Nonfarm employment, agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency:An empirical study based on China's major wheat-producing areas

Based on the cross-sectional data of the survey conducted in China's main wheat producing areas at the end of 2019,this paper uses the translog production function model to estimate agricultural technical efficiency,and studies the relationship between nonfarm employment,agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency.The results show that the household non-agricultural employment ratio and non-agricultural income have a significant positive impact on the purchase of agricultural machinery services.In addition to the effect of scale efficiency,non-agricultural employment does not have a significant impact on agricultural technical efficiency,and labor transfer does not have a significant negative impact on agricultural production.

Summary and Improvement Measures for Soil Compaction Caused by Machinery

As agricultural mechanization is becoming more and more popular, soil compaction, on basis of agricultural machinery, has become a serious problem that can not be ignored. Soil compaction, which is caused by frequent til age and large load in the field, may have different effects on various properties of soil. Soil com-paction may result in different conditions, such as increased soil density and the mechanical resistance, and decreased soil ventilation and the capacity of water holding and storage, but uptaking capacity of chemical elements is restricted. There-fore, soil compaction has some negative impacts on soil properties, physical y, chemical y, or biological y, as wel as plant growth. This research analyzed the cause and the harm of soil compaction in recent years, and some effective mea-sures were proposed to improve soil compaction, in order to reduce the extent of soil compaction caused by agricultural machinery.

Technical Regulation of Foxtail Millet Production by Combining Machinery and Agronomy

In order to solve the problems of low production efficiency,great loss and low yield,Millet Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences integrated the plastic film mulching technique and mechanized production technique,forming a foxtail millet production technique combining machinery and agronomy.The foxtail millet production technique combining machinery and agronomy regulates millet production from the links of soil preparation,fertilization,variety selection,seeding,intertillage and fertilization and harvest,so as to achieve the effects of promoting the matching between agro-machinery and agronomy,improving the level of millet production mechanization,realizing light simplified production and saving labor cost.This technical regulation has a broad application prospect.

Analysis on the Mode of Trans-Regional Allocation of Agricultural Machinery

With the continuous progress of agricultural technology, agricultural mechanization presents a good development trend after half a century development. But agricultural machinery equipment and the level of agricultural mechanization are imbalances in different regions; the structure of agricultural machinery equipment is unreasonable; there are great differences in agricultural mechanization level of different operations and different crops and the whole level of agricultural mechanization social service is not high. Through cross regional allocation of existing agricultural machinery to improve the working efficiency of agricultural machinery;we can extend the operation time of the agricultural machinery and improve the operation effect and income of agricultural machinery.

Application of reaction nitrogen arc cladding TiCN/Fe composite coating on cutter of agricultural machinery

In order to solve the high-price and short-lifetime problems of the cutter of agricultural machinery,and improve the wear resistance of the cutter, the TiCN/Fe metal ceramic composite coating was prepared on the substrate of Q235 steel by reaction nitrogen arc cladding technique. The mixture powder of titanium and graphite was preplaced on the Q235 steel surface after intensive mixing by planetary ball mill and gluing with starch binder. The microstructure and phase of the coatings, interface behavior between coatings and the substrate were investigated by scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The micro-hardness distribution of the coating section was tested by micro-hardness tester. Friction coefficient and wear weight loss were measured by abrasion machine. Wearing surface morphology was investigated by scanning electronic microscope. The results show that an excellent bonding between the coatings and the Q235 steel substrate is ensured by the strong metallurgical interface and phase of the coatings. The coatings are mainly composed of TiCN. The highest micro- hardness of the coatings reaches 1 089 HV0. 2, while the micro-hardness of Q235 steel substrate is only about 286 HV0. 2. The anti-abrasive test results show that the wear resistance of the cladding coating is better than that of quenched and tempered 65 Mn steel which is often used as cutter of agricultural machinery. The field test results show that the TiCN/ Fe metal ceramic composite coating prepared by reaction nitrogen arc cladding is feasible to the manufacture and remanufacture of the cutter of agricultural machinery.

