Current Situations and Development Strategies for Integration of Peanut Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery in China

The mechanization level of peanut production is the bottleneck restricting the development of peanut production in China,while integration of agronomy and agricultural machinery is an essential approach for improving mechanization level of peanut production. This paper elaborated requirements of peanut agronomy for agricultural machinery from peanut planting modes,land cultivation,sowing,harvesting,picking,and shelling,etc. Besides,it discussed requirements of agricultural machinery for agronomy from peanut seed quality,variety characteristics,planting modes,and soil condition. In addition,it analyzed existing problems and restricting factors of integration of peanut agronomy and agricultural machinery. Finally,it came up with recommendations for development strategies including increasing government fund input,optimizing industrial distribution,and multidisciplinary joint research.

Analysis on the Mode of Trans-Regional Allocation of Agricultural Machinery

With the continuous progress of agricultural technology, agricultural mechanization presents a good development trend after half a century development. But agricultural machinery equipment and the level of agricultural mechanization are imbalances in different regions; the structure of agricultural machinery equipment is unreasonable; there are great differences in agricultural mechanization level of different operations and different crops and the whole level of agricultural mechanization social service is not high. Through cross regional allocation of existing agricultural machinery to improve the working efficiency of agricultural machinery;we can extend the operation time of the agricultural machinery and improve the operation effect and income of agricultural machinery.

Application of reaction nitrogen arc cladding TiCN/Fe composite coating on cutter of agricultural machinery

In order to solve the high-price and short-lifetime problems of the cutter of agricultural machinery,and improve the wear resistance of the cutter, the TiCN/Fe metal ceramic composite coating was prepared on the substrate of Q235 steel by reaction nitrogen arc cladding technique. The mixture powder of titanium and graphite was preplaced on the Q235 steel surface after intensive mixing by planetary ball mill and gluing with starch binder. The microstructure and phase of the coatings, interface behavior between coatings and the substrate were investigated by scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The micro-hardness distribution of the coating section was tested by micro-hardness tester. Friction coefficient and wear weight loss were measured by abrasion machine. Wearing surface morphology was investigated by scanning electronic microscope. The results show that an excellent bonding between the coatings and the Q235 steel substrate is ensured by the strong metallurgical interface and phase of the coatings. The coatings are mainly composed of TiCN. The highest micro- hardness of the coatings reaches 1 089 HV0. 2, while the micro-hardness of Q235 steel substrate is only about 286 HV0. 2. The anti-abrasive test results show that the wear resistance of the cladding coating is better than that of quenched and tempered 65 Mn steel which is often used as cutter of agricultural machinery. The field test results show that the TiCN/ Fe metal ceramic composite coating prepared by reaction nitrogen arc cladding is feasible to the manufacture and remanufacture of the cutter of agricultural machinery.

The Application of Combination Forecasting Model in Forecasting the Total Power of Agricultural Machinery in Heilongjiang Province

Agricultural machinery total power is an important index to reflect and evaluate the level of agricultural mechanization. Firstly,we respectively made use of exponential model,grey forecasting and BP neural network to construct models depending on historical data of agricultural machinery total power of Heilongjiang Province; secondly,we constructed the combined forecasting models that respectively based on divergence coefficient method,quadratic programming and weight distribution of Shapley value. Fitting results showed that the various combination forecasting model is superior to the single models. Finally,we applied the combination forecasting model which based on the weight distribution method of Shapley value to forecast Heilongjiang agricultural machinery total power,and it would provide some reference to the development and program for power of agriculture machinery.

On Development of Agricultural Machinery Operating Service in Chongqing

Development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing takes on rapid increase in number of service organizations,diversified service methods,improvement in service level,and constant service income. However,there are some problems,including unreasonable composition and small scale of service organization,imbalanced development of four service methods,low service level,and low operating income of agricultural machinery households. To accelerate development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing,it is recommended to take following measures: adjusting subsidy for purchase and operation of agricultural machinery; improving fiscal and taxation and financial system; speeding up infrastructure construction,establishing agricultural machinery information network,and improving organizational form and methods of agricultural machinery operating service.

