Seasonal and Annual Variations of CO_2 Fluxes in Rain-Fed Winter Wheat Agro-Ecosystem of Loess Plateau, China

To accurately evaluate the carbon sequestration potential and better elucidate the relationship between the carbon cycle and regional climate change, using eddy covariance system, we conducted a long-term measurement of CO 2 fluxes in the rain-fed winter wheat field of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showed that the annual net ecosystem CO 2 exchange （NEE） was （-71.6±5.7） and （-65.3±5.3） g C m-2 y-1 for 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop years, respectively, suggesting that the agro-ecosystem was a carbon sink （117.4-126.2 g C m-2 yr-1）. However, after considering the harvested grain, the agro- ecosystem turned into a moderate carbon source. The variations in NEE and ecosystem respiration （R eco ） were sensitive to changes in soil water content （SWC）. When SWC ranged form 0.15 to 0.21 m3 m-3, we found a highly significant relationship between NEE and photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, and a highly significant relationship between R eco and soil temperature （T s ）. However, the highly significant relationships were not observed when SWC was outside the range of 0.15-0.21 m3 m-3. Further, in spring, the R eco instantly responded to a rapid increase in SWC after effective rainfall events, which could induce 2 to 4-fold increase in daily R eco , whereas the R eco was also inhibited by heavy summer rainfall when soils were saturated. Accumulated R eco in summer fallow period decreased carbon fixed in growing season by 16- 25%, indicating that the period imposed negative impacts on annual carbon sequestration.

NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION OF REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEM IN GUANGDONG

On the basis of 'The Statistical Data of Guangdong Province in 1981' and the 14 selected original variables, 107 counties and suburbs in Guangdong are classified. In the classification, cluster analysis is applied, and the cluster hierarchy of the agro-ecosystem is achieved with a computer. According to output level, planting structure, and input level of energy, there is an evident regionalism in the agro-ecosystem of Guangdong, which presents approximately concentric circles centralized by Guangzhou City.

Agro-ecosystem Emergy Evolution and Trend in Hunan Province

Using the emergy analysis method,we conduct trend analysis of changes in the total emergy,input and output structure,various emergy indicators of agro-ecosystem in Hunan Province during the period 1999-2008.The results show that during the study period,total emergy input basically remained stable,but the emergy input structure was constantly optimized,of which the input of non-renewable industrial assistant emergy increased by 38.4%,from 4.00E +22 sej to 5.53E +22 sej,and the input of renewable organic emergy declined from 1.32E +23 sej to 1.20E + 23 sej;total emergy yield and yield efficiency of this system were promoted dramatically,and in 2008,the total emergy yield reached 1.69E +23 sej,increasing by 23.8% as against that in 1999,the net emergy yield ratio rose from 0.79 to 0.96;since the environmental loading ratio also tended to rise constantly,from 1.12 to 1.79,the sustainability index of this system also experienced the slow downward trend,from 0.71 to 0.54,always less than 1,indicating that the agriculture in Hunan Province is the high consumption-driven ecosystem in general,with obvious features of extensive development.

The Shift of Traditional Agroecosystems in the in Eastern Arc Catchments of Tanzania

The purpose of this study was to identify the drivers of the shift of traditional agro-ecosystems and their implication on catchment resources management of Eastern Arc Catchments of Tanzania. Lower Mngeta and Upper Zigi water catchments are situated within Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Household questionnaire, key informant interviews and focus group discussion were used for collecting primary data. The findings indicated that most of the participants (85.9% and 90.4% in Lower Mngeta and Upper Zigi catchments respectively) depend on subsistence rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. However, there are significant changes in production as a result of land fertility deteriorating and negative climatic changes (seasonal shift). This has become a major challenge for most of the farmers. To cope with agro-ecosystem dynamics, farmers in the study areas use both traditional and modern strategies as illustrated in the results section. While tradition always reported to be inexpensive, some modern agro-ecosystem practices reported to cause siltation, killing of fish and herbal plants, easy rotting of seeds (for maize) and bad aroma (for rice)in spite of having a high rate of return. It was also reported that depletion of traditions and norms of conduct, accelerated by multi-cultural interaction from immigrants, have led to deterioration of traditional agriculture practices. Moreover, arrival of agriculture companies and introduction of spice farming was reported to have caused manpower imbalance, unequal distribution of natural resources and less diversity of indigenous plants. The study concludes that communities are much into economic opportunity derived from agro-ecosystem than stewarding it. The study recommends that the effort restoring catchment ecosystem should come from both traditional and modern strategies so as to harmonize and accommodate environmental, economic and traditional values.

