Coping with the Impact of Climate Change: A Dive into Precision Agriculture in the United States

With the continued increase in the number of people that are food insecure globally, which could be increasing because of the ongoing Ukraine-Russia war, leading to reduction in international agribusinesses, coupled with drastic climate change exacerbating the problem of food insecurity, there is a constant need to come up with innovative approaches to solve this global issue. In this article, we articulated how precision agriculture can be a tool for ensuring food security in the United States. This study aims to reiterate the significance of precision agriculture in solving global food insecurity.

Comparison and Analysis of Agricultural and Forest Land Changes in Typical Agricultural Regions of Northern Mid-latitudes

The northeastern China, the United States, and the western Europe are important agricultural regions both on the global and regional scales. The westem Europe has a longer history of agricultural land development than the eastem United States. These two regions have changed from the deforestation and reclamation phase in the past to the current land abandonment and reforestation phase. Compared with the two regions, large-scale land exploitation has only been practiced in the northeastern China during the last century. After a short high-intensity deforestation and reclamation period, agricultural and forest lands are basically in a dynamic steady state. By comparing domestic and international agro-forestry development and considering the ecological environment and socio-economic bene- fits that can be derived from agro-forestry, this paper suggests that large area of reforestation would be inevitable in future though per- sistent and large agricultural demand in coming decades even more. And local reforestation at slope farmland with ecological vulner- ability should be imperative at present to avoid severer damage. At the same time, from the perspective of Land Change Science, the results demonstrate that the research on land use change in the agro-forestry ecotone is typical and critical, particularly those dealing with the analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics and the simulation of climate, hydrology, and other environmental effects.

Challenges of agriculture and food systems issues in China and the United States

China and the United States are the two most significant nations in the contemporary global food and agricultural network.In addition,they are two of the most important innovators with respect to the development of new crop varieties,agro-technologies,farm products,markets and consumer issues,such as consumer resistance to genetically modified foods,among others.In the face of an ever-complex web of interactions,technologies and products among producers and consumers in both nations,there are far more structural similarities than differences in the food and agriculture sectors of these two nations.This essay,adopting some of the themes of the Sino-American Symposium on Future Issues Affecting Quality of Life,presents a limited but representative comparative assessment of three of the most important shared challenges impacting the agricultural sectors of China and the United States for the period from 2000 to the present including 1)environmental challenges related to agricultural water supply,2)declines in farm labor and rural population,and 3)growing food-related concerns and challenges.For both nations,excessive and unsustainable groundwater consumption has lowered water tables and limited crop production.Rural populations and farm workforces in both nations are also declining,leading to labor challenges in both nations.Finally,concerns regarding food safety are also very similar with major challenges to the farm sector associated with consumer resistance to genetically modified food crops and sanitation issues linked to lengthening supply chains.All of these issues threaten the development of sustainable agricultural production systems.

Development of CAN-Based Distributed Control System for Variable Rate Technology in Agricultural Machinery

The number of electronic devices connected to agricultural machinery is increasing to support new agricultural practices tasks related to the Precision Agriculture such as spatial variability mapping and Variable Rate Technology （VRT）. The Distributed Control System （DCS） is a suitable solution for decentralization of the data acquisition system and the Controller Area Network （CAN） is the major trend among the embedded communications protocols for agricultural machinery and vehicles. The application of soil correctives is a typical problem in Brazil. The efficiency of this correction process is highly dependent of the inputs way at soil and the occurrence of errors affects directly the agricultural yield. To handle this problem, this paper presents the development of a CAN-based distributed control system for a VRT system of soil corrective in agricultural machinery. The VRT system is composed by a tractor-implement that applies a desired rate of inputs according to the georeferenced prescription map of the farm field to support PA （Precision Agriculture）. The performance evaluation of the CAN-based VRT system was done by experimental tests and analyzing the CAN messages transmitted in the operation of the entire system. The results of the control error according to the necessity of agricultural application allow conclude that the developed VRT system is suitable for the agricultural productions reaching an acceptable response time and application error. The CAN-Based DCS solution applied in the VRT system reduced the complexity of the control system, easing the installation and maintenance. The use of VRT system allowed applying only the required inputs, increasing the efficiency operation and minimizing the environmental impact.