The Impacts of Agricultural Machinery Purchase Subsidies on Mechanized Crop Residue Recycling

Crop residue recycling can improve the quality of the cropland,and it has multiple economic and ecological benefits.However,such practice is with low adoption due to different constraints.In this paper,we use the survey data from Baoding,Hebei province,and use the probit model to explore how the agricultural machinery purchase subsidies affect the mechanized crop residue recycling.The results showed that several factors that affect farmers in adopting the practice of mechanized crop residue crop recycling.Among these factors,the cost of adopting such practice is significant.The agricultural machinery purchase subsidies can effectively reduce the cost of such practice,as well as promote mechanized crop residue recycling.The paper also proposed several actions in the future.They include increasing the subsidies on agricultural machinery purchase and increasing farmers' awareness on crop residue recycling.

Purchase-oriented Classification Model of the Spare Parts of Agricultural Machinery

Based on the classification of spare parts and the research results of the demand of spare parts,a three-dimensional classification model of spare parts of agricultural machinery is established,which includes the application axis sorted by technical characteristics,the cost axis classified by ABC method,and the demand axis classified by the demand of the spare parts of agricultural machinery.These dimension axes represent different factors,and the application of factors in purchase is analyzed.Guiding value of each dimension axis is summarized in the field of the spare parts purchase;and corresponding strategy instruction is put forward.Integrated application of these strategies by model makes the purchase have more realistic operational meaning.Application field of the three-dimensional model of spare parts is discussed;and the direction for further research is pointed out.

Contribution Rate of Agricultural Informationization to Growth of Agricultural Economy in Hubei Province and Its Influencing Factors

Agricultural informationization is the objective demand for transforming the traditional agriculture and promoting the development of agricultural modernization. Using the statistical data of the gross agricultural output value of Hubei Province in 2005-2014,based on the C-D production function,it calculated the average contribution rate(2. 48%) of agricultural informationization to the growth of agricultural economy in Hubei Province,indicating that agricultural informationization can promote growth of agricultural economy. This is basically consistent with previous findings. In addition,investment in agricultural informationization and broadband access rate also influenced the growth of agricultural economy in Hubei Province. Therefore,government should further improve the infrastructure of agricultural informationization,strengthen training of farmers’ information skills,establish auxiliary mechanism for achievement feedback of information-based agricultural production,increase the contribution rate of informationization to agricultural operation and management,promote the contribution of informationization to the growth of agricultural economy,so as to increase agricultural income of farmers.

Setting of Agricultural Insurance Premium Rate and the Adjustment Model

First,using the law of large numbers,I analyze the setting principle of agricultural insurance premium rate,and take the case of setting of adult sow premium rate for study,to draw the conclusion that with the continuous promotion of agricultural insurance,increase in the types of agricultural insurance and increase in the number of the insured,the premium rate should also be adjusted opportunely.Then,on the basis of Bayes' theorem,I adjust and calibrate the claim frequency and the average claim,in order to correctly adjust agricultural insurance premium rate;take the case of forest insurance for premium rate adjustment analysis.In setting and adjustment of agricultural insurance premium rate,in order to make the expected results well close to the real results,it is necessary to apply the probability estimates in a large number of risk units;focus on the establishment of agricultural risk database,to timely adjust agricultural insurance premium rate.

Nonfarm employment, agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency:An empirical study based on China's major wheat-producing areas

Based on the cross-sectional data of the survey conducted in China's main wheat producing areas at the end of 2019,this paper uses the translog production function model to estimate agricultural technical efficiency,and studies the relationship between nonfarm employment,agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency.The results show that the household non-agricultural employment ratio and non-agricultural income have a significant positive impact on the purchase of agricultural machinery services.In addition to the effect of scale efficiency,non-agricultural employment does not have a significant impact on agricultural technical efficiency,and labor transfer does not have a significant negative impact on agricultural production.

