This study was carried out to determine the chemical composition and in situ degradability of agro-industrial by-products found in Eritrea. Three categories of by-products were evaluated and were the milling industry ...This study was carried out to determine the chemical composition and in situ degradability of agro-industrial by-products found in Eritrea. Three categories of by-products were evaluated and were the milling industry (wheat bran;WB, short;WS, and middling;WM), brewery (brewers’ dry grain;BDG, hops;BDH, and yeast;BDY) and sesame cakes (sesame cake machine extracted;SCM and manually extracted;SCT). The dry matter (DM) varied between 88.46% in BDY to 92.39% in SCT. The lowest (P < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content was recorded in WM at 10.11% while the highest was from the BDY at 48.20%. The metabolisable energy (ME) value of the agro-industrial by-products ranged from 8.72 to 11.18 MJ per kg DM with the BDH recording the lowest value (P The sesame cakes (SCM and SCT) recorded higher values of 11.17 and 11.18 MJ per kg DM respectively. The SCT recorded the highest ash content at 10.93% followed by BDY at 10.16% with the least being obtained from WM at 2.48%. The ether extract and acid detergent lignin contents were generally low in all cases for all the by-products. Generally, the results indicated that there was no clear pattern in terms of nutrients content amongst the by-products. The in situ DM, organic matter (OM) and CP degradability differed amongst and within the sesame cakes, milling and brewery by-products. The wide variation in chemical composition, DM, OM, CP degradability, and ME obtained from this study offer farmers huge flexibility in formulating rations according to the productive performance of target animals.展开更多
Ensuring the health and safety of drinking water is crucial for both nations and their citizens.Since the 20th century,the disinfection of drinking water,effectively controlling pathogens in water sources,has become o...Ensuring the health and safety of drinking water is crucial for both nations and their citizens.Since the 20th century,the disinfection of drinking water,effectively controlling pathogens in water sources,has become one of the significant advances in public health.However,the disinfectants used in the process,such as chlorine and chlorine dioxide,react with natural organic matter in the water to produce disinfection by-products(DBPs).Most of these DBPs contain chlorine,and if the source water contains bromine or iodine,brominated or iodinated DBPs,collectively referred to as Halogenated disinfection byproducts(X-DBPs),are formed.Numerous studies have found that X-DBPs pose potential risks to human health and the environment,leading to widespread concern.Mass spectrometry has become an important means of discovering new types of X-DBPs.This paper focuses on the study of methods for analyzing X-DBPs in drinking water using mass spectrometry.展开更多
The characterization analysis of three agro-industrial wastes was performed in order to study its thermal gasification. Some analyses such as determination of Ca, K and Mg concentration and determination of three repr...The characterization analysis of three agro-industrial wastes was performed in order to study its thermal gasification. Some analyses such as determination of Ca, K and Mg concentration and determination of three representative toxic metals concentration Cd, Cr and Pb in all its oxidation states and the fundamental state, were carried out. The heavy metals concentration was also determined in the ashes obtained during the gasification process. The mobility of these elements was studied through three leaching tests. The behavior of heavy metals, sulfur and chlorine compounds, was predicted considering the presence of water vapor, syngas, Ca, Mg, K, Si, Al and other ash components. The heavy metals are not more concentrated in the gasification ash;these pollutants are released during this process. Ca, Mg and K presence in these residues would promote the pollutants retention. The ash of the studied waste can be disposed in controlled landfills or used in road construction, according to the obtained results during the leaching test DIN-DEV S4. The obtained results in the leaching test EPA 1311 TLCP classify these gasification ashes as no toxic waste.展开更多
Accumulation of recalcitrant plastics in the environment has become a world-wide problem in today’s societies. Rapid depletion of natural resources for synthetic plastics along with environmental concerns has directe...Accumulation of recalcitrant plastics in the environment has become a world-wide problem in today’s societies. Rapid depletion of natural resources for synthetic plastics along with environmental concerns has directed research towards finding alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) P(3HB), as one of these alternatives, have attracted much attention in recent years due to their varied mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The aim of this study was to identify an agro-industrial waste resource economically suitable for large-scale production of P(3HB), to optimize the production using Response Surface Methodology in small-scale and subsequently, to test the production in a continuously stirred tank reactor. Among a range of agro-industrial waste, orange peel was selected as the most suitable for P(3HB) production. P(3HB) concentration of 1.24 g P(3HB)/L culture broth with 41% P(3HB)/dcw yield was obtained using orange peel as the sole carbon source in optimized medium with a modified strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis OK2).展开更多
This paper proposes the most feasible technical and environmentally friendly hybrid power system configuration;a stand-alone hybrid wind-solar energy system with battery storage for a residential area of an Agro-indus...This paper proposes the most feasible technical and environmentally friendly hybrid power system configuration;a stand-alone hybrid wind-solar energy system with battery storage for a residential area of an Agro-industrial Company, Cameroon Development Cooperation (CDC), with headquarters in Bota-Limbe, south west region, Cameroon. The power network of the CDC Bota-Limbe Camp amongst other camps, which accommodates plantation workers, is plagued with challenges such as reliance on grid power which is unreliable, poor power quality which endangers home appliances and a spider webbed transmission system that poses as a threat to the lives of plantation workers. This paper addresses those concerns by designing a modular hybrid solar-wind renewable energy system for the camp. Limbe is a coastal area with proven existence of wind and solar resources. It is expected that the proposed system, if adopted and well implemented, will provide huge opportunities for the CDC in several other locations in Cameroon where there is adequate supply of renewable energy resources.展开更多
