agrometeorological disasters in Heilongjiang Province.The temporal change in flood events in Heilongjiang Province from 1986to 2015 was studied using Mann-Kendall and Morlet wavelet methods,respectively.The results of Mann-Kendall analysis showed that the disaster rates of flood gradually stabilized from 1986 to 2015 with a confidence level of 99%.The Morlet wavelet variance analysis revealed that disaster rates of flood changed periodically at time scales of 3a,7a and 18a in Heilongjiang Province during1986-2015.The dominant period of the variation of flood disaster rate was about 18a over the past 30 years.The flood disaster rates were indicated in a positive phase during the period of 2016-2020 by the fitting curve of Morlet wavelet analysis.The annual average flood disaster indexes of single station,during 1986-2015 years were calculated,according to the precipitation data at 31 stations in Heilongjiang Province and the GIS software was used to analyze the spatial change in flood disasters in Heilongjiang Province from1986-2015.The results demonstrated that the southwest area of Heilongjiang Province was highly hazardous region of flood.The flood indices in the northern part of Songnen Plain and southwest of Heilongjiang Province presented the increment trends.

The Analysis on the Temporal and Spatial Variation of Strong Precipitation Caused Flood and Agricultural Disaster Loss in Huaihe River Basin of Anhui Province during Meiyu Period of 2007

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze temporal and spatial variation of strong precipitation caused flood and agricultural disaster loss in Huaihe River basin of Anhui Province during Meiyu period of 2007.[Method] On the basis of rainfalls of each station in Huaihe River basin of Anhui,rainfall data during Meiyu period of 2007 and flood disaster data in the same period,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of strong precipitation caused flood during Meiyu period of 2007 and its harm on agriculture were analyzed.The variation rule,distribution characteristics of strong precipitation during Meiyu period in Huaihe River basin of Anhui and its relationship with agricultural disaster loss were discussed.[Result] During Meiyu period of 2007 in Huaihe River basin of Anhui,the rainstorm was more,and the rainfall was large.The precipitation variation showed 'three-peak' trend.Rainfall in Huaihe River basin during Meiyu period of 2007 was greatly more than that homochronously in Yangtze River basin.The rain area over 400.0 mm during Meiyu period mainly located in Huaihe River basin,and the rain area over 600.0 mm mainly located from area along Huaihe River to central Huaibei.The rainfall during Meiyu period gradually decreased toward south and north by the north bank of Huaihe River as the symmetry axis.The rainfall in area along Huaihe River showed wavy distribution in east-west direction.The flood disaster loss index and disaster area of crops in Huaihe River basin of Anhui both increased as rainfall in Meiyu period.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for flood prevention,disaster reduction and agricultural flood-avoiding development in Huaihe River basin.

Addressing Soil Degradation and Flood Risk Decision Making in Levee Protected Agricultural Lands under Increasingly Variable Climate Conditions

Public and private levee systems may not be robust enough to address flooding risk to agriculture under changing climate conditions. Of concern are levee protected riverine bottomlands with intensive agricultural uses and diminished wetland systems that give resilience to floodplain hydrologic functions. In the United States natural and induced levee breaching has caused soil damage, loss of agricultural productivity, and public tension among agricultural landowners, urban residents, and environmental interests. Risk management and adaptive capacity of this humannatural system could be improved by assessments of 1) soil damage and 2) stakeholder values, fears, and knowledge about the riverine bottomland agroecosystem.

Community-Based Approach in the Prevention and Management of Flood Disasters in Babessi Sub-Division (Ndop Plain, North West Cameroon)

Flood is a recurrent natural disaster that has caused enormous human and material damage in many places and continues to hit local committees at an alarming rate. The need to setup permanent committees to prevent and manage flood disasters by local communities is therefore indispensable. In rural areas, the creation of such a structure is always a welcome relief to flood victims but it is often marred by numerous management problems. This study aimed to analyze the community-based approach in the prevention and management of flood disasters in Babessi Subdivision (North West Cameroon), to identify the causes of flood disasters and the preventive strategies used by this local community. A total number of 300 questionnaires as well as structured interviews were used to collect data in the field and the data were analyzed by simple descriptive statistics. The main results revealed that the main cause of flood disasters is heavy and consistent rainfall. Also, poor refuse disposal and drainage system management contribute to floods. The identification of areas likely to be affected by floods and preventing the riparian population from constructing houses along these areas especially beside the main rivers are the flood preventive measures adopted by the local flood management committee. The flood victims are reluctant to relocate to the settlement site earmarked by the Government, meanwhile, the local flood committee do not have the legal tools to forcefully relocate them. The population of Babessi needs to be sensitized on the impending dangers of flood hazard and be encouraged to participate in implementing the adopted strategies to prevent and manage subsequent flood disasters.