Agricultural Machinery Input,Labor Resource Allocation,and Rural Household Land Transfers

This paper explores the impact of agricultural machinery input on rural households’land transfers,which is conducive to the acceleration of agricultural modernization,agricultural production at scale,and rural revitalization.By using the micro-data on rural households(2014–2018)from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),we made an empirical analysis of the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers and drew three conclusions.First,agricultural machinery input has a positive impact on land transfers,which means the more rural households invest in agricultural machinery,the more willing they are to participate in land transfers.Second,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers is mainly exerted by adjusting the allocation of labor resources for rural households,or rather by increasing the number of farmers engaged in agriculture and reducing the number of farmers-turned traders and workers to facilitate land transfers.Third,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers concerns both the positive transfers-in and the negative transfers-out,and such an impact stays stable across income groups.Accordingly,we should further increase agricultural machinery-related subsidies,improve the agricultural machinery service outsourcing market,and help rural households to reasonably allocate their labor resource endowments and invest in agricultural machinery to increase land transfers.

Agricultural Machinery Industry in China

The agricultural machinery industry in China has obtained greatachievements and China has become a big country of agricultural machineryproduction along with the agricultural development.The development ofChinese agricultural machinery industry grew very fast in recent years.Since 2002,the annual growth rate of total output value of agriculturalmachinery and sales income exceeded 20 percent.Service object ofagricultural machinery covers the whole agricultural field.Integrate

Effect of Agricultural Land Use Changes on Soil Nutrient Use Efficiency in an Agricultural Area,Beijing,China

Agricultural land use and management practices may affect soil properties,which play a critical role in sustaining crop production.Since the late 1970s,several new agricultural land use types had been introduced in the rural areas of China.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of these land use changes on the soil properties,nu-trient absorption rate,and nutrient use economic efficiency ratio in an agricultural area of Beijing.Specifically,the cropland,the orchard and the vegetable field were examined.Results of this study suggest that land use and farming management practices significantly affect the content of soil organic carbon (SOC),total nitrogen (TN),total phos-phorus (TP),and available phosphorus in the surface layer of 0-25 cm (p<0.05) in the Yanqing Basin,northwestern Beijing.Soil nutrients in each agricultural land use type decrease rapidly with the increasing soil depth.Orchard and vegetable field tend to have higher soil nutrients than the cropland does.However,the soil nutrient-absorption rate (NAR) of the orchard and vegetable field is lower than that of the cropland,even though orchard and vegetable field may provide much higher economic benefit.While increasing SOC,TN,and TP in the orchard and vegetable field by intensive farming may be a valuable option to improve soil quality,potential increase in the risk of nutrient loss,or agricultural non-point source pollution can be a tradeoff if the intensive practices are not managed appropriately.

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Drinking Water Conservation Area of the Hongfeng Lake in Guiyang City

On the basis of investigating rural population, land types, livestock and poultry breeding scale in drinking water conservation area of the Hongfeng Lake in Guiyang City, as well as the urban domestic pol utant discharge coefficient, livestock and poultry excretion coefficient, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer loss rate in the first national pollution source survey, this paper tried to explore current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution, and provide scientific support for the pollution control. The results showed that in the drinking water conservation area of the Hongfeng lake in 2013, contribution rate of pollution sources to the water pollution in the Hongfeng Lake followed the sequence "livestock and poultry breeding > rural life > farmland fertilizer". Among all agricultural non-point source pollutants, livestock and poultry breeding pollutants were major pollution sources, with a contribution rate to CODCr, TP and NH3-N in water above 50%; rural domestic pollutants were also important pollution sources, its contribution rate to CODCr and NH3-N was 43.49% and 46.69%, respectively; contribution rate of farmland fertilizer pollutants to TN and TP was 33.76% and 27.71%, respectively, higher than that of rural domestic pollutants(25.87% and 6.75%). Therefore, the control of non-point source pollution within the drinking water conservation area should be enhanced, so as to control the pollution from the source.