Today’s search for alternative sources of energy to reduce the use of fossil fuels is motivated by environmental, socioeconomic and political reasons. The use of agro-industrial and municipal wastes of plant origin f...Today’s search for alternative sources of energy to reduce the use of fossil fuels is motivated by environmental, socioeconomic and political reasons. The use of agro-industrial and municipal wastes of plant origin for ethanol production appears to be the best option to solve the dilemma of using food sources to produce biofuels, since it adds value to these wastes in eco-efficient processes. This paper highlights the potential of agro-industrial and municipal wastes for cellulosic ethanol production.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of molasses on the fermentation characteristics of mixed silage ensiled rice straw and vegetable by-products with alfalfa.Mixture(202 g kg^-1 dry matter(DM))consis...This experiment was conducted to study the effect of molasses on the fermentation characteristics of mixed silage ensiled rice straw and vegetable by-products with alfalfa.Mixture(202 g kg^-1 dry matter(DM))consisting of rice straw,broccoli residue and alfalfa at the ratio of 5:4:1 was ensiled with three experimental treatments:(1)no additives(control);(2)molasses at 2.5%(M1);(3)molasses at 5%(M2)on a fresh matter basis of mixture,respectively.All treatments were packed into laboratory-scale silos,and three silos per treatment were sampled on days 1,3,5,14 and 30.The result showed that the p H value of all mixed silages decreased gradually with the time of ensiling except for the control silage,in which a significant increase(P〈0.05)on day 30 occurred.The lactic acid content increased gradually with the time of ensiling and reached the highest value on day 14,and a marked decrease(P〈0.05)was found in the control silage on day 30.The changes of acetic acid content showed similar pattern with lactic acid content.A trace amount of propionic and butyric acid contents were found in the three mixed silages during the fermentation period.Comparing to the control,M1 and M2 treatments improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages as indicated by higher(P〈0.05)lactic acid contents and lower(P〈0.05)p H and ammonia-N contents.The Flieg points also showed that M1 and M2 silages were well preserved,whereas the control silage had a bad quality.Overall,the findings of this study suggested that adding molasses could improve fermentation quality of mixed silage,and M1 was more suitable for practical application.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during chlorination. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of DOM influence the D...Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during chlorination. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of DOM influence the DBPs formation mechanism. A study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the effects of DOM fractions on DBPs formation mechanism. In the chlorination process, organic acids are dominant precursors of total thihalomethanes (TTHM) because of the vc-o and unsaturated structures. Furthermore, the TTHM formation of organic acids was affected by pH more greatly. Based on the fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, DOM fractions contained several fluorescence substances. During chlorination, humic acid-like substances were found to exhibit high chlorine reactivity and hydrophobic organics decomposed to smaller molecules faster than hydrophilic organics even at lower chlorine dosages. Unlike hydrophobic fractions, hydrophilic organics showed no toxicity following chlorination, suggesting that the toxic structures in hydrophihc organics showed high chlorine reactivity during chlorination.展开更多
Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out i...Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. Results The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe (including virus) inactivation compared with the free chlorine disinfection process. There seemed to be some synergetic disinfection effect between free chlorine and monochloramine because they attacked different targets. The sequential chlorination disinfection process resulted in 35.7%-77.0% TTHM formation and 36.6%-54.8% THAA5 formation less than the free chlorination process. The poorer the water quality was, the more advantage the sequential chlorination disinfection had over the free chlorination. Conclusion This process takes advantages of free chlorine's quick inactivation of microorganisms and chloramine's low disinfection by-product (DBP) yield and long-term residual effect, allowing simultaneous control of microbes and DBPs in an effective and economic way.展开更多
The development of promising zinc anodes mainly suffers from their low plating/stripping coulombic efficiencies when using aqueous electrolyte,which are mainly associated with the interfacial formation of irreversible...The development of promising zinc anodes mainly suffers from their low plating/stripping coulombic efficiencies when using aqueous electrolyte,which are mainly associated with the interfacial formation of irreversible by-products.It is urgent to develop technologies that can solve this issue fundamentally.Herein,we report an artificial Sc_(2)O_(3) protective film to construct a new class of interface for Zn anode.The density functional theory simulation and experimental results have proven that the interfacial side reaction was inhibited via a stratified adsorption effect between this artificial layer and Zn anode.Benefiting from this novel structure,the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode can run for more than 100 cycles without short circuit and exhibit low voltage hysteresis,and the coulombic efficiency increases by 1.2%.Importantly,it shows a good application prospect when matched with two of popular manganese-based and vanadium-based cathodes.The excellent electrochemical performance of the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode highlights the importance of rational design of anode materials and demonstrates a good way for developing high-performance Zn anodes with long lifespan and high efficiency.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal potential of neem cake fractions of different polarity against the rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies(An.culicifacies).Methods: Neem cake fracti...Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal potential of neem cake fractions of different polarity against the rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies(An.culicifacies).Methods: Neem cake fractions' total methanol extract(NTMeOH), total ethyl acetate extract(NTAc OEt), ethyl acetate fraction after repartition with NTMe OH(NRAc OEt),butanol fraction after repartition with NTMeOH(NRBuOH), and aqueous fraction after repartition of NTMeOH(NRH2O) were tested against An. culicifacies eggs, fourth instar larvae and adults.Results: In larvicidal experiments, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt, NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 1.32, 1.50, 1.81, 1.95 and 2.54 mg/L, respectively. All fractions tested at 150 mg/L were able to reduce egg hatchability of more than 50%, with the exception of NTAc OEt and NRAc OEt. In adulticidal assays, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt,NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 3.01, 2.95, 3.23, 3.63 and3.00 mg/L, respectively.Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that the methanolic fractions of neem cake may be considered as a new and cheap source of highly effective compounds against the rural malaria vector An. culicifacies.展开更多
Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different...Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different from that of porcine skin by ATR-FTIR analysis, although it was the same characteristics, e.g. SDS-PAGE, subunit composition, ther-mal behavior, as porcine collagen. Since taking up a problem of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in land animals such as calf or bovine, collagen from aquatic materials has been used in various industries. However, the present study indicates that tendon of Yezo sika deer as by-product of meat industry will have potential as an important collagen source for use in the foods, cosmetics, and medical fields.展开更多
Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,...Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,corn bran,gluten,are created largely during corn starch processing.They are inexpensive,nutrient-rich,and vary widely in chemical composition such as proteins,oils,carbohydrates,and minerals.In an increasingly resource-constrained modern world,the utilization approach of these by-products for non-starch industrial processing is attractive widely considering both nutritive value and economic aspects.In fact,at present,applications of these by-products can often be found in feed,fermentation,nutrient extraction and other industries.For example,protein-rich corn gluten can be used as a good animal feed,and corn germ can be used as a raw material for the high-quality edible oil industry.Undoubtedly,increasing utilization means that these by-products will no longer be treated as waste but will be transformed into high value-added products.In this work,the separation process and chemical composition of several main by-products of the corn starch industry is briefly described,and the application in many industrial fields of these by-products over the last ten years are discussed in particular.This review attempts to summarize all aspects of the application and research of these by-products.For the by-products of the corn starch industry,the most promising way is to be utilized in high value and used to produce high value-added products.According to the characteristics of their chemical composition,they have a better application prospect and research significance in the industries directly related to human beings,such as medicine,green food and health care products.In fact,in recent years,some researchers have recognized this and carried out the research.It is clear fromthese studies that the main issues to be faced nowand in the future are how to produce efficiently while maintaining the quality of the product and using it effectively.The retrospective discussions also provide some ideas for other grain and oilseed crops to be fully utilized.展开更多
The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon w...The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation(R 2=0.9562 and R 2=0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R 2=0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV 254 (R 2=0.855 and R 2=0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.展开更多
Rhenium is a very scarce element, occurring in the Earth's crust mainly carried by molybdenite (MoS2). Due to a very low availability comparative to actual industrial demand, rhenium is nowadays one of the most ex...Rhenium is a very scarce element, occurring in the Earth's crust mainly carried by molybdenite (MoS2). Due to a very low availability comparative to actual industrial demand, rhenium is nowadays one of the most expensive mineral commodities and an increased interest is focused on ex- ploring residues resulting from a long-term mining, particularly of sulphide ore deposits. It is therefore noteworthy to assign the presence of rhenium (in a concentration up to 3 ppm) in the waste materials from the old sulphur factory at the abandoned mine of Sao Domingos (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Southeast Portugal), exploited since the Roman occupation of Iberia. Aiming at a potential sustainable recovery of rhenium as a by-product, X-ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy (XANES) was applied to clarify the Re-binding and mode of occurrence by comparing Re L3-edge XANES spectra obtained from mine waste samples (previously fully characterized by X-ray laboratory techniques) with similar spectra collected from Re-rich molybdenites (Mo1-xRexS2) and from Re-O model compounds configuring various valences and coordination environments of rhenium ions. Obtained results are commented, ruling out a possible Re-S binding and rather conforming with the binding of rhenium to oxygen in the analysed mine waste materials.展开更多
Objective To investigate the reduction of chlorination by-products (CBPs) precursors using the fluidized-bed biofdm reactor (FBBR). Methods Reduction of total organic carbon (TOC), ultraviolet absorbance (UV254...Objective To investigate the reduction of chlorination by-products (CBPs) precursors using the fluidized-bed biofdm reactor (FBBR). Methods Reduction of total organic carbon (TOC), ultraviolet absorbance (UV254), tfihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP), haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP), and ammonia in FBBR were evaluated in detail. Results The reduction of TOC or UV254 was low, on average 12.6% and 4.7%, respectively, while the reduction of THMFP and HAAFP was significant. The reduction of ammonia was 30%-40% even below 3℃, however, it could quickly rise to over 50% above 3℃. Conclusions The FBBR effectively reduces CBPs and ammonia in drinking water even at low temperature and seems to be a very promising and competitive drinking water reactor for polluted surface source waters, especially in China.展开更多