Enhancing the Social and Natural Capital of Canadian Agro-Ecosystems through Incentive-Based “Alternative Land Use Services” (ALUS) Programs: Recurring Themes and Emerging Lessons

Alternative Land Use Services (ALUS) is an incentive-based program established in Canada to pay farmers for their voluntary delivery of ecosystem services (ES). All seven ALUS programs across the country were examined using a standardized case-study approach based on site visits, reading internal documents, attending program meetings, and engaging in semi-structured interviews with program administrators, participating farmers, and advisory board members. Direct content analysis was used to highlight recurrent themes and emerging lessons in relation to the salient particulars of program physical location, administration framework, delivery of ES, and development and receipt by communities. Our three major findings are: 1) Overall, ALUS has been judged by participants to be a very successful program, whose strength is that it is completely voluntary, non-permanent, and readily adaptable to each location’s environmental conditions, economic funding base, and cultural milieu. 2) One serious shortcoming of all ALUS programs is a general lack of quantifiable data on their ability to increase ES. Instead, environmental benefits are either assumed or based on the idea that the areal extent of enrolled land is the sole measure of its environmental worth. 3) It may be that the social impact of ALUS is its greatest success. In this regard, for farmers, it is the process of engaging in land-use decision making and the recognition of their role as environmental stewards that is a bigger motivation for participating in an ALUS program than the modest financial incentives which they receive.

DISTRIBUTION OF ODONATA (INSECTA) IN VARIOUS ECOSYSTEMS IN NORTHERN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Odonata larvae and adults were collected from fourteen sites of various habitats including rivers, rice fields, mountain streams, freshwater and peat swamps, oil palm, sugarcane and rubber plantations and lake. Out of 51species recorded, Libellulidae made up the most dominant of 10 families followed by Gomphidae and Coenagrionidae.Other families were less common. Riverine and stream ecosystems were the most diverse, both with six families and 19 and 13 species respectively. In the rice fields, Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae were represented by 17 and seven species respectively. The poorest fauna of Odonata was recorded from a lake system. A few of libellulids were found to be pollution tolerant and widespread in distribution. Many odonate species were restricted to preferred habitats or water parameter gradients that could be used as bioindicators of respective habitats or parameters.

The Importance of Insects in Agricultural Ecosystems

Sufficient food production for a growing human population has become an issue of global concern. Almost all of the world’s fertile land is currently in use and arable land areas cannot be expanded significantly. The global challenge is to secure high and quality yields and to make agricultural production environmentally compatible. Insects have been hugely successful in terms of both species richness and abundance. Insects make up the most numerous group of organisms on earth, around 66% of all animal species, and being good dispersers and exploiters of virtually all types of organic matter, can be found almost everywhere, forming an important part of every ecosystem and are vital within our food supply chains performing valuable ecosystem services. Insects have been predominantly perceived as competitors in the race for survival. Herbivorous insects damage 18% of world agricultural production. Despite this damage less than 0.5 percentage of the total number of the known insect species are considered pests. Insect pests are created through the manipulation of habitats by humans, where crops are selected for larger size, higher yields, nutritious value, and are cultivated in monocultures for maximum production. This provides a highly favourable environment for the population increase of herbivorous insects. To ensure stable crop yields we need to change the management strategies of agroecosystems. We need to manage these systems in such a way that insects performing valuable ecosystem services are also incorporated into the system. This will ensure stable, resilient and sustainable systems in a constantly changing environment and will go a long way to ensure future food security. This paper examines the important role that insects generally play in ecosystems and how the services that insects provide can improve agricultural ecosystems.

基于Agro-IBIS模型的新疆农田生态系统净初级生产力时空动态及其对气候变化的响应模拟

为系统地了解干旱区农田生态系统碳动态及其对气候变化的响应,笔者利用基于过程的新型全球动态植被模型(Agro-IBIS)模拟了1979—2009年间新疆农田生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的时空变化,并通过相关性分析揭示农田NPP对不同气候因子和CO_2浓度变化的响应。结果表明,1979—2009年新疆农田NPP平均值为723.78 g C/(m^2·a),总碳储量约为237.15 Tg C,净农田生态系统碳交换量(NEE)年平均值为-63.36 g C/(m^2·a),并总体上呈碳汇特征。对新疆农田NPP的空间变化而言,除了在天山地区绿洲农田NPP出现较小幅度的减少外,总体变化呈逐步增加趋势。31年来,新疆农田年度NPP总量与年均气温的相关性比,与降水量的相关性较高。说明灌溉对新疆干旱区绿洲田生产力的影响远大于自然降水。经验证,Agro-IBIS模型对于新疆农田生态系统碳收支的模拟结果合理,可以为中国西北干旱区农田生态系统固碳潜力的模拟预测和科学制定区域碳管理政策提供科学依据。

