HIV/AIDS-related Discrimination in Shanxi Rural Areas of China1

Objective In order to explore the features of discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS in rural areas, a community-based intervention was carried out in two pilot communities of X County of Shanxi Province from September 2002 to October 2003. Methods Data were collected using qualitative methods (in-depth interview and focus group discussion) and anonymously structured questionnaires. Results (1) Severe discrimination against people infected with HIV/AIDS was revealed in the target communities. However, the response to HIV/AIDS was different in each community. (2) People were reluctant to disclose their HIV status or get tested for HIV, which endangered their sexual partners to contract HIV through unprotected sexual intercourses. (3) Attitudes towards people infected with HIV/AIDS varied. (4) Public education promoted a better understanding of HIV/AIDS which in turn improved community attitudes and behaviors towards people with HIV/AIDS. Conclusion HIV/AIDS-related discrimination undermines both individuals and communities responses to HIV/AIDS and may be a serious obstacle towards effective HIV/AIDS prevention and control.

Realization Path for Inclusive Finance to Support Rural Revitalization in Poverty-stricken Areas

Based on the quarterly economic,social and financial development data of 39 poverty-stricken counties in Henan Province during 2016-2018,this paper utilized the entropy-based TOPSIS method to objectively measure the rural revitalization index,and then built the quantile regression model to study the effects of various elements of inclusive finance on different stages of rural revitalization.Research results show that industrial development,agricultural modernization,targeted poverty alleviation,endogenous demand,and rural governance are the main points of inclusive finance in poverty-stricken areas to support rural revitalization;the rural revitalization index indicates that compared with the Dabie Mountain area and the non-contiguous poverty-stricken areas,the rural revitalization of the Qinba Mountain area is slower;for inclusive finance supporting rural revitalization,it is necessary to bring into play the role of monetary policy tools in re-lending,functions of credit in supporting industrial development,and role of insurance in risk protection;furthermore,inclusive finance solves problems such as the diminishing marginal effect of physical machinery investment in rural revitalization support,financial support for the coordinated development of small farmers and new agricultural business entities,financial support for the development of the entire industry chain,and the"siphon effect"of capital.

Cross-sectional study on AIDS knowledge and condom use in rural areas

Objective:To understand AIDS knowledge and condom use in rural areas,and to analyze theinfluencing factors of condom use.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study using the cluster-sampling method.4,800 subjects,randomly selected from six counties in China,were questioned using an anonymous survey.Results:36% of the subjects knew that tooth extraction could transmit AIDS.38.4% of thesubjects knew that the use of public razors could transmit AIDS.27.1% of the subjects had useda condom in the last year.The influencing factors of condom use were:sex(OR=1.325),age(OR=1.419),AIDS counseling(OR=2.181),educational level(OR=0.622),location of regis-tered permanent residence(OR=0.732),AIDS knowledge score(OR=0.736),and resident ofhigh AIDS prevalent province(OR=0.354).Conclusion:AIDS knowledge in rural areas is still lacking.The rate of condom use was verylow.The main influencing factors of low condom use were being female,elderly,and no AIDScounseling.Higher educational level,registered permanent resident in town,high AIDS knowl-edge score,and resident of high AIDS prevalent provinces were the propitious factors for condomuse.

Impacts of formal credit on rural household income:Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.

农村中老年男性HIV/AIDS歧视现状及影响因素的路径分析

目的:分析农村地区50岁及以上男性的HIV/AIDS歧视现状及其影响因素,探讨文化程度、抑郁、艾滋病知识、高危性行为态度影响HIV/AIDS歧视的路径。方法:采用整群与立意抽样相结合的方法对彭州市3个乡镇240名中老年男性进行访谈式问卷调查。采用多元线性回归分析HIV/AIDS歧视的影响因素,利用路径模型分析影响因素之间的关系。结果:在240名农村中老年男性中,HIV/AIDS歧视平均得分为(3.00±0.68)分。多元线性回归分析显示,文化程度、抑郁、艾滋病知识、高危性行为态度是HIV/AIDS歧视的影响因素。路径分析显示,文化程度对HIV/AIDS歧视有直接效应(β=-0.196,P<0.01)和间接效应(β=-0.190,P<0.01),抑郁对歧视有间接效应(β=0.025,P<0.05),艾滋病知识对歧视有直接效应(β=-0.273,P<0.01),高危性行为态度对歧视有直接效应(β=-0.196,P<0.01),艾滋病知识和高危性行为态度具有中介效应。结论:彭州市农村地区中老年男性HIV/AIDS歧视态度较严重,文化程度和抑郁均可通过艾滋病知识、高危性行为态度影响HIV/AIDS歧视。应重点关注低文化程度农村中老年人群的抑郁和高危性行为态度,通过艾滋病健康教育并加强日常关怀和开展心理咨询服务,以提高他们的艾滋病知识水平,减轻抑郁情绪,降低该人群的HIV/AIDS歧视水平。