Background:Increasing demand for high-value fish species and pressure on forage fish is challenging aquaculture to ensure sustainable growth by replacing protein sources in aquafeeds with plant and terrestrial animal ...Background:Increasing demand for high-value fish species and pressure on forage fish is challenging aquaculture to ensure sustainable growth by replacing protein sources in aquafeeds with plant and terrestrial animal proteins,without compromising the economic value and quality of the final fish product.In the present study,the effects of a plant protein-based diet(CV),two plant-based diets in which graded amounts of plan protein mixtures were replaced with Hermetia illucens meal alone(VH10)or in combination with poultry by-product meal(PBM)(VH10P30),a fishmeal(FM)diet(CF)and an FM diet supplemented with H.illucens(FH10)on growth performance,gut health and homeostasis of farmed subadult European seabass were tested and compared.Results:Fish fed the VH10 and VH10P30 diets showed the highest specific growth rates and lowest feed conversion ratios among the tested groups.Expectedly,the best preservation of PI morphology was observed in fish fed the CF or FH10 diets,while fish fed the CV diet exhibited significant degenerative changes in the proximal and distal intestines.However,PBM supplementation mitigated these effects and significantly improved all gut morphometric parameters in the VH10P30 group.Partial substitution of the plant mixture with insect meal alone or PBM also induced most BBM genes and activated BBM enzymes,suggesting a beneficial effect on intestinal digestive/absorption functions.Regarding intestinal microbiota,fish fed diets containing H.illucens meal(FH10,VH10,VH10P30)had the highest richness of bacterial communities and abundance of beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus.On the other hand,fish fed CV had the highest microbial diversity but lost a significant component of fish intestinal microbiota,the phylum Bacteroidetes.Finally,skin pigmentation most similar to that of farmed or even wild seabass was also observed in the fish groups fed CF,FH10 or VH10P30.Conclusion:Plant-based diets supplemented with PBM and H.illucens pupae meal have great potential as alternative diets for European seabass,without affecting growth performance,gut homeostasis,or overall fitness.This also highlights the importance of animal proteins in diets of European seabass,as the addition of a small amount of these alternative animal protein sources significantly improved all measured parameters.展开更多
Research results concerned ( 1 ) quantification of pH value and contents of ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and lactic acid, which were indicators of fermentative quality of corn stover silage and o...Research results concerned ( 1 ) quantification of pH value and contents of ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and lactic acid, which were indicators of fermentative quality of corn stover silage and other crop by-product silages ; (2) introduction of methods for analyses of fiber content in feeds such as detergent and enzymatic analyses; (3) determination of digestive characteristics in the tureen by artificial digestion trials ( in vitro and in situ ) ; ( 4 ) evaluation of meat productivity and quality by feeding corn stover silage to beef cattle in feeding experiments and; (5) preparation of feed composition and feeding standards for animals in Jilin Province. These results and methods substantially contributed to stabilization of feed supply as well as an increase in the efficiency of meat production, resulting in sustainable development of livestock management in China.展开更多
The high-active bacteria were screened from 8 dominant bacteria obtained from the natural water body,and then the bioaugmentation activated carbon was formed by hydraulic immobilization of the high-active bacteria. Pl...The high-active bacteria were screened from 8 dominant bacteria obtained from the natural water body,and then the bioaugmentation activated carbon was formed by hydraulic immobilization of the high-active bacteria. Plant-scale studies on removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potentials (DBPFP) by bioaugmentation activated carbon process were conducted for micro-polluted raw water treatment. The results show that the bioaugmentation activated carbon process has adopted better purification efficiency to THMFP and HAAFP than traditional biological activated carbon process,and that average removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP can reach 35% and 39.7% during the test period,increasing by more than 10% compared with traditional biological activated carbon process. The removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP are stable because of the biodegradation of the high-active bacteria and the adsorption of active carbon. The biodegradability of CHCl3 formation potential is better as compared with that of CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 formation potentials among THMFP,and high removal efficiency of CHCl3formation potential is obtained by bioaugmentation degradation of the high-active bacteria. The biodegradability of HAAFP is better in comparison with that of THMFP,and the chemical properties of HAAFP are propitious to adsorption of activated carbon. Thus,HAAFP is on predominance during the competitive removal process with THMFP.展开更多
文摘This study was carried out to determine the chemical composition and in situ degradability of agro-industrial by-products found in Eritrea. Three categories of by-products were evaluated and were the milling industry (wheat bran;WB, short;WS, and middling;WM), brewery (brewers’ dry grain;BDG, hops;BDH, and yeast;BDY) and sesame cakes (sesame cake machine extracted;SCM and manually extracted;SCT). The dry matter (DM) varied between 88.46% in BDY to 92.39% in SCT. The lowest (P < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content was recorded in WM at 10.11% while the highest was from the BDY at 48.20%. The metabolisable energy (ME) value of the agro-industrial by-products ranged from 8.72 to 11.18 MJ per kg DM with the BDH recording the lowest value (P The sesame cakes (SCM and SCT) recorded higher values of 11.17 and 11.18 MJ per kg DM respectively. The SCT recorded the highest ash content at 10.93% followed by BDY at 10.16% with the least being obtained from WM at 2.48%. The ether extract and acid detergent lignin contents were generally low in all cases for all the by-products. Generally, the results indicated that there was no clear pattern in terms of nutrients content amongst the by-products. The in situ DM, organic matter (OM) and CP degradability differed amongst and within the sesame cakes, milling and brewery by-products. The wide variation in chemical composition, DM, OM, CP degradability, and ME obtained from this study offer farmers huge flexibility in formulating rations according to the productive performance of target animals.