Sustainability issues in agro-ecology: Socio-ecological perspective

In the recent past there has been concern to address the declining trends and deteriorating ecological elements and their functions in productive agricultural landscapes. The efforts to revive the ecological functions needs multiple scale approach, which include scientific understanding, time dependent restorative activities and incorporation of wisdom of the stakeholders. Conservation initiatives linked to precision farming is an apt mechanism to minimize the loss of natural resources of agricultural landscapes to maintain the complex stabilizers of ecological functions. Such an effort must address the scientific evaluation of the farm as “ecologically sustainable unit” with due consideration to social construct at local to regional level. Sustainability indices can be useful tools for evaluating the farms to isolate degradative factors and identify ecologically conservative practices. This review will analyze certain inter-linked concepts relevant to address the sustainability issues in agro-ecology at the interface of socio-ecological perspective.

Levels of Heavy Metals in the Soil: Effects of Season, Agronomic Practice and Soil Geology

Heavy metals status of agricultural soils should be monitored in order to prevent soil-plant pollution. This study evaluates the effect of season, agronomic practice and soil mineral composition on the levels of some heavy metals (Pb, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Zn) in the arable and oil palm soils of three Farm Settlements in Ogun-State Southwest, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected in two consecutive seasons between 2010 and 2012 and digestion was carried out using Standard Wet Acid Digestion method. Total heavy metals in the digest were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The total levels of heavy metals (in mg/kg) found in the sampled soils were as follows: in the rainy season Mn (28.4 - 34.2), Fe (1599.7 - 2013.2), Pb (11.0 - 16.9), Zn (100.5 - 112.9) and Ni (11.3 - 13.8) and in the dry season Mn (32.1 - 40.1), Fe (1701.4 - 2455.5), Pb (13.0 - 18.7), Zn (105.7 - 110.4) and Ni (15.5 - 16.3). Levels of the heavy metals found in the sampled soils were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than their permissible levels in agricultural soils. Although the levels of heavy metals determined in dry season were higher than those of the rainy season, the only seasonal difference was that of Fe in Sawonjo soil significant at p = 0.05. The level of heavy metals in oil palm soils was significantly higher than the level in arable soils (p < 0.05). At present, pollution level of heavy metals in the sampled soils is low and poses no environmental risk, yet, they have to be regularly monitored before they bio-accumulate into toxic. Government should therefore set up soil monitoring agency and provide irrigation facilities to encourage dry season farming.

Measurement on the Harmony Coefficient of Agro-eco-economic System in the Arid Region

On the basis of the present research progress of ecological agriculture,we take Minle County and Linze County located in the middle reaches of Heihe River as the typical research units.Based on the rural social and economic data during the period of 2000-2010,theory and method of mathematical statistics are used to establish the measure theory and model of agro-eco-economic system harmony coefficient,including efficacy function,function of harmony coefficient,harmony coefficient and level of harmony coefficient.Based on the actual situation of research region,evaluation indicator system of agro-eco-economic system is established and measurement is carried out.Results show that the regional agro-eco-economic system in research region was in a serious imbalance in 2000-2013.The harmony coefficient of Minle showed a slight rise from 2000 to 2004,and then presented a fluctuating decline.Its rank of harmony coefficient experienced serious imbalance-extreme imbalance-moderate imbalance-low imbalance-serious imbalance-high imbalance.At the same time,the similar tendency happened in Linze County.The measuring results of subsystem in 2000-2013 further indicated that except that the harmony coefficient of economic subsystem in Minle County and Linze County was moderate and high,the ecological subsystem was at Level II and Level III,and social subsystem was at Level IV and Level III,in high and low imbalance status.Finally,several recommendations were put forward for optimizing agro-eco-economic system.