From anti-poverty to revitalization: Exploring the path of sustainable development in poverty-stricken areas

On the basis of analyzing the internal logic of rural revitalization and targeted poverty alleviation, it has made a path analysis of the decision-making to overcome poverty and effectively strengthen the rural revitalization. Grasping the internal unity of Marxism and the socialist theory system with Chinese characteristics, profoundly expounding the 'comprehensive' rural revitalization and 'concentration'targeted poverty alleviation, 'long-term' rural revitalization and 'stage' targeted poverty alleviation, and'active' rural revitalization Corresponding to the 'passive' targeted poverty alleviation, it corresponds to the philosophical logic of the materialist dialectic, the law of the unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality, and the law of negation of negation. It points out the path of targeted poverty alleviation work under the rural revitalization strategy: scientifically compiling the functional spatial planning of poor rural areas;party building leads the transformation of concepts;industrial development is expanding in depth;and public services are advancing to market.

A Life-skills-based HIV/AIDS Prevention Education for Rural Students of Primary Schools in China:What Changed? What Have We Learned?

Objective To evaluate a four-hour life-skills-based HIV/AIDS prevention curriculum among 5th grade students in rural primary schools of Hainan province.Methods The study included two stages.Stage one （September 2006-May 2007） was a pre-post-quasi experimental design;a total of 2 413 students aged 9 to 14 years from fifth grade classes of nine primary schools completed a baseline survey （1 720 students were in the intervention group,693 in the control group）,and over 98% of them took part in a short survey.The experimental curriculum was provided to the intervention group.At stage two （September 2008）,a cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 6 923 students in 7th grade classes of eight middle schools in the same study sites.There were 1 437 students in the intervention group when the curriculum was conducted.Results Students tended to score higher in areas of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes,if they were younger than average,lived in the county seat,had access to the internet,and their parents had completed higher levels of education.Path analysis showed that,after controlling for characteristics such as family and community factors,the total effects of curriculum on knowledge in the short-term model increased remarkably compared with the baseline,and maintained major contributions to knowledge in the mid-term model.The positive effect of knowledge on attitudes was significantly improved in the short-term model as well.Conclusion A life-skills based curriculum can improve HIV/AIDS related knowledge and self-perceived level of life-skills among primary school students in rural areas in a short time,and these positive effects can still be observed at least 2 years post participation in the curriculum.

上海市徐汇区流动人口AIDS/STD知识态度行为影响因素调查

目的了解上海市流动人口性传播疾病／艾滋病（STD／AIDS）知识、态度及行为的影响因素，为STD／AIDS防治提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群抽样方法，对在上海居住满3个月、户籍不在上海的15～49岁的流动人口进行问卷调查。结果共调查流动人口671人，其中有效问卷617份，有效问卷率92．0％。71．0％的对象知道STD／AIDS是传染性疾病，可以通过性传播，但对于其他传播途径答对率较低。知道STD／AIDS发病症状的对象低于32．8％。多因素Logistic回归模型提示，影响知识得分的主要因素为年龄、文化程度及目前工作。只有44．696的对象对STD患者表示同情和关心，80．9％的对象认为应该将AiDS患者隔离。只有34。5％的对象使用过安全套，未婚者中23．1％有婚前性行为，已婚者中4％有婚外性行为；流动人口中有2个及以上性伴的比例亦占到4％。结论流动人口中STD／AIDS知识缺乏，应加强宣传教育，并针对不同对象开展有针对性的干预，改变其高危行为，流动人口中年龄偏小、文化程度低的保姆和集贸市场等人员，特别是女性流动人口应作为干预的重点人群。

