Risk forecasting and evaluating model of Environmental pollution accident

Environmental risk(ER) factors come from ER source and they are controlled by the primary control mechanism(PCM) of environmental risk, due to the self failures or the effects of external environment risk trigger mechanism, the PCM could not work regularly any more, then, the ER factors will release environmental space, and an ER field is formed up. The forming of ER field does not mean that any environmental pollution accident(EPA) will break out; only the ER receptors are exposed in the ER field and damaged seriously, the potential ER really turns into an actual EPA. Researching on the general laws of evolving from environmental risk to EPA, this paper bring forwards a relevant concept model of risk forecasting and evaluating of EPA. This model provides some scientific methods for risk evaluation, prevention and emergency response of EPA. This model not only enriches and develops the theory system of environment safety and emergency response, but also acts as an instruction for public safety, enterprise's safety management and emergency response of the accident.

Reservoir operation schemes for water pollution accidents in Yangtze River

After the Three Gorges Reservoir starts running, it can not only take into consideration the interest of departments such as flood control, power generation, water supply, and shipping, but also reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of pollutants by discharge regulation. The evolution of pollutant plumes under different operation schemes of the Three Gorges Reservoir and three kinds of pollutant discharge types were calculated with the MIKE 21 AD software. The feasibility and effectiveness of the reservoir emergency operation when pollution accidents occur were investigated. The results indicate that the emergency operation produces significant effects on the instantaneous discharge type with lesser effects on the constant discharge type, the impact time is shortened, and the concentration of pollutant is reduced. Meanwhile, the results show that the larger the discharge is and the shorter the operation duration is, the more favorable the result is.

Biological Early Warning and Emergency Management Support System for Water Pollution Accident

Water pollution accidents such as chemical spill and toxicants leach have become a serious issue in the world, which brings great threats to the aquatic ecosystem and drinking water safety. To detect unknown pollutions in time and take proper emergency actions, this study developed a system which integrated an online intelligent water quality monitoring device with a high efficient water quality model. The device is based on water quality probes and biological sensors which use fish motion as indicator. The numerical model is a combination of Euler and Lagrangian approaches. Finite element method is applied to simulate the flow field in an unstructured grid, and the pollutant be- haviours are traced through particle tracking. Oracle is used to manage the basic and monitoring data, and ArcSDE as well as ArclMS technologies are applied to make the system WebGIS-based so as to improve the data receiving and dispatching efficiency. The developed system has been successfully operated in Douhe Reservoir and Taihu Lake, China, where drinking water intakes are installed. It is seen from the applications that the online intelligent water qual- ity monitoring and emergency support system can be of great support to emergency management.

Control of ecological environmental pollution in fire accident

The fire causes water pollution, air pollution and toxic gas pollution to our surrounding environment, and it seriously affects our living environment. People's awareness of environmental protection is increasing year by year, and environmental pollution caused by the fire is also being controlled. This article briefly introduces the fire accident's impact on the environment, the systematic analysis of the fire accident in the source of pollution and its harm. Combined with the existing way of fire fighting and rescue fire accident, the pollution control method is proposed.

Nitrobenzene biodegradation ability of microbial communities in water and sediments along the Songhua River after a nitrobenzene pollution event

More than 100 t of nitrobenzene (NB) and related compounds were discharged into the Songhua River,the fourth longest river in China,because of the world-shaking explosion of an aniline production factory located in Jilin City on November 13,2005.As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river,NB biodegradation abilities by microbes in the water and sediments from different river sections were evaluated systematically.The results indicated that microbial communities from any section of ...

An novel identification method of the environmental risk sources for surfacewater pollution accidents in chemical industrial parks

The chemical industry is a major source of various pollution accidents. Improving the management level of risk sources for pollution accidents has become an urgentdemand for most industrialized countries. In pollution accidents, the released chemicals harm the receptors to some extentdepending on their sensitivity or susceptibility. Therefore, identifying the potential risk sources from such a large number of chemical enterprises has become pressingly urgent. Based on the simulation of thewhole accident process, a novel and expandable identification method for risk sources causingwater pollution accidents is presented. The newlydeveloped approach, by analyzing and stimulating thewhole process of a pollution accident between sources and receptors, can be applied to identify risk sources, especially on the nationwide scale. Three major types of losses, such as social, economic and ecological losses,were normalized, analyzed and used for overall consequence modeling. A specific case study area, located in a chemical industry park （CIP） along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China,was selected to test the potential of the identification method. The results showed that therewere four risk sources for pollution accidents in this CIP. Aniline leakage in the HS Chemical Plantwould lead to the most serious impact on the surroundingwater environment. This potential accidentwould severelydamage the ecosystem up to3.8 kmdownstream of Yangtze River, and lead to pollution over adistance stretching to 73.7 kmdownstream. The proposed method is easily extended to the nationwide identification of potential risk sources.