Drone Applications for Supporting Disaster Management

Introduction: Besides the military and commercial applications of drones, there is no doubt in their efficiency in case of supporting emergency management. This paper evaluates some experiences and describes some initiatives using drones to support disaster management. Method: This paper focuses mainly on operational and tactical drone application in disaster management using a time-scaled separation of the application, like pre-disaster activity, activity immediately after the occurrence of a disaster and the activity after the primary disaster elimination. Paper faces to 5 disasters, like nuclear accidents, dangerous material releases, floods, earthquakes and forest fires. Author gathered international examples and used own experiences in this field. Results and discussion: An earthquake is a rapid escalating disaster, where, many times, there is no other way for a rapid damage assessment than aerial reconnaissance. For special rescue teams, the drone application can help much in a rapid location selection, where enough place remained to survive for victims. Floods are typical for a slow onset disaster. In contrast, managing floods is a very complex and difficult task. It requires continuous monitoring of dykes, flooded and threatened areas. Drone can help managers largely keeping an area under observation. Forest fires are disasters, where the tactical application of drone is already well developed. Drone can be used for fire detection, intervention monitoring and also for post-fire monitoring. In case of nuclear accident or hazardous material leakage drone is also a very effective or can be the only one tool for supporting disaster management.

新疆阿勒泰市城市山地灾害及减灾对策研究

新疆阿勒泰市坐落于阿尔泰山南麓低山丘陵带的狭长断陷谷地内,相应的生物气候带属干旱荒漠与干草原带,是山地环境变化和人类活动反应最为敏感地带。随着山区资源开发,城镇建设的蓬勃发展,城镇面积不断扩大,周围山区生态环境遭到不同程度的破坏。近30年来,阿勒泰市周边的山洪、水土流失、泥石流、崩塌等山地灾害日趋严重,给当地经济发展和人民生命财产带来了巨大损失,山地灾害成为制约阿勒泰市社会、经济、环境协调持续发展的屏障。在分析山地灾害类型和形成条件基础上,对山地灾害分布规律、活动与危害特征进行了论述,山地灾害对市区造成的直接和间接经济损失及影响进行了综合评估,提出了相应的防灾减灾措施。

基于ArcGIS的洪灾避难方案选择研究

以洪泛区灾民避难迁移方案的选择为研究重点,基于单元划分和基本空间数据的输入、编辑,针对灾害发生时撤离路线和避难场所的众多制约因素对方案进行初选。根据路权分析模型利用ArcGIS道路拓扑关系、网络分析和空间分析功能建立最佳路径选择模型,利用可变模糊集理论与方法对初选方案进行模糊评价,选择最优方案从而进行避难方案设计。

Research on Model of Flood Disaster's Monitoring and Its Application Based on DEM

In order to assess the flood damage rapidly and accurately,this paper proposed a practical method of flood disaster monitoring based on meso-scale automatic weather stations rainfall data and 1:5 million high-precision DEM (digital elevation model) data.It can predict roughly areas by the automatic weather station rainfall analysis and processing when the floods happen.Using partitions 'horizontal' approximation methods,the model of DEM flooding disaster's monitoring has been constructed based on 1:5 million high-precision DEM.And the technical methods applied to the analysis of experimental area.The result of flood disaster's monitoring is carried on comparison and the analysis through the verification by CBERS-02B.It finds that the area of floods is very consistent by the model of DEM and CBERS-02B flooding disaster's monitoring.So the method of flood disaster's motoring based on DEM can be real-time,dynamic,and can monitor the flood zone accurately and effectively.It also can provide the decision making department with present and assisting scheme of policy making.