Agricultural Machinery Input,Labor Resource Allocation,and Rural Household Land Transfers

This paper explores the impact of agricultural machinery input on rural households’land transfers,which is conducive to the acceleration of agricultural modernization,agricultural production at scale,and rural revitalization.By using the micro-data on rural households(2014–2018)from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),we made an empirical analysis of the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers and drew three conclusions.First,agricultural machinery input has a positive impact on land transfers,which means the more rural households invest in agricultural machinery,the more willing they are to participate in land transfers.Second,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers is mainly exerted by adjusting the allocation of labor resources for rural households,or rather by increasing the number of farmers engaged in agriculture and reducing the number of farmers-turned traders and workers to facilitate land transfers.Third,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers concerns both the positive transfers-in and the negative transfers-out,and such an impact stays stable across income groups.Accordingly,we should further increase agricultural machinery-related subsidies,improve the agricultural machinery service outsourcing market,and help rural households to reasonably allocate their labor resource endowments and invest in agricultural machinery to increase land transfers.

Agricultural Machinery Industry in China

The agricultural machinery industry in China has obtained greatachievements and China has become a big country of agricultural machineryproduction along with the agricultural development.The development ofChinese agricultural machinery industry grew very fast in recent years.Since 2002,the annual growth rate of total output value of agriculturalmachinery and sales income exceeded 20 percent.Service object ofagricultural machinery covers the whole agricultural field.Integrate

Multi-machine collaboration realization conditions and precise and efficient production mode of intelligent agricultural machinery

Multi-machine collaboration of agricultural machinery is one of the international frontier and hot research in the field of agricultural equipment.However,the current domestic multi-machine collaborative operation of agricultural machinery is limited to the research of task goal planning and collaborative path optimization in a single production link.In order to achieve the purpose of zero inventory of agricultural materials and precise and efficient production operations,a new technology of agricultural machinery multi-machine collaboration with multi-dimension and full chain was proposed,which takes into account the whole process of agricultural production,as well as agricultural machinery system and external supply chain,storage and transportation chain collaboration.The problems of data collaboration,process collaboration and organization collaboration were analyzed.And the realization conditions of new multi-machine cooperative technology were analyzed.Meanwhile,the zero inventory mode and precise operation mode of agricultural materials under the background of multi-machine cooperation of intelligent agricultural machinery were studied.Then,a precise and efficient agricultural production mode based on data-process-organization collaboration was constructed.The results showed that the multi-machine cooperative technology mode of multi-dimensional and full-chain agricultural machinery could greatly improve the efficiency of agricultural machinery,operation quality,land utilization rate and reduce production cost.

Design and Experiment of four Lines Trailed Potato Fertilization Seeder

In order to solve the problems which are widespread in potato seeding planter, such as lower operating efficiency, unideal performance index, higher replay rate and leakage rate and uneven spacing sowing in seeding operating, a trailed potato fertilization seeder was designed. The key components of the special structure had been got through the description of the structure and working principle of the whole machine. A crossing seed-taken technology along with the vibration component was adopted to achieve precision seeding. The results showed in the feld test of the machine： all the performance indexes of the machine met the agronomic requirement of potato planting; the multiple and missing index were low; it completed the ditching, fertilizing, seeding as well as ridging in one planting process; its operation effciency was high and the stability was good. This design of the trailed potato fertilization seeder provided a reference for the development of large traction-type potato seeding machine.

Design and Optimization of Planting Process Parameters for 2ZYX-2 Type Green Onion Ditching and Transplanting Machine

Considering the current low level of mechanization for domestic green onion planting and the high labor intensity of artificial planting,a 2ZYX-2 green onion ditching and transplanting machine,which can complete ditching,ridging,transplanting,repression,soil covering and other operations,is designed in this study.The Central Composite test design method was carried out with the speed of the transplanting machine,the depth of the opener and the horizontal position of the opener as the experimental factors and with the qualification ratio of perpendicularity,the variation coefficient of the plant spacing and the qualification ratio of the planting depth as the test index.Through the analysis of the model interaction and response surface,the change laws that the influence the machine’s forward speed,the depth of the opener and the horizontal position of the opener were studied.The regression model was optimized by Design-Expert 8.0.6 software,and the accuracy of the predicted results was verified by experiments.The optimal working parameters showed that the forward speed of the machine was 0.06 m/s,the depth of the opener was 102 mm,and the horizontal position of the opener was 29 mm.Under conditions of optimal working parameters,the qualification rate of the verticality was 86.83%,the coefficient of variation for the plant spacing was 2.77,and the pass rate of planting depth was 88.26%.The research related to the thesis can provide a reference for the mechanized planting of green onion,which is of great significance to the cost-effectiveness of the green onion industry.