Key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents in China

Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property.This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort,China has made significant progress in emergency monitoring technologies and equipment,source estimation technologies,pollutant dispersion simulation technologies and others.Many effective domestic emergency monitoring instruments(e.g.,portable DOAS/FT-IR systems,portable FID/PID systems,portable GC-MS systems,scanning imaging remote sensing systems,and emergency monitoring vehicles)had been developed which can meet the demands for routine emergency response activities.A monitoring layout technique combining air dispersion simulation,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and a post-optimality analysis was proposed to identify the optimal monitoring layout scheme under the constraints of limited monitoring resources.Multiple source estimation technologies,including the forward method and the inversion method,have been established and evaluated under various scenarios.Multi-scale dynamic pollution dispersion simulation systems with high temporal and spatial resolution were further developed.A comprehensive emergency response platform integrating database support,source estimation,monitoring schemes,fast monitoring of pollutants,pollution predictions and risk assessment was developed based on the technical idea of"source identification-model simulation-environmental monitoring"dynamic interactive feedback.It is expected that the emergency response capability for abrupt air pollution accidents will gradually improve in China.

Early Warning of Heavy Metal Pollution after Tailing Pond Failure Accident

Heavy metal pollution is a major issue after tailing pond failure accident.It is important to predict pollution trends for limited data of pollution sources.A simple phase separation heavy metal model was built for early warning simulation of heavy metal pollution accidents.Based on this,a new simulation framework has been developed to predict the pollution trends of the downstream according to the measured data at upstream sections.By setting the upstream monitoring date as the inflow boundary condition,the changing processes of heavy metal manganese(Mn) with different phases in the downstream can be accurately simulated and forecasted.Results showed that the concentration of the suspended phase in the downstream was larger than that in the aqueous phase and sediment phase.With this,the early warning of pollution trends after accidents could be made a few days ahead.It indicates that the impact of sediment on heavy metal should not be ignored in the early warning of tailing pond failure accidents.

Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system in Three Gorges Reservoir area

In recent years,sudden water pollution accidents in China's rivers have become more frequent,resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety.Therefore,it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents.Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction.This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system.The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations.The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents.The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season,followed by the water storage period,drawdown season,and dry season,in that order.The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants.This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated,and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

典型水污染事故应急处置实用技术探究

当前水污染事故频发多发态势仍未改变,且突发水污染事故处置有预案、缺技术、少装备的问题依然突出。为满足我国水污染事故应急处置需求,综合考虑应急处置技术的去除、稳定性、设备化、机动化、可操作性和适应性等关键因素,重点探讨了水体藻华、重金属和有机物以及水面油类等污染的实用处置技术,优选出移动式藻华高效打捞脱水一体化处置船、化学絮凝耦合超磁分离技术、集约式一体化快速生化污水处理技术、异相催化氧化等高效处置技术,研究成果可为今后突发水污染事故应急处置提供有效支撑。

基于EFDC模型的靖江河道多码头开发段溢油事故综合污染风险分析

基于环境流体动力学模型EFDC模拟了长江靖江开发段6个码头溢油事故下油膜漂移路径,提出了溢油污染风险评估方法,计算了多码头溢油事故的污染风险指数分布及其对保护区的综合污染风险指数。结果表明:码头位置和周围流场影响油膜的漂移路径;急流区溢油事故产生的油膜峰值迁移速度快,影响距离长,而缓流区溢油事故产生的油膜聚集程度高,影响时间长;多码头溢油事故产生的污染风险主要分布在各油膜路径的叠加区域,在开发段中部至下游末端形成强等级污染风险带,综合污染风险指数约为1.6;风险带主要影响W1保护区,应在高风险区域提前采取应急防范措施。

基于准可逆方法的封闭空间放射性气溶胶溯源研究

准确、快速地定位核设施内放射性源项的泄漏点对于确保相关运营维修技术人员的安全至关重要,核设施出现少量放射性泄露后,一般难以直接观察到源项的释放点。而利用场内的辐射监测数据,结合可逆的扩散模型反演计算,可间接获取源项位置信息。本文基于准可逆方法,考虑气溶胶颗粒重力沉降、布朗扩散等因素,结合Cunningham滑移修正颗粒所受阻力,开展封闭空间内放射性源项在对流扩散环境中的直接反演模拟研究。本文考虑了典型放射性气溶胶动力学参数,结合湍流场中的颗粒涡流扩散率,建立了颗粒污染物扩散的k-epsilon湍流方程和对流扩散方程。然后,通过时间步长的强制反转,并替换二阶扩散项为四阶稳定项来稳定方程的数值格式,进一步采用多传感器模式以降低测量误差的影响,从而得到多个假定源反演的准可逆方程。最后,利用计算流体动力学(CFD)计算的气流速度和下游传感器位置测量放射性污染物的“浓度-时间”信息为输入,选取合适的稳定系数,求解污染物源位置的后向概率密度函数(PDF),PDF最高的位置是定位的污染物源位置。通过对多个未知释放源进行分组的测试,说明了该模型具有一般适用性。结果显示,针对封闭空间内的对流扩散环境,本反演模型能较为准确追溯到颗粒污染物源项位置。