洞庭湖区农业环境与湖垸农业可持续发展模式

围湖垦殖形成了洞庭湖区湖垸农业形式,湖垸农业的形成加速了湖区人口的增长,人口的压力也促进了围垦。不断的围湖垦殖使耕地面积迅速增加。由于湖泊面积减少,湖垸农业处于外洪内涝的环境中。归纳了洞庭湖区的农业环境问题:洪涝灾害发生频率加大;水面减少,生物多样性降低;环境污染严重,湿地生态功能衰退;土壤退化和潜育化严重;血吸虫病死灰复燃等。结合已有经验,提出了湖垸农业可持续发展模式:认真实施生态保护工程,减少泥沙淤积;调整湖垸农业结构,建立可持续发展生态农业模式:避灾、减灾模式、水生经济植物模式、工业原料作物模式、林农复合经营模式、湖洲草地草食畜禽模式、麻基(油菜)渔塘农业模式等。

Relationship between Regional Rainstorm Index and Flood Disaster Ratio of Crop

According to the daily precipitation data in Beijing area from 1985 to 2008,rainstorm weather index （10.4-38.8 mm） and climate index （daily precipitation ≥27.5 mm） in Beijing area were obtained by using the determination method of extreme climate event index recommended by IPCC. Based on rainstorm weather index,rainstorm climate index and national rainstorm standard,the number of rainstorm days and rainfall amount in past years were calculated,and the correlation of annual number of rainy days,rainstorm days,precipitation and rainstorm amount with the flood disaster ratio of crop was analyzed,and the results showed that annual number of rainy days and rainstorm days couldn＇t reflect flood disaster ratio of crop truly,while annual precipitation and rainstorm amount had obvious linear positive correlation with the flood disaster ratio of crop. In addition,the correlation degree between rainstorm amount calculated by regional climate index and flood disaster ratio of crop was the highest,so it was suggested that rainstorm amount calculated by regional rainstorm climate index could be used to predict and evaluate flood disaster.

Evaluation and Effect of Agro-meteorological Disasters on Agricultural Production in Liaoning Province

Based on statistic data of agricultural production and meteorological disasters in Liaoning Province from 1971 to 2008,the effect weight,disaster rate and variance value of main agro-meteorological disasters including drought,flood,wind,hail and frozen injury were calculated,and the variation characteristic of time series of agro-meteorological disasters was further analyzed,while the grade division and comprehensive evaluation of agro-meteorological disasters were carried out in our paper.The results showed that there was a negative correlation between grain yield and the degree of agro-meteorological disasters,and agro-meteorological disasters were relatively serious in 1989,1997 and 2000,with the reduction of grain yield.Meanwhile,the occurrence frequency of light disasters was highest,accounting for 39% of total years,and the adverse effect of agro-meteorological disasters on agricultural production became more and more severe decade by decade;the effect weight of drought reached 63%,so drought was the main agro-meteorological disaster influencing agricultural production.

Infectious diseases in the aftermath of monsoon flooding in Pakistan

Pakistan is ranked 9th in terms of flood-affected countries worldwide.In the summer of 2010,the northern province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa received more than 312 mm of rain in a 56 hour period.This resulted in over 1 600 deaths across the region.In addition,over 14 million people were directly affected by this record-breaking deluge.Flood affected regions serve as ideal breeding grounds for pathogens,leading to the spread of diseases.The poor standards of hygiene in camps set up for individuals displaced by the floods also contribute to this.It is essential that those involved in relief efforts are aware of the epidemiology of diseases that have historically seen a sudden upsurge after natural disasters.Keeping this in mind,we conducted a simple review of literature.An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed data base and online search engines.Articles published in the last 20 years were considered along with some historical articles where a background was required.Seven major diseases were identified to increase substantially in the aftermath of natural disasters.They were then classified into acute and sub-acute settings.Diarrhea,skin&eye infections and leptospirosis were identified in the acute setting while malaria,leishmaniasis,respiratory infections and hepatitis were identified in the sub-acute setting.

Change Characteristics of Climate and Main Agricultural Meteorological Disasters in Shiyang River Basin

Based on 35 a meteorological data and main crops planting data in Shiyang River basin meteorological station,the agricultural climate change,agricultural production,hydrology change and the influences on the crops layout,planting in the basin were discussed.The results showed that the linear inclined rates of ≥0 ℃,10 ℃ accumulated temperature increase in the north-central part were bigger than in the south,and the heat resources increased evidently.The annual precipitation increased in the linear inclined rate which was 4.719 mm/10 a,and the annual runoff decreased in 0.274×109 m3/10 a velocity.The climate productivity increased in 134.62 kg/(hm2·10 a) velocity.In late spring and early summer,the regional drought increased evidently,and the frostless period prolonged.The sand storm decreased evidently.The gale in the south increased and decreased in the north-central part.The agricultural climate change made that the spring wheat planting zone advanced to the high-altitude area.The seeding date advanced,and the growth period shortened.It didn't favor for the yield formation.However,it was favorable to improve the yield and quality of thermophilous crops such as the corn,cotton and wine grape and so on.