The Study of a New Manipulator for a Stone Protector of Stony Soil Tillage Implement

This paper studies the motion of novel manipulator that can be used in the structure of stone protectors of soil tillage implements. According to the virtual reality technology-based method the technology of composition of the virtual model of a manipulator and its positions in the working process are described in details. This virtual model is used for composition the video clip, simulating the motion of novel manipulator, which three points are moving along two lines and one curve. The results obtained and the computer program realizing the virtual reality technology-based study of the working process of the virtual manipulators for stone protectors can be used by designers of stone protectors for soil tillage implements.

The Current Situation and Development Prospect of Mechanized Foxtail Millet Seeding in China

Based on the analysis of the present application of millet mechanization planting machines, we summarized the basic situation of millet mechanization planting machines at present stage to improve of planting efficiency and develop mechanization, and made suggestions on millet sowing mechanization.

Development and Experiment of 2ZB-79 Shallow Rice Seedling Transplanter

Shallow planting of the rice seedlings is an important factor for getting high yield as it can increase the effective tillers on the lownode of the stem. The 2 ZB-79 shallow rice seedling transplanter combined the advantages of shallow planting of the seedling-casting rice transplanter and orderly planting of the traditional rice transplanter. The principle of this kind of machine is firstly to cut the standardization nursery rice seedlings with rug soil into many small pieces,and then to plant the small pieces composed of pot soil and some seedlings on it to the field surface in order,only shallowly planted on the very top part of paddy soil. Not only it can keep the performance of planting shallowly and orderly,but also simplify many mechanisms for transition,separation,and plantation of rice seedlings. It is a new type of rice seedling transplanter called laying-type up to now to get higher efficiency when working and higher yield for rice production. This paper will introduce its developing results and analyze the comparative experiments.

Human-centered design of Stubble-Mulch Rotocultivator for Boat Tractor

With the development of mechanization popularity in rural area, agricultural machinery product not only needs to meet the production goals, and also requires the simple operation and human-centered. Human-centered design is always, on the basis of the user＇ s requirement and usage, to think over the issues by regarding operator as the center, and to design the products by emphasizing the ease of use and understandability during design and manufacture. In this study, Stubble-Mulch Rotocultivator for Boat Tractor （SMRBT） is chosen as the design object. The coordination approach of the user, machine and environment is discussed by deeply investigating their relationship, which is an empirical study of the human-centered technology of agricultural machinery.

Method for measuring the steering wheel angle of paddy field agricultural machinery by integrating RTK-GNSS and dual-MEMS gyroscope

Aiming at the application environment of paddy agricultural machinery with bumpy and undulating changes,the problems affecting the method for steering wheel angle measurement by MEMS gyroscope were analyzed,and a wheel angle measurement method combining Dual-MEMS gyroscope(dual MEMS gyroscope)and RTK-GNSS was designed.The adaptive weighting method was used to fuse the heading angle differentiation of RTK-GNSS,the MEMS gyroscope angle rate,and velocity data,and the rod-arm compensation was performed to accurately obtain the angle rates of the body and steering wheels of agricultural machinery;the difference between the combined angular rate of the steering wheel of the agricultural machinery and the angular rate of the agricultural machinery body was obtained,and the integrator is used to integrate the difference to get the wheel steering angle value,and the Kalman filter was designed to make feedback correction for the integration process of angle calculation to eliminate the errors caused by the gyroscope zero bias,random drift,and gyroscope rod arm effect,and to obtain the accurate value of wheel steering angle.A comparative test with the connecting rod wheel angle sensor was designed,and the results show that the maximum deviation is 4.99°,the average absolute average value is 1.61°,and the average standard deviation is 0.98°.The method in this study and the connecting rod wheel angle sensor were used on paddy farm machinery.The wheel angle measurement deviation of the proposed method and the connecting rod wheel angle sensor was not more than 1°,which is relatively small.It has good stability,speed adaptability,and dynamic responsiveness that meets the accuracy requirements of steering wheel angle measurement for paddy field agricultural machinery unmanned driving and can be used instead of connecting rod angle sensors for unmanned agricultural machinery.