Livelihood Diversification of Farm Households and Its Impact on Cultivated Land Utilization in Agro-pastoral Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in the Northern China

The relationship between livelihood diversification of farm households and cultivated land utilization has become a core research topic related to global environmental change.Agro-pastoral ecologically-vulnerable areas face challenges such as insufficient ecosystem conservation,low agricultural production,and weak economies.In this study,215 farm households from Zhengxiangbai Banner,Taibus Banner,and Duolun County of Inner Mongolia were surveyed.The sustainable livelihoods framework of the United Kingdom(UK)Department for International Development(DFID)was used to measure the livelihood capital of these farm households.A one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was applied to examine the differences in the livelihood capital of different types households,and a correlation analysis was applied to analyze its impact on cultivated land utilization.Results showed that households with non-farming activities accounted for 64.7%of the total surveyed households,and non-farming employment was becoming more prevalent.Physical and financial capital was the driving factors for livelihood diversity.Each livelihood capital had key factors that affected household farmland use behaviors,such as the age of householder,the labor ratio,proportion of income,farmland scale,number of machines,and these had a significantly positive or negative influence on farmland use.Full-time farming households were more likely to transfer the land into cultivation and invest more labor,while non-farming households with high income were likely to transfer farmland out and invest more money to develop efficient farming or improve the employment skills.The results of this study suggest that policymakers need to fully consider livelihood changes of local households.It is effective to strengthen labor training,create farmland market and improve the efficiency of farmland utilization.We hope to achieve a win-win scenario to improve local economies and ecosystem conservation.

川中丘陵区农田生态系统太阳辐射及土壤热通量数据集(2005-2021年)

太阳辐射是地表生态系统的主要能量来源,是生态系统维持本身正常运转和发展的原始动力;地表层土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要参数之一。四川盐亭农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站(简称盐亭站)是国家布局在亚热带四川盆地农业生态区的唯一农田生态系统监测野外站。该区域具有优越的光、热、水资源,非地带性土壤紫色土广泛分布,形成亚热带湿润季风气候与非地带性紫色土的最佳农业组合,农耕活跃,是四川盆地农业的主体区域。本研究基于盐亭站综合气象观测场Vaisala(芬兰)自动气象观测系统,经过数据采集、处理、数据质量控制与评估,集成2005-2021年紫色土典型农田生态系统太阳辐射和土壤热通量数据集,太阳辐射监测包括总辐射、反射辐射、紫外辐射、净辐射和光合有效辐射。数据集包含5个EXCEL文件,有各类辐射的时值、日值和月值观测及统计数据,数据量32.7 MB。本数据集可为生态系统生产能力评估、应对气候变化等方面的研究提供数据支持。

中国典型农业生态系统的固碳减排现状、影响因素及减排措施

农业生态系统既是温室气体的重要贡献者之一,也是固碳端,在固碳减排上发挥着重要作用。在“碳达峰”和“碳中和”的背景下,农业生态系统的固碳减排潜力巨大。本文主要综述了中国典型农业生态类型中主要温室气体的来源、固定途径及其影响因素,讨论了农业生态系统固碳减排的现有研究成果、减排潜力以及存在问题,总结了推动整个农业生态系统固碳相关领域的研究,展望了新的研究方向和探索途径。为中国进一步固碳减排、农业可持续发展,尽快实现“双碳”目标提供重要理论参考。

放牧压力对中国北方农牧交错带生态系统健康的影响

中国北方农牧交错带生态系统敏感脆弱、不稳定,其健康状况受多种因素影响,其中以放牧为代表的人类经济活动影响显著。高强度放牧是造成草地退化的重要原因,草地退化又是影响草原生态系统健康的关键因素。利用归一化植被指数和牲畜量量化放牧压力,并选取合理的模型探究放牧对于中国北方农牧交错带生态健康的影响,确定合理的放牧强度和策略,以实现草畜平衡和区域可持续发展。基于“活力-组织力-弹性-生态服务”(VORS)模型,构建起包括自然、社会等多方面的指标体系,评估了2000—2015年北方农牧交错带的生态健康系统水平,并采用Moran′s I探讨放牧压力和生态系统健康指数的空间相关性,并从普通最小二乘法、地理加权回归模型、时间加权回归模型和时空地理加权回归模型选择最优回归模型,揭示放牧压力对于生态系统健康的影响机制。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年放牧强度格局高值区域主要为内蒙古草原地区,低值区域主要为陕西高原地区。(2)2000—2015年中国北方农牧交错带的生态系统健康指数呈现上升趋势,区域整体处于亚健康状态和一般健康状态。(3)全局双变量Moran′s I结果显示在2000—2015年呈现负相关影响关系,但影响力度在变小。(4)多种回归模型相比较,GTWR模型表现最优。2000—2015年,正向驱动空间集中在内蒙古、辽宁以及山西省区县;负向驱动空间集中在陕西省、甘肃等区域,同时影响强度持续增强。研究通过不同区县、不同的草原的反应状况,提出放牧政策的不同实施建议,致力于实现草原资源的可持续利用和生态系统的持续健康。