文摘Ensuring the health and safety of drinking water is crucial for both nations and their citizens.Since the 20th century,the disinfection of drinking water,effectively controlling pathogens in water sources,has become one of the significant advances in public health.However,the disinfectants used in the process,such as chlorine and chlorine dioxide,react with natural organic matter in the water to produce disinfection by-products(DBPs).Most of these DBPs contain chlorine,and if the source water contains bromine or iodine,brominated or iodinated DBPs,collectively referred to as Halogenated disinfection byproducts(X-DBPs),are formed.Numerous studies have found that X-DBPs pose potential risks to human health and the environment,leading to widespread concern.Mass spectrometry has become an important means of discovering new types of X-DBPs.This paper focuses on the study of methods for analyzing X-DBPs in drinking water using mass spectrometry.
文摘The characterization analysis of three agro-industrial wastes was performed in order to study its thermal gasification. Some analyses such as determination of Ca, K and Mg concentration and determination of three representative toxic metals concentration Cd, Cr and Pb in all its oxidation states and the fundamental state, were carried out. The heavy metals concentration was also determined in the ashes obtained during the gasification process. The mobility of these elements was studied through three leaching tests. The behavior of heavy metals, sulfur and chlorine compounds, was predicted considering the presence of water vapor, syngas, Ca, Mg, K, Si, Al and other ash components. The heavy metals are not more concentrated in the gasification ash;these pollutants are released during this process. Ca, Mg and K presence in these residues would promote the pollutants retention. The ash of the studied waste can be disposed in controlled landfills or used in road construction, according to the obtained results during the leaching test DIN-DEV S4. The obtained results in the leaching test EPA 1311 TLCP classify these gasification ashes as no toxic waste.
文摘Accumulation of recalcitrant plastics in the environment has become a world-wide problem in today’s societies. Rapid depletion of natural resources for synthetic plastics along with environmental concerns has directed research towards finding alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) P(3HB), as one of these alternatives, have attracted much attention in recent years due to their varied mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The aim of this study was to identify an agro-industrial waste resource economically suitable for large-scale production of P(3HB), to optimize the production using Response Surface Methodology in small-scale and subsequently, to test the production in a continuously stirred tank reactor. Among a range of agro-industrial waste, orange peel was selected as the most suitable for P(3HB) production. P(3HB) concentration of 1.24 g P(3HB)/L culture broth with 41% P(3HB)/dcw yield was obtained using orange peel as the sole carbon source in optimized medium with a modified strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis OK2).
文摘This paper proposes the most feasible technical and environmentally friendly hybrid power system configuration;a stand-alone hybrid wind-solar energy system with battery storage for a residential area of an Agro-industrial Company, Cameroon Development Cooperation (CDC), with headquarters in Bota-Limbe, south west region, Cameroon. The power network of the CDC Bota-Limbe Camp amongst other camps, which accommodates plantation workers, is plagued with challenges such as reliance on grid power which is unreliable, poor power quality which endangers home appliances and a spider webbed transmission system that poses as a threat to the lives of plantation workers. This paper addresses those concerns by designing a modular hybrid solar-wind renewable energy system for the camp. Limbe is a coastal area with proven existence of wind and solar resources. It is expected that the proposed system, if adopted and well implemented, will provide huge opportunities for the CDC in several other locations in Cameroon where there is adequate supply of renewable energy resources.
基金the Brazilian research funding agencies CNPq and FUNDECT for their financial support.
文摘Today’s search for alternative sources of energy to reduce the use of fossil fuels is motivated by environmental, socioeconomic and political reasons. The use of agro-industrial and municipal wastes of plant origin for ethanol production appears to be the best option to solve the dilemma of using food sources to produce biofuels, since it adds value to these wastes in eco-efficient processes. This paper highlights the potential of agro-industrial and municipal wastes for cellulosic ethanol production.