化工装置事故预防与应急处置策略

文章针对化工装置事故的预防与应急处置策略进行了深入研究。通过对化工装置事故类型的分析,了解到设备失效、操作失误和外部因素是主要的事故原因。文章重点讨论了检测保护系统失灵、应急隔离与泄压系统不足以及污染控制技术落后等问题,并提出了相应的解决策略,包括升级检测保护系统、增设事故泄压系统以及引入先进的污染控制技术。以期提高化工装置的事故预防和应急处置能力,以保障人员安全、环境和经济可持续发展。

应急监测在化工企业环境污染事故中的应用

化工行业污染事故时有发生,应急监测是有效应对的关键。文章系统阐述了化工污染事故应急监测的技术方法、工作流程和实践策略,重点探讨了事故信息收集评估、监测方案制定、现场快速监测、样品分析与数据处理等环节的具体要求和操作要点。通过应用案例分析,凝练了应急监测三优先工作原则,总结了典型事故中应急监测的经验做法,可为化工行业环境风险防控、应急响应能力建设提供有益参考。

东江下游流域突发性重金属污染风险调控与决策分析

突发性水污染事件发生不确定性大,难以预测和防控,对流域生态环境、经济社会及人群健康造成严重威胁。为针对东江下游流域环境风险管理提出合理有效的风险决策方案,本研究开展流域突发性重金属污染风险调控与决策分析研究,提出基于贝叶斯决策网络的流域环境风险调控决策模式,分设多种决策节点及效用节点,优化概率推理过程,实现不同环境风险调控与决策方案的比选。结果表明:1)东江下游流域突发性重金属污染事件一旦发生,最优决策方案为风险综合调控策略(M5);2)单一风险减缓措施的调控效果优劣排序为防控风险源(M1)>切断暴露途径(M2)>保护敏感风险受体(M3~M4)。研究结果可为东江下游流域典型风险源差异化风险防控提供科学依据,为流域风险管控提供定量化、科学化的决策支持。

我国船舶污染损害赔偿机制完善研究

按照发生原因、等级、季节、损害情况等要素对2009年以来发生的船舶污染事故进行梳理,并对船舶油污损害赔偿基金理赔案件情况进行了分析。以此为基础,对有关污染事故发生后的索赔工作以及如何完善我国船舶污染损害赔偿机制提出了建议。

市政道路事故池设计探讨

为确保上海市饮用水水源质量和安全,减少道路交通事故与初期雨水对饮用水水源的污染,文章探讨在水源保护区及缓冲区内设置事故池的方式。具体方式:将危化品车辆载重量、车辆火灾消防用水量、事故段路面清洗水量以及极端天气下初期雨水量等因素叠加考量,提出事故池有效容积的计算方法;并细述工程设计注意事项,对于未来事故池的工程设计具有实践意义。

浅析水环境敏感路段道路排水污染防治

绿色交通“十四五”发展规划提出交通基础设施与生态环境协调发展整体理念,交通运输污染防治是其发展的一大主题,有效控制源头污染,使后续处理设施得以弱化,从而实现“双碳”目标。交通运输污染防治中对水生态保护是重点,也是难点。路面初期雨水径流因其污染强度大、突发性危险化学品运输泄漏灾难事故因其危害性大,对生态环境和地表水体的影响被予以格外的关注。通过分析探讨道路污染特征,了解道路径流污染成因及主要成分,了解危化学品运输突发灾难性事故特点,对水环境敏感路段进行梳理区分,结合道路排水系统,对水环境敏感路段道路排水污染防治设计技术参数选取进行细致分析,同步提出相应技术措施的解决思路和建议,供同行参考借鉴。

应急监测在突发性环境污染事故中的应用

突然发生的环境污染事故,无时无刻不在挑战着环境的规律与秩序。为了能更有力地应对,并确保这些事故的发生率最小化,开展应急监测科研工作势在必行。此项研究不仅对应急监测在处理突发性环境污染事故中的重要性和必要性进行了深度探讨,而且还强调了有效且迅捷的监测技术在快速响应事故以及控制污染上扮演的重要角色。此次研究所采取的方法主要是数据分析及实地考察,并对多起突发环境污染事故案例进行了详尽地剖析,以此凸显了现有应急监测技术的有效性。应急监测可以及时且有力地对事故做出科学的评估,并预测事故可能的发展方向,之后再采取相应的处理措施。此外,本研究还探索了应急监测技术的优化方式和推广路径,为突发性环境污染事故的研究提供了新的视角和思路。通过此项研究,可以为提升我国突发性环境污染事故的应急响应能力和处理效率提供理论依据和实践参考。

应急监测在突发性环境污染事故中的应用研究

突发性环境污染事故,如化学泄露、油轮泄漏等,通常会给环境带来严重的破坏,甚至威胁到人类健康和生命。因此,对于这类事故的应急监测显得尤为重要。应急监测是一种快速、准确、有效的手段,可用于评估环境污染的程度、范围和影响,从而为决策者提供科学依据,以便及时采取相应的处理措施。本研究旨在探讨应急监测在突发性环境污染事故中的应用,以提高应急处理的效果和效率。