Application of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale to Grasp Autistic Characteristics of the Trainees with Intellectual Disabilities in Agricultural Vocational Training

The purpose of this study was to propose indicators for grasping autistic characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities who were going to engage in agricultural vocational training. We analyzed the data of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) of 44 students at the high school course of a special needs education school who participated in agricultural vocational training. The data were divided into two groups according to the scores of “General Impressions”, one of 15 question items of the CARS: one was the group whose score was 1 (usual), and the other was the group whose scores were 1.5 to 4 (unusual). The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed significant differences between two groups in eight items including “Relating to People” (p Relating to People” with six other items. As a result, “Relating to People” was considered to be the most effective item to know the participant’s autistic characteristics at a very early stage of training. Eventually, adding two items, “Body Use” and “Imitation” which are necessary to master agricultural tasks, to “Relating to People”, we proposed three indicators.

Contribution of Agricultural Input to Output in Hohhot City

Based on the research data from the economics and management platform of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,we analyze the changes in the input of agricultural production factors,such as farmland,labor and capital in Hohhot City. Based on the principle of econometrics,we select the agricultural production input-output data in Hohhot City during the period 1992-2010,and establish the econometric model using Cobb-Douglas production factor,to estimate the rate of contribution of agricultural input to the growth of agricultural output value,and study the quantitative relations between agricultural input and agricultural output value. The results show that in Hohhot City,the contribution of chemical fertilizer input to the growth of agricultural output value is the greatest; the contribution of mechanical power to agricultural output value is still not brought into full play; the contribution of remaining production inputs ( including technical progress) accounts for 35. 69% . In the future,Hohhot City should pay more attention to the technical input to develop agriculture.

The Impact of Changes of the Internal Agricultural Structure in Sichuan Province on Farmers' Income

After introducing the status quo of farmers' net income and gross output value of agriculture of Sichuan Province,and the changes of agricultural output structure,the regression analysis was conducted on the impact of the changes in agricultural structure on the farmers' net income per capita on the strengthen of the data from Sichuan statistical yearbook and by the way of econometrics.The multiple linear regression analysis was conducted on the impact the changes in crop farming on farmers' net income by using logarithmic demand model.The results show that the agricultural structure has transformed from the dominant crop farming to the all-around developmental trend covering the dominant industry,animal husbandry and forestry,fishery and the other industries;the animal husbandry has greatest impact on famers' income per capita and the impact of crop farming is slightly weaker than animal husbandry;the crop farming and animal husbandry develop fairly rapid simultaneously and the two all have great impact in farmers' income;among animal husbandry,the meat and eggs have relatively great impact on farmers' income,while in crop farming,grain plays the dominant role in affecting farmers' income,followed by cash crop.Hence,the relevant countermeasures applied to increase farmers' income are put forward in terms of optimizing the internal structure of agriculture,adjusting the internal structure of crop farming,adjusting the internal structure of animal husbandry and strengthening the support of farmers.

Impacts of Agricultural Activities on Land Degradation along the Bomboré River in Burkina Faso