Influence of Sino-US Agricultural Trade on China’s Total Agricultural Output Value Based on Cointegration Model

According to the data of the total trade of agricultural products between China and the United States from 2009 to 2018 and the general description of agriculture in China,this paper adopts the method of econometric model to make a detailed analysis of the agricultural trade between China and the United States by using cointegration analysis,Granger causality test and error correction model in order to explore the impact of agricultural trade between China and the United States on China’s agricultural development. The results of empirical analysis show that there is a balanced relationship between the trade of agricultural products between China and the United States and the development of agriculture in China. The total trade of agricultural products between China and the United States affects the development of China’s agriculture.In addition,in the short term,if the short-term fluctuation deviates from the long-term equilibrium,then the error correction term will reverse it with strength of 0. 378,so that the non-equilibrium state will gradually return to the equilibrium state.

The diffi culties of "polluter pays" policy in agricultural pollution in UK and methods to improve it

Agricultural wastes poll,tion became serious after great improvement in technology and the encouragement of production for the government since the end of the World Wai Ⅱ. Economists and environmental scholars suggested that ＂polluter pays＂ policy be employed in agricultural pollution control. However, it was hard to implement ＂polluter pays ＂ policy alone in agricultural wastes pollution.In practice, there were two social faCtors which contrih,ted to the improvement of water quality in the southwest of United Kingdom. One method is to communicate with farmers and then give farmers some advice or exhortation on facilities and management. The other method is to set up a telephone hotline for public to report water quality and probable pollution. Therefore, the consideration and combination of social factors in the control of agricultural wastes pollution are necessary, and important. Edueation of basic natural sciences relevant to agricultural pollution, system management of agricultural pollutants and laws relevant to agricultural pollution is suggested to be the third .social factor that British government can consider.

解读单元考点/牵手高频考题 Unit 19 Modern agriculture

1. As far as I can see the best thing would be to… (Page 45) [考点] as far as 用法 [归纳] as far as 表示程度、范围,as far as + 宾语,意为"远到,直到";as far as + 状语从句,意为"就……,尽……,至于……",这个句型用来引出个人的观点与看法。常用短语:as far as I know / tell…就我所知,据我所知;as far as I'm concerned 就我而言,至于我;as far as I can see... 依我所见……;as far as I can feel…就我的感觉……;as far as I remember / recall / collect…就我回忆……。

Unit 19 Modern agriculture要点解读

一、词语例解1.technique n技术;技巧;手段;方法They need to learn modern management techniques.他们还得学习现代管理技术。They used various techniques to get their prisoners to cooperate.他们采用了各种方法使犯人同他们合作。

农业科研院所创建文明单位的实践与探索——以河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所为例

开展文明单位创建活动,以文明单位创建促进科技创新,提高科技创新能力对农业科研院所尤为重要。文章以河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所为例,介绍了省级农业科研院所结合农科特色开展文明单位创建活动的主要举措及取得的成效,针对创建过程中存在的问题,从提高政治站位、创新工作模式、压实领导责任、健全创建制度等方面提出了加强科研院所文明单位创建工作的对策建议,并对未来文明单位的建设工作提出了设想和展望。

新世纪中美高等农业教育的应变行动

2009年,美国国家科学院国家研究委员会出版了《农业教育转型:面对变化的世界》,这是继1992年《农业与本科教育》之后,又一部关注农业教育的国家层面报告,可称之为“美版新农科”。该报告通过分析学生、院校、高等教育、农业、职场五个方面的变化,提出了促进农业教育转型的九项建议,对中国正在开展的新农科建设具有参考价值。南京农业大学翻译出版了该报告中文版。