Behavior modelling and sensing for machinery operations using smartphone’s sensor data:A case study of forage maize sowing

Large-scale agricultural machinery cooperatives require technical statistic report of agricultural machinery operations to improve the efficiency of fleet management.This research proposed a smartphone-based solution to build the behavior model for agricultural machinery operations by using the embedded sensors including the GNSS,the accelerometer,and the microphone.The whole working process of agricultural machinery operation was divided into four stages:preparation,operation,U-turn,and transfer,each of which may contain the behaviors of stalling and idling.Field experiments were carried out by skilled operators,whose operations were typical agricultural machinery operations that could be used to extract behavior features.Butterworth low-pass filter was used to smooth the output from the accelerometer.Then,the operating data were collected through an APP when sowing the forage maize as a case study.Four stages of machinery operation can be preliminarily classified by using GNSS speed,while the identification of behaviors such as sudden acceleration and longtime idling that may increase fuel consumption,reduce machinery life,or decrease the working efficiency,requires extra information such as acceleration and sound intensity.The results showed that the jerk of accelerating can describe the severity of the sudden acceleration,the standard deviation of forward acceleration can reflect the smoothness of operation,the upward acceleration can be used to identify behaviors of stalling and idling,and the sound intensity during idling can capture the behavior of goosing the throttle.Further,the operating behavior figure can be drawn based on the above parameters.In conclusion,this research constructed several behavior models of agricultural machinery and operators by using smartphone’s sensor data and established the base of the online assessing and scoring system for agricultural machinery operations.

Convolutional neural network-based automatic image recognition for agricultural machinery

An internet of things-based subsoiling operation monitoring system for agricultural machinery is able to identify the type and operating state of a certain machinery by collecting and recognizing its images;however,it does not meet regulatory requirements due to a large image data volume,heavy workload by artificial selective examination,and low efficiency.In this study,a dataset containing machinery images of over 100 machines was established,which including subsoilers,rotary cultivators,reversible plows,subsoiling and soil-preparation machines,seeders,and non-machinery images.The images were annotated in tensorflow,a deep learning platform from Google.Then,a convolutional neural network(CNN)was designed for targeting actual regulatory demands and image characteristics,which was optimized by reducing overfitting and improving training efficiency.Model training results showed that the recognition rate of this machinery recognition network to the demonstration dataset reached 98.5%.In comparison,the recognition rates of LeNet and AlexNet under the same conditions were 81%and 98.8%,respectively.In terms of model recognition efficiency,it took AlexNet 60 h to complete training and 0.3 s to recognize 1 image,whereas the proposed machinery recognition network took only half that time to complete training and 0.1 s to recognize 1 image.To further verify the practicability of this model,6 types of images,with 200 images in each type,were randomly selected and used for testing;results indicated that the average recognition recall rate of various types of machinery images was 98.8%.In addition,the model was robust to illumination,environmental changes,and small-area occlusion,and thus was competent for intelligent image recognition of subsoiling operation monitoring systems.

Model construction for field operation machinery selection and configuration in wheat-maize double cropping system

In order to scientifically and reasonably select the field operation machinery in the wheat-maize double cropping system,first,the selection evaluation index system was constructed through the existing national standards and industry standards.Then the selection evaluation model was established based on the improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.And the method of subjective weight and objective weight was used to overcome the drawbacks of the previous single weighting method that could not take into account the subject and object information of each indicator,and the weight value of each index was obtained in the evaluation system.Finally,the tillage process was used as an example,the field experiment was carried out to obtain the evaluation index value,and the model of selection evaluation was verified.The selection results of moldboard plough and rotary cultivator were as follows:the order of the comprehensive evaluation results of the moldboard plough results was ranked from high to low as 1LFK-435(IIM),1LFK-535(IM),1LF-342(IIIM),1LFT-445(IVM),1LFT-545(VM),and the best machine type of the moldboard plough was IIM;the order of the comprehensive evaluation results of the rotary cultivator was ranked from high to low as 1GQKGN-240(IIIR),1GKNSM-250(IVR),1GKN-230K(IR),1GKN-250K(IIR),1GQKGN-220(VR),and the optimal model of the rotary cultivator was IIIR.The experimental results showed that the results obtained by the evaluation model were in agreement with the local actual situation.The evaluation model will provide a scientific method for the selection of wheat and maize double cropping field operation machinery.