新疆阿克苏地区农业生态系统的脆弱性及其驱动因素分析

为研究新疆阿克苏地区农业生态系统的脆弱性及其驱动因素,以阿克苏9个县(市)为研究对象,从压力、敏感性、恢复力3个方面选取20项指标,建立阿克苏农业生态系统脆弱性评价体系。采用熵权法确定指标权重,用综合指数法对各县(市)农业生态系统的脆弱性进行计算和分类,通过主成分分析法研究农业生态系统脆弱性的主要驱动因素。结果表明:(1)压力的权重为36.245%,敏感性的权重为38.005%,恢复力的权重为25.750%。(2)阿克苏各县(市)农业生态系统脆弱性不一,以高度脆弱和中度脆弱为主,以微度脆弱为辅。极度脆弱的县有1个,占阿克苏地区总面积的11.0%,高度脆弱的县(市)有3个,占阿克苏地区总面积的41.7%;中度脆弱的县有2个,占阿克苏地区总面积的14.4%;微度脆弱的县有3个,占阿克苏地区总面积的32.8%。(3)阿克苏农业生态系统脆弱性的主要驱动因素分别是农业生产条件、气候状况、农业经济状况、农业机械化水平、极端天气和森林覆盖情况,其中农业生产条件是首要驱动因素。因此,降低阿克苏地区农业生态系统脆弱性的重点是改善中高度脆弱区的农业生产条件,降低农业生态系统的敏感性。

华北平原大气氮素沉降的时空变异

利用量雨器和湿沉降自动收集仪在华北平原9个监测点通过2a的试验，研究了农田生态系统中大气氮素沉降的时空变异。结果表明：华北平原大气氮素混合沉降的平均值为28．0kg／（hm。·a），降水中铵态氮和硝态氮量平均分别为3．76mg／L和1．85mg／L。不同地区比较。北京大气氮素沉降为32．5kg／（hm^2·a），明显高于山东和河北两省的23．6kg／（hm^2·a）。北京各监测点的大气氮素沉降也存在明显空间变异，东北旺、房山的氮素沉降水平较高，延庆、顺义的氮素沉降水平较低。大气氮素沉降的年内分布不均，60％的沉降集中在降水较丰沛的6—9月份。氮素的输入与降雨量呈乘幂型正相关（r^2=0．67），在农田生态系统中以铵态氮的沉降为主，铵态氮的沉降量是硝态氮的2．0倍；城市生态系统中以硝态氮的沉降为主，铵态氮的沉降量是硝态氮的0．79倍。在东北旺试验点近两年的监测结果表明，在等量降雨量条件下湿沉降输入的氮素（18-20．6kg／hm^2）明显低于混合沉降（26．3kg／hm^2），湿沉降的氮素输入仅占后者的73％，而混合沉降中的超量部分主要来自铵态氮，表明干沉降尤其是降尘带入的铵态氮也是华北平原大气氮素沉降的重要来源。

成都平原区水稻土成土剖面Cd形态分布特征及影响因素研究

成土过程中不同形态镉（Cd）迁移转化的影响因素研究对于了解Cd的地球化学行为具有非常重要的意义。以四川省成都平原区农田生态系统水稻土剖面中不同形态CA分布特征为例，探讨成土过程中不同形态Cd的迁移转化影响因素及其生态危害性。结果表明：总量Cd、离子交换态Cd和碳酸盐Cd均表现出表层富集，深层含量稳定的特征；岷江流域和沱江流域水稻土Cd含量的背景值分别为0．147，0．215mg·kg^-1。外源输入耕层土壤中Cd主要为活动态，其增加量占Cd总量增加量的60．71％～90．52％，向下垂向迁移能力非常弱。成土过程随着土壤中Cd总量增加，稳定态Cd含量显著增加，而活动态Cd含量明显降低。土壤的pH值主要对碳酸盐态Cd含量有影响，pH值越大，其含量越高；随着土壤成熟度增高，粉粒和粘粒含量增加的同时，残渣态Cd含量显著降低，而有机结合态Cd含量显著增高。耕层土壤中Cd的生物有效性系数高达0．59～O．65，已经严重地影响到农作物安全。