基金supported by the project of Jiangsu Independent Innovation, China (CX(15)1003-3)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 13th Five Year Plan period (2016YFC0502005)the special project of grass of Tibetan Autonomous Region for the “13th FiveYear” Plan, China
文摘This experiment was conducted to study the effect of molasses on the fermentation characteristics of mixed silage ensiled rice straw and vegetable by-products with alfalfa.Mixture(202 g kg^-1 dry matter(DM))consisting of rice straw,broccoli residue and alfalfa at the ratio of 5:4:1 was ensiled with three experimental treatments:(1)no additives(control);(2)molasses at 2.5%(M1);(3)molasses at 5%(M2)on a fresh matter basis of mixture,respectively.All treatments were packed into laboratory-scale silos,and three silos per treatment were sampled on days 1,3,5,14 and 30.The result showed that the p H value of all mixed silages decreased gradually with the time of ensiling except for the control silage,in which a significant increase(P〈0.05)on day 30 occurred.The lactic acid content increased gradually with the time of ensiling and reached the highest value on day 14,and a marked decrease(P〈0.05)was found in the control silage on day 30.The changes of acetic acid content showed similar pattern with lactic acid content.A trace amount of propionic and butyric acid contents were found in the three mixed silages during the fermentation period.Comparing to the control,M1 and M2 treatments improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages as indicated by higher(P〈0.05)lactic acid contents and lower(P〈0.05)p H and ammonia-N contents.The Flieg points also showed that M1 and M2 silages were well preserved,whereas the control silage had a bad quality.Overall,the findings of this study suggested that adding molasses could improve fermentation quality of mixed silage,and M1 was more suitable for practical application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50538090)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China (No. 50621804)the High-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2007AA06Z338).
文摘Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during chlorination. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of DOM influence the DBPs formation mechanism. A study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the effects of DOM fractions on DBPs formation mechanism. In the chlorination process, organic acids are dominant precursors of total thihalomethanes (TTHM) because of the vc-o and unsaturated structures. Furthermore, the TTHM formation of organic acids was affected by pH more greatly. Based on the fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, DOM fractions contained several fluorescence substances. During chlorination, humic acid-like substances were found to exhibit high chlorine reactivity and hydrophobic organics decomposed to smaller molecules faster than hydrophilic organics even at lower chlorine dosages. Unlike hydrophobic fractions, hydrophilic organics showed no toxicity following chlorination, suggesting that the toxic structures in hydrophihc organics showed high chlorine reactivity during chlorination.
基金This work was sponsored by National Natural Science Fundation Committee (No. 50238020).
文摘Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. Results The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe (including virus) inactivation compared with the free chlorine disinfection process. There seemed to be some synergetic disinfection effect between free chlorine and monochloramine because they attacked different targets. The sequential chlorination disinfection process resulted in 35.7%-77.0% TTHM formation and 36.6%-54.8% THAA5 formation less than the free chlorination process. The poorer the water quality was, the more advantage the sequential chlorination disinfection had over the free chlorination. Conclusion This process takes advantages of free chlorine's quick inactivation of microorganisms and chloramine's low disinfection by-product (DBP) yield and long-term residual effect, allowing simultaneous control of microbes and DBPs in an effective and economic way.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.51932011)。
文摘The development of promising zinc anodes mainly suffers from their low plating/stripping coulombic efficiencies when using aqueous electrolyte,which are mainly associated with the interfacial formation of irreversible by-products.It is urgent to develop technologies that can solve this issue fundamentally.Herein,we report an artificial Sc_(2)O_(3) protective film to construct a new class of interface for Zn anode.The density functional theory simulation and experimental results have proven that the interfacial side reaction was inhibited via a stratified adsorption effect between this artificial layer and Zn anode.Benefiting from this novel structure,the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode can run for more than 100 cycles without short circuit and exhibit low voltage hysteresis,and the coulombic efficiency increases by 1.2%.Importantly,it shows a good application prospect when matched with two of popular manganese-based and vanadium-based cathodes.The excellent electrochemical performance of the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode highlights the importance of rational design of anode materials and demonstrates a good way for developing high-performance Zn anodes with long lifespan and high efficiency.
基金Supported by UGC-MRP,New Delhi,India[No.F.No.36-250/2008(SR)24/03/2009]King Saud University,Saudi Arabia,Vice Deanship of Research Chairs:Research Chairs
文摘Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal potential of neem cake fractions of different polarity against the rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies(An.culicifacies).Methods: Neem cake fractions' total methanol extract(NTMeOH), total ethyl acetate extract(NTAc OEt), ethyl acetate fraction after repartition with NTMe OH(NRAc OEt),butanol fraction after repartition with NTMeOH(NRBuOH), and aqueous fraction after repartition of NTMeOH(NRH2O) were tested against An. culicifacies eggs, fourth instar larvae and adults.Results: In larvicidal experiments, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt, NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 1.32, 1.50, 1.81, 1.95 and 2.54 mg/L, respectively. All fractions tested at 150 mg/L were able to reduce egg hatchability of more than 50%, with the exception of NTAc OEt and NRAc OEt. In adulticidal assays, NTMeOH, NTAcOEt,NRAcOEt, NRBuOH and NRH2O achieved LC50 values of 3.01, 2.95, 3.23, 3.63 and3.00 mg/L, respectively.Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that the methanolic fractions of neem cake may be considered as a new and cheap source of highly effective compounds against the rural malaria vector An. culicifacies.