An integrated foot transducer and data logging system for dynamic assessment of lower limb exerted forces during agricultural machinery operations

Agricultural machinery typically requires lower limb actuation forces for operations such as treadling,pedaling and tractor based.However,limited systems exist for assessment of such forces that have ergonomic influence.This study,therefore developed and evaluated a single board computer integrated foot transducer(IFT)and autonomous data logging and visualization systemtomonitor dynamic lower limb exerted forces.The systemconsists of custom developed load sensors sandwiched into foot shaped units that fit operator's both feet.Stamped forces at crank angles for operations typical to pedaling while at height(above ground level)for operation representing typical treadling operations were recorded on-board amemory card and displayed on a liquid crystal display.Evaluations were conducted by imposing external loads that significantly increased(p b 0.05)the foot exerted forces.Force trends were periodic with peaks of 73,85,110.5 and 145.4 N for left foot and 41,50,131.7 and 145.4 N for right foot at loads of 10,30,50 and 70 N,respectively during pedaling operations.Similarly,the left lower actuation limb exerted forces of 139,249 and 255 N at 5,10 and 15 N of imposed loads,respectively during treadling operation.System was also evaluated for tractor operations and exerted forces ranged from 92 to 164 and 107–176 N for clutch pedal engagement at lower to higher tractor speeds on farm and tarmacadam roads,respectively.Similarly,for brake pedal engagement,such forces ranged from106 to 173 and 120–204 N on farm and tarmacadamroads.These forces varied significantly at different forward speeds.Results suggest potential of such system for foot exerted force assessments typical to agricultural machinery systems in real field.Designsmay be evaluated or reconsidered tominimizemusculoskeletal disorder risks during prolonged operations.Work-rest schedules protocols can be developed by ergonomists for safe,efficient and comfortable operations.

Improved design and test of flexible cotton stalks puller

In Xinjiang,in the process of whole stalk harvesting of cotton stalks,there is a problem that the cotton stalks are easily pulled off,and there is an urgent need to develop flexible stalk-pulling machines.Through literature,patent summary,and field research,it is found that domestic researchers have designed many kinds of machines for the problem of easy breaking of cotton stalks,but there is no flexible cotton stalk-pulling machine for the time being.In this study,two flexible cotton stalk-pulling machines were intended to address the problem of easy breakage of cotton stalks.On the basis of the first-generation machine,the design of the second-generation machine was improved.In order to further improve the operational performance of the flexible cotton stalks pulling tools,the operational mechanism of the core working parts of the tools was analyzed and a comparative test was done in a large field.Analysis and the comparative tests proved that improving the clamping working stroke s of the stalk-pulling components can effectively reduce the cotton stalks leakage rate.By using a flexible clamping process,a part of the deformation of cotton stalks can be transferred to the flexible material.To a certain extent,the deformation length L of the contact surface between the cotton stalk and the stalk pulling part is reduced,and the deformation displacementΔy is correspondingly lower.The toughness of the cotton stalk is not significantly decreased and the cotton stalk does not break easily.The improved second-generation machine has a 3.67% to 3.79% lower cotton stalks leakage rate and a 5.65% to 6.30% lower cotton stalks breakage rate than the first-generation machine.As the land in Xinjiang is clay soil,soil bonding to cotton stalks pulling force F2 is larger,resulting in cotton stalks being more difficult to be pulled out of the machine at once.The test proved that the improved second-generation implements had a significant improvement in the cotton stalk-pulling effect because of the subsequent pulling interval CD.The test results verify the analysis results and the research results can provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent structural improvement and performance enhancement of the flexible cotton stalk-pulling machine,which is of reference significance for solving the problem that the cotton stalks are easily pulled and broken in Xinjiang,China.