Land along the Bomboré River in the rural commune of Mogtédo in Burkina Faso is experiencing degradation. The explanatory causes of this degradation constitute the subject of this study. To do this, a survey was conducted among agricultural producers deployed along the watercourse. Soil profiles were described and samples were taken to analyze pH, soil organic carbon, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and texture. The RUSLE model approach based on landstat8 OLI/TIRS and SRTM satellite images dated December 17, 2021 with fairly good radiometric, spatial, and spectral resolution was used to calculate the land loss rate. In terms of results, the potentially irrigable areas that spread out on both sides of the banks of the river cover 209.23 ha with a perimeter of 6.16 km. The number of irrigators is 26 producers and they grow 17.92 ha of vegetables. Soil analyzes indicate the presence of a moderate acid on the vertisol with a pH between 5.57 and 5.86. On the depth 0 - 30 cm of the horizon, the color of the horizons ranges from 5YR4/2 on the talweg and on the right bank to 7.5YR3/2 on the left bank and presents no risk of salinity because the electrical conductivity measured is less than 1dS/cm. The diagnosis of hydromechanical equipment shows that producers use 46 motor pumps for irrigation, of which 15 motor pumps run on gasoline and 31 motor pumps on butane gas with a ratio of 1.7 motor pumps per producer. The number of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes used by producers in combination with a motor pump gives an average of 44 per farmer. In terms of mineral fertilization, the gross doses used by producers are 415.53 kg/ha of NPK and 201.55 kg/ha of urea, while the quantities of phytosanitary products are 3.99 l/ha of pesticides and 1.42 l/ha of herbicides. Agricultural activities emit about 222,436.66 kgCO2eq into the atmosphere, whose emissions from motor pumps represent 84.52% of these total emissions. The land loss estimate gives an average rate of 2.30 t/ha/year of land loss. This loss is due to the effects of poor agricultural practices, water erosion, and the drainage channels and gullies created by the anarchic installation of dwellings around the edges of the river. This study calls for more monitoring actions to sustainably safeguard the soil and water resources of this river which contribute to the survival of more than 73,214 inhabitants.

Evaluating agricultural water-use efficiency based on water footprint of crop values: a case study in Xinjiang of China

Efficient agricultural water use is crucial for food safety and water conservation on a global scale. To quantitatively investigate the agricultural water-use efficiency in regions exhibiting the complex agricultural structure, this study developed an indicator named water footprint of crop values(WFV) that is based on the water footprint of crop production. Defined as the water volume used to produce a unit price of crop(m^3/CNY), the new indicator makes it feasible to directly compare the water footprint of different crops from an economic perspective, so as to comprehensively evaluate the water-use efficiency under the complex planting structure. On the basis of WFV, the study further proposed an indicator of structural water-use coefficient(SWUC), which is represented by the ratio of water-use efficiency for a given planting structure to the water efficiency for a reference crop and can quantitatively describe the impact of planting structure on agricultural water efficiency. Then, a case study was implemented in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The temporal and spatial variations of WFV were assessed for the planting industries in 14 prefectures and cities of Xinjiang between 1991 and 2015. In addition, contribution rate analysis of WFV for different prefectures and cities was conducted to evaluate the variations of WFV caused by different influencing factors: agricultural input, climatic factors, and planting structure. Results from these analyses indicated first that the average WFV of planting industries in Xinjiang significantly decreased from 0.293 m^3/CNY in 1991 to 0.153 m^3/CNY in 2015, corresponding to an average annual change rate of –3.532%. WFV in 13 prefectures and cities(with the exception of Karamay) has declined significantly during the period of 1991–2015, indicating that agricultural water-use efficient has effectively improved. Second, the average SWUC in Xinjiang decreased from 1.17 to 1.08 m^3/CNY in the 1990 s, and then declined to 1.00 m^3/CNY in 2011–2015. The value of SWUC was highly consistent with the relative value of WFV in most prefectures and cities, showing that planting structure is one of the primary factors affecting regional agricultural water-use efficiency. Third, the contribution rate of WFV variations from human factors including agricultural input and planting structure was much more significant than that from climatic factors. However, the distribution of agricultural input and the adjustment of planting structure significantly differed among prefectures and cities, suggesting regional imbalances of agricultural development. This study indicated the feasibility and effectiveness of controlling agricultural water use through increasing technical input and rational selection of crops in the face of impending climate change. Specifically, we concluded that, the rational application of chemical fertilizers, the development of the fruit industry, and the strict restriction of the cotton industry should be implemented to improve the agricultural water-use efficiency in Xinjiang.