文摘Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different from that of porcine skin by ATR-FTIR analysis, although it was the same characteristics, e.g. SDS-PAGE, subunit composition, ther-mal behavior, as porcine collagen. Since taking up a problem of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in land animals such as calf or bovine, collagen from aquatic materials has been used in various industries. However, the present study indicates that tendon of Yezo sika deer as by-product of meat industry will have potential as an important collagen source for use in the foods, cosmetics, and medical fields.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Doctor Research Fund of Henan University of Technology(2020BS009)Science,Technology and Innovation in the Soybean and its Alternative Crops Chain(SQ2019YFD100114).
文摘Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,corn bran,gluten,are created largely during corn starch processing.They are inexpensive,nutrient-rich,and vary widely in chemical composition such as proteins,oils,carbohydrates,and minerals.In an increasingly resource-constrained modern world,the utilization approach of these by-products for non-starch industrial processing is attractive widely considering both nutritive value and economic aspects.In fact,at present,applications of these by-products can often be found in feed,fermentation,nutrient extraction and other industries.For example,protein-rich corn gluten can be used as a good animal feed,and corn germ can be used as a raw material for the high-quality edible oil industry.Undoubtedly,increasing utilization means that these by-products will no longer be treated as waste but will be transformed into high value-added products.In this work,the separation process and chemical composition of several main by-products of the corn starch industry is briefly described,and the application in many industrial fields of these by-products over the last ten years are discussed in particular.This review attempts to summarize all aspects of the application and research of these by-products.For the by-products of the corn starch industry,the most promising way is to be utilized in high value and used to produce high value-added products.According to the characteristics of their chemical composition,they have a better application prospect and research significance in the industries directly related to human beings,such as medicine,green food and health care products.In fact,in recent years,some researchers have recognized this and carried out the research.It is clear fromthese studies that the main issues to be faced nowand in the future are how to produce efficiently while maintaining the quality of the product and using it effectively.The retrospective discussions also provide some ideas for other grain and oilseed crops to be fully utilized.
文摘The removal of disinfection by-products formation potential(DBPFP) in artificially intensified biological activated carbon(IBAC) process which is developed on the basis of traditional ozone granular activated carbon was evaluated. By IBAC removals of 31% and 68% for THMFP and HAAFP were obtained respectively. Under identical conditions, the removals of the same substances were 4% and 32% respectively only by the granular activated carbon(GAC) process. Compared with GAC, the high removal rates of the two formed potential substances were due to the increasing of bioactivity of the media and the synergistic capabilities of biological degradation cooperating with activated carbon adsorption of organic compounds. A clear linear correlation(R 2=0.9562 and R 2=0.9007) between DOC HAAFP removal rate and Empty Bed Contact Time(EBCT) of IBAC process was observed, while that between THMFP removal rate and EBCT of GAC was R 2=0.9782. In addition certain linear correlations between THMFP, HAAFP and UV 254 (R 2=0.855 and R 2=0.7702) were found for the treated water. For IBAC process there are also more advantages such as long backwashing cycle time, low backwashing intensity and prolonging activated carbon lifetime and so on.
基金the project MinReMol(Ref.EXPL/AAG-REC/0978/2012),financed by FEDER Funds through the Operational Program on Competitive Factors(COMPETE:FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027516)by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT-MCTES)support of FCT-MCTES through the Strategic Project LA25-2011-2012(ref.PEst-C/CTM/LA0025/2011).
文摘Rhenium is a very scarce element, occurring in the Earth's crust mainly carried by molybdenite (MoS2). Due to a very low availability comparative to actual industrial demand, rhenium is nowadays one of the most expensive mineral commodities and an increased interest is focused on ex- ploring residues resulting from a long-term mining, particularly of sulphide ore deposits. It is therefore noteworthy to assign the presence of rhenium (in a concentration up to 3 ppm) in the waste materials from the old sulphur factory at the abandoned mine of Sao Domingos (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Southeast Portugal), exploited since the Roman occupation of Iberia. Aiming at a potential sustainable recovery of rhenium as a by-product, X-ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy (XANES) was applied to clarify the Re-binding and mode of occurrence by comparing Re L3-edge XANES spectra obtained from mine waste samples (previously fully characterized by X-ray laboratory techniques) with similar spectra collected from Re-rich molybdenites (Mo1-xRexS2) and from Re-O model compounds configuring various valences and coordination environments of rhenium ions. Obtained results are commented, ruling out a possible Re-S binding and rather conforming with the binding of rhenium to oxygen in the analysed mine waste materials.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50408006).