灌溉对农田温室效应贡献及土壤碳储量影响研究进展

农田碳库是全球碳库最活跃的部分,对管理措施变化的响应十分敏感。灌溉技术作为中国旱作农业的重要管理措施,其变化势必会对农田温室效应贡献及土壤碳固存能力产生重要影响,但相关试验数据及机理研究迄今仍十分缺乏。文章综述了灌溉对农田土壤呼吸及其不同组分、氧化亚氮(N2O)与甲烷(CH4)源汇通量以及农田土壤碳储量变化的定量影响,比较了上述参数变化对不同灌溉方式、灌溉量、灌溉频率、灌溉年限以及灌溉水质等的差异响应,剖析了可能的影响机制。分析表明:(1)灌溉通常将增加土壤的碳排放,但土壤呼吸与灌溉量间并非线性关系。在水分亏缺条件下,土壤呼吸与灌溉量呈现正相关,而过量灌溉则会降低土壤呼吸;灌溉影响土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10),Q10与灌溉量之间呈抛物线关系,漫灌方式下土壤呼吸的温度敏感性高于滴灌;不同灌溉方式下土壤呼吸不同组分的贡献率及其对水分变化的响应存在较大差异,灌溉对根系呼吸的影响较对土壤微生物呼吸的影响更为显著,滴灌条件下根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率显著大于漫灌;灌溉水质与灌溉深度显著影响土壤温室气体释放总量,开展充分的市政污水处理能够为国家和地区换取更多的碳排放信用。(2)水分管理是减缓农田N2O与CH4排放的重要措施,水分状况对N2O与CH4的产生过程与排放途径均存在重要影响;水分管理对CH4和N2O排放的影响往往存在明显的消长关系,采用全球增温潜势(GWPs)等综合性评价指标才能更加准确与全面地反映灌溉及其不同方式所带来的农田温室效应贡献变化。(3)水分变化对土壤有机碳存在增加、降低或不显著等多种可能影响。不同气候、土壤类型下表层有机碳含量变化对灌溉的响应存在明显不同,灌溉在相对干旱地区对土壤有机碳的增加效应更为显著;不同组分有机碳对灌溉方式变化响应的敏感度以及响应方向存在差异,对于某种灌溉方式影响效应的评价须从农业节水、增加土壤有机碳储量以及提高活性有机碳利用率等多角度进行综合分析。迄今为止,灌溉对土壤主要温室气体排放及土壤有机碳储量的影响效应仍存在较大不确定性,今后应加强不同灌溉方式之间的对比研究,尤其是灌溉方式改变后土壤温室气体排放空间差异性的变化;重点关注灌溉及其方式变化对温室气体综合增温潜势以及生态系统碳源汇功能的影响;加强不同灌溉方式的长期与短期效应的比较;深化灌溉驱动农田温室效应变化的微生物学驱动机制的研究等。

云南澜沧县景迈古茶园生态系统植物多样性评价

云南澜沧县境内的景迈古茶园是云南省现存面积最大的古茶园。本文应用植物学样地调查和农业生物多样性调查评价(HH-ABA)方法,在景迈古茶园内设置了78个20m×20m的样方,对植物多样性进行调查,并就古茶园的管理及资源利用等问题进行了问卷调查和农户访谈。研究结果表明,景迈芒景地区植物地理成分的热带性明显。在景迈古茶园中发现的珍稀濒危保护植物达15种,其中濒危种5个,易危种7个,稀有种3个,含国家三级保护植物11种。从古茶园、天然林、新式茶园3类生态系统的物种多样性分析来看,古茶园与天然林较为接近而比新式茶园高得多,因而在该区生物多样性的维护上起着非常重要的作用。古茶园的物种数按照生活型排序为草本>乔木>灌木>藤本>附生。与天然林相比,古茶园内乔木和灌木种类的比例减少,草本和附生(寄生)植物的比例大大增加,这与古茶园内乔木郁闭度及茶树的存在密切相关。农业生物多样性分析显示,不同村寨的物种丰富度和物种利用率均存在差异。6个村寨的农业物种丰富度指数的平均值为0.059,高于同纬度地区旱谷地和橡胶林,可见人们在古茶园管理中有意识地保留了可利用的物种。由于不同农户采取的管理措施不同,影响了古茶园内的植物多样性和古茶树的更新,因而使各农户的茶叶经济效益存在差别。古茶园生态系?