农机作业服务提高了粮食单产吗?——来自139个县农机购置补贴十年的历史证据

农业社会化服务是否能促进农业生产率,是推进中国式农业现代化需要回答的重要问题。以粮食生产中的农机作业服务为例,利用全国139个县域在实施农机购置补贴政策后十年间的面板数据,对农机作业服务水平与粮食单产之间的关系进行实证检验。结果发现,在控制了土地、劳动力、资本等投入要素之后,农机作业服务水平对粮食单产具有显著的促进作用,并且该作用在粮食主产区更为凸显;农业机械购置补贴政策使农机作业服务对粮食单产的影响出现阶段性差异,即在政策实施初期“购机”有效促进了“用机”,农机作业服务的粮食增产效应较为明显,而后期着力于“购机”的政策无法保障持续发挥农机作业服务的粮食增产作用。因此,需通过设立农机作业补贴等形式持续有效地发挥农机作业服务的粮食增产效应。

从国际粮食问题会议到世界贸易暨就业组织会议——中国与战后国际经济秩序的重建

盟国重建战后国际经济秩序的努力始于1943年国际粮食问题会议,其后又历经布雷顿森林会议、世界贸易暨就业组织会议,最终搭建了战后国际经济秩序的框架。从国际粮食问题会议起,中国参与了国际经济秩序重建的全过程。虽然并不具备足够的经济实力,但中国仍在若干重要规则上为发展中国家发声建言,尽可能为工业落后国家争取了一定的发展环境。很大程度上,中国在国际经济问题上的发言权得益于政治上的四强地位。

2001—2020年福建省县域单元农业碳排放核算和时空演变特征分析

[目的]分析福建省县域尺度农业净碳排放量时空特征,为福建省及其他各省市区制定碳减排对策提供参考依据。[方法]基于种植业和畜牧业的12种碳源构建农业碳排放核算清单,采用碳排放因子法测算出农业碳排放总量;结合福建省农业特征选取7种主要农作物计算碳吸收量;并利用探索性空间分析方法分析了2001—2020年福建省农业净碳排放的时空演变特征。[结果](1)研究期内净碳排放量呈现出先上升后下降的倒“V”型变化趋势。碳源方面,农地利用碳排放占据较大比例;碳汇方面,水稻、蔬菜和甘蔗对碳吸收的贡献较大。大部分县(市)农业碳排放强度呈下降趋势,但年均下降幅度较小。(2)福建省县域碳排放量存在显著的全局空间正相关,呈现出空间集聚特征,聚集态势以高高集聚和低低集聚为主。农业碳排放强度空间分布格局变化较大,整体呈现下降趋势,其中约有一半的县(市)处于较低强度区。(3)2001—2020年福建省各县(市)的空间等级分布格局有一定程度的变动,中等排放区和中低排放区数量增多,高等排放区、中高排放区和低排放区数量减少,两极分化情况有所缓解。[结论]2001—2020年福建省大部分县域农业碳排放量和碳排放强度都呈下降趋势,碳减排取得了一定成效,但下降幅度不够大,未来还应从政策激励、产业结构优化等方面采取措施强化减排效果,促进农业低碳转型。

RCEP成员国农产品贸易网络的动态结构及其影响因素分析

作为区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)谈判的重点与难点,农产品贸易正日渐成为学术界的研究热点。本文应用社会网络分析方法,对RCEP成员国农产品贸易关系进行解析,并通过构建扩展形式的聚类系数等指标考察农产品贸易网络从RCEP协议提出至今的动态演变特征,采用基本贸易单元和贸易区中区进一步探究网络内部微观结构及其动态变化,并利用QAP模型对网络潜在影响因素进行分析。研究发现:RCEP成员国农产品贸易网络具有良好的贸易演进倾向,逐步形成汇集多方、多中心化格局;RCEP农产品贸易网络的紧密性与联动性逐年提升,且动态视角下的网络结构间存在递延关联,推进了农贸区中区的存在与发展;农业资源禀赋、国家需求规模和国家文化背景因素积极推进RCEP区域内农产品贸易网络的演进,而是否接壤的条件则阻碍了该进程;我国在RCEP区域内农产品贸易网络中凭借贸易量级优势取得了突出的中介地位,但距离成长为农贸优势国和中心国仍任重道远。