文摘Objective To investigate the reduction of chlorination by-products (CBPs) precursors using the fluidized-bed biofdm reactor (FBBR). Methods Reduction of total organic carbon (TOC), ultraviolet absorbance (UV254), tfihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP), haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP), and ammonia in FBBR were evaluated in detail. Results The reduction of TOC or UV254 was low, on average 12.6% and 4.7%, respectively, while the reduction of THMFP and HAAFP was significant. The reduction of ammonia was 30%-40% even below 3℃, however, it could quickly rise to over 50% above 3℃. Conclusions The FBBR effectively reduces CBPs and ammonia in drinking water even at low temperature and seems to be a very promising and competitive drinking water reactor for polluted surface source waters, especially in China.
基金funded by the Interreg project AdriAquaNet (Project ID10045161)
文摘Background:Increasing demand for high-value fish species and pressure on forage fish is challenging aquaculture to ensure sustainable growth by replacing protein sources in aquafeeds with plant and terrestrial animal proteins,without compromising the economic value and quality of the final fish product.In the present study,the effects of a plant protein-based diet(CV),two plant-based diets in which graded amounts of plan protein mixtures were replaced with Hermetia illucens meal alone(VH10)or in combination with poultry by-product meal(PBM)(VH10P30),a fishmeal(FM)diet(CF)and an FM diet supplemented with H.illucens(FH10)on growth performance,gut health and homeostasis of farmed subadult European seabass were tested and compared.Results:Fish fed the VH10 and VH10P30 diets showed the highest specific growth rates and lowest feed conversion ratios among the tested groups.Expectedly,the best preservation of PI morphology was observed in fish fed the CF or FH10 diets,while fish fed the CV diet exhibited significant degenerative changes in the proximal and distal intestines.However,PBM supplementation mitigated these effects and significantly improved all gut morphometric parameters in the VH10P30 group.Partial substitution of the plant mixture with insect meal alone or PBM also induced most BBM genes and activated BBM enzymes,suggesting a beneficial effect on intestinal digestive/absorption functions.Regarding intestinal microbiota,fish fed diets containing H.illucens meal(FH10,VH10,VH10P30)had the highest richness of bacterial communities and abundance of beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus.On the other hand,fish fed CV had the highest microbial diversity but lost a significant component of fish intestinal microbiota,the phylum Bacteroidetes.Finally,skin pigmentation most similar to that of farmed or even wild seabass was also observed in the fish groups fed CF,FH10 or VH10P30.Conclusion:Plant-based diets supplemented with PBM and H.illucens pupae meal have great potential as alternative diets for European seabass,without affecting growth performance,gut homeostasis,or overall fitness.This also highlights the importance of animal proteins in diets of European seabass,as the addition of a small amount of these alternative animal protein sources significantly improved all measured parameters.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Plan(20160204015ny)Construction of Jilin Modern Agricultural Industry Research System(201637)National Beef Cattle Yak Industry Research System(CARS-38)
文摘Research results concerned ( 1 ) quantification of pH value and contents of ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and lactic acid, which were indicators of fermentative quality of corn stover silage and other crop by-product silages ; (2) introduction of methods for analyses of fiber content in feeds such as detergent and enzymatic analyses; (3) determination of digestive characteristics in the tureen by artificial digestion trials ( in vitro and in situ ) ; ( 4 ) evaluation of meat productivity and quality by feeding corn stover silage to beef cattle in feeding experiments and; (5) preparation of feed composition and feeding standards for animals in Jilin Province. These results and methods substantially contributed to stabilization of feed supply as well as an increase in the efficiency of meat production, resulting in sustainable development of livestock management in China.
基金Sponsered by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50678046)
文摘The high-active bacteria were screened from 8 dominant bacteria obtained from the natural water body,and then the bioaugmentation activated carbon was formed by hydraulic immobilization of the high-active bacteria. Plant-scale studies on removal characteristics of disinfection by-products formation potentials (DBPFP) by bioaugmentation activated carbon process were conducted for micro-polluted raw water treatment. The results show that the bioaugmentation activated carbon process has adopted better purification efficiency to THMFP and HAAFP than traditional biological activated carbon process,and that average removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP can reach 35% and 39.7% during the test period,increasing by more than 10% compared with traditional biological activated carbon process. The removal efficiencies of THMFP and HAAFP are stable because of the biodegradation of the high-active bacteria and the adsorption of active carbon. The biodegradability of CHCl3 formation potential is better as compared with that of CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 formation potentials among THMFP,and high removal efficiency of CHCl3formation potential is obtained by bioaugmentation degradation of the high-active bacteria. The biodegradability of HAAFP is better in comparison with that of THMFP,and the chemical properties of HAAFP are propitious to adsorption of activated carbon. Thus,HAAFP is on predominance during the competitive removal process with THMFP.