农业农村数字技术应用的国际镜鉴及践行指向

当前中国正处在数字乡村与智慧农业发展的重要契机,为探寻农业农村数字化发展路径,本文选取数字化成效明显但路径不同的欧盟、美国、日本为典型案例,重点阐述其数字乡村与智慧农业发展模式、应用策略及其运行情况。研究发现,欧盟兼顾成员国差异性和数字市场统一性、实施多元协同路径,美国整合技术研发、人才培育、电子商务构建精准导向的数字链条矩阵,日本则把数字化建设重心放在应对老龄化和提升农业竞争力的智慧技术研发与应用方面。同时,各国家和地区在完善顶层政策设计、支持技术精准研发、鼓励部门参与合作等方面的经验积累值得借鉴。本文基于经验分析和中国现状提出重点关注数据基础、数据分析和数据管理三个领域的建设。

中美贸易摩擦对中国农产品贸易的影响

基于商务部发布的农业贸易数据,实证分析了中美贸易摩擦对中国农业贸易的影响及未来趋势。发现中美贸易摩擦使中国与美国农产品贸易总额大幅下降,自美进口额度降幅大于对美出口,中美农产品贸易的未来趋势难以预测。同时,贸易摩擦也为中国农产品贸易带来了新的发展机遇。提出了以下政策建议:一是促进中美双方和平对话,构建良性贸易环境;二是积极开拓多元化农产品市场,防范进口集中风险;三是推动农产品贸易转型,增强国际竞争力;四是加速农业科研改革与发展,调整农业生产结构。

美国功能农业政策、产业发展对中国的启示

目前在美国,功能农业及相关产品尚未存在宏观的法定定义,主要以包括膳食补充剂、营养强化产品、农业生物工程产品等多种类型存在。本研究基于政府法规、权威报道以及相关学术研究资料,梳理分析美国目前对于功能农业的战略规划布局、监管标准体系以及产业发展状况,总结美国功能农业的发展经验及不足,并由此探讨美国功能农业政策和产业发展对于中国的启示及建议。本研究认为,中国一方面可以借鉴美国的成功经验,加大对功能农业的政策扶植力度,强化功能农业相关的科研创新能力,深化产学互通融合,积极推动功能农业及其相关产业发展;另一方面,中国也应认识到目前美国功能农业由于缺少宏观管控而带来的风险,进一步建立并规范监管标准,健全功能性农产品的市场准入机制,从而使功能农业在中国良性健康发展。

机组运动状态识别及作业参数计算方法研究

基于农机管理信息平台所获得的农业机组位置海量数据识别机组运动状态可以科学计算机组时间利用率和作业效率,对农业机械化高质量发展具有重要意义。为此,在界定农业机组纯作业状态、转弯状态、停歇状态和转移状态基础上,依据北斗卫星导航系统获取的农业机组位置海量数据,设计了农业机组各运动状态识别方法,建立了机组时间利用率和生产率等关键作业参数计算模型。研究结果完善了农业机组海量数据处理及应用理论与方法,可为农业机械化生产与经营组织正确评价机组运动状态和效果、有效节约机械作业成本及提升管理水平提供定量技术支撑。

全球粮食安全与气候变化协同治理的路径探析——以联合国粮农组织的实践为主线

协同治理是指国际行为体聚焦具有同质性的议题领域和关联性的治理制度,统筹推进全球治理实践的重要形式和过程。在全球粮食安全与气候治理议程日益交织的背景下,推动两者协同治理对实现全球“零饥饿”目标和增强气候变化适应性具有重要的现实意义。作为粮食安全制度复合体的核心机构,联合国粮农组织在理念层面深化了两议题间的关联度,同时不断加强机制建设促进两议题协同治理,并积极将气候风险评估引入粮食安全项目方案。但由于目前气候治理机制对粮食安全议题的支持力度相对不足,联合国粮农组织对气候议题的资源投入受限,导致其参与全球粮食安全与气候变化协同治理的成效仍有较大提升空间。