基于3S理念的健康教育对农村中老年人艾滋病认知情况的影响分析

目的:分析基于3S理念的健康教育对农村中老年人艾滋病认知情况的影响。方法:选取2019年2月—2023年6月百色市12个县区的农村中老年人1 811例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(n=906)和观察组(n=905)。对照组实施常规健康教育,观察组实施基于3S理念的健康教育。比较两组艾滋病一般知识、传播途径的知晓情况。结果:干预前,两组艾滋病一般知识知晓率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,观察组艾滋病一般知识知晓率高于干预前及同期对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预前,两组艾滋病传播途径知晓率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预后,两组艾滋病传播途径知晓率高于干预前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基于3S理念的健康教育可提高农村中老年人对艾滋病一般知识、传播途径的认知水平。

农村已婚育龄妇女STD/AIDS的患病现状及其相关知识调查

目的 了解农村已婚育龄妇女性传播疾病 /艾滋病 (STD/AIDS)的患病及相关知识现状 ,为提高妇女相关知识水平 ,制定有针对性的干预措施提供依据。方法 采用分层 整群抽样的方法抽取 12个行政村的已婚育龄妇女 ,采用统一的方法进行问卷调查、临床和实验室检查。结果 STD患病率为 2 71% ,确认 1例艾滋病病毒感染者同时患梅毒。相关知识的知晓率为 2 6 9%～ 96 9% ,并发现妇女的年龄、本人和丈夫的文化程度、丈夫职业、经济收入以及是否患有STD/AIDS ,是知识得分的影响因素。结论 农村已婚育龄妇女STD/AIDS的患病情况不容忽视 ,采取有针对性的健康教育是干预的重要措施。

贫困地区农村HIV/AIDS综合预防管理及健康教育的模式研究

目的探讨综合预防管理及健康教育网络模式对贫困地区农村居民艾滋病知识、态度及行为的影响。方法采用类实验性研究,建立由县、乡、村、家庭4级网络为纵向结构,不同人群为横向结构,家庭为基本单位,妇女及青少年为重点人群的HIV/AIDS综合预防管理及健康教育网络模式,进行为期1年的干预。应用艾滋病知识、态度及行为问卷进行干预效果评估。结果干预前,两组艾滋病知识态度、相关行为得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。综合干预后,干预组艾滋病知识总分、态度总分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组间艾滋病相关行为比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论综合预防管理及健康教育网络模式在提高贫困地区农村居民HIV/AIDS知识、转变态度方面具有较好的干预效果,但在促进行为转变方面效果不明显,亟待进一步加强。

多山地区“就近城镇互助养老”:理论基础、运行条件与制度路径

互助养老是应对农村养老困境探索出的一种创新性实践方案,忽视整体性和地方性是目前农村互助养老可持续发展问题的主要根源。作为一种间接互惠型交换行为,农村互助养老可持续良性运行需要地理空间、共有经济、中介价值、信任资本、组织基础和制度规范六个结构性要素的协调运作。基于历史性和实践性知识,文章以多山地区为例,发现由于独特的地理环境和经济社会条件,多山地区农村互助养老实践运行遭遇多重挑战,以此尝试提出“就近城镇互助养老”新模式,认为在地理空间、信任资本、人力资源、养老环境、制度基础及技术支撑等方面都具有现实可行性。最后以发展定位、平台架构、资源输入、助人模式、共同体营造等为基础提出一套有效且可行的调适性政策方案。

中国农村地区AIDS临床发病特点及应对策略

目的 提高对农村地区艾滋病 (AIDS)临床发病特点的认识。方法 对农村地区 10多个村庄的有偿供血员中近 10 0 0名艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者 /AIDS患者的临床特点进行实地调查分析。结果 (1)临床特点呈现高发病率、高丙型肝炎 (丙肝 )病毒 (HCV)感染率和高母婴传播率 ,低乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )病毒 (HBV)感染率 (三高一低 ) ;临床表现为发热、腹泻、口腔霉菌感染 (口腔溃疡 )、皮疹四大主症。 (2 )同一时间对 5 0 0例患者进行免疫功能调查显示 :CD+ 4 >5 0 0 / μl 90例 (18% ) ,CD+ 4 2 0 0～ 5 0 0 / μl 2 89例 (5 7 8% ) ,CD+ 4 <2 0 0 / μl 12 1例 (2 4 2 % )。 结论 中国农村地区HIV/AIDS目前正处于发病高峰时期 ,发病速度为 2 4 2 % ;三高一低 ,四大主症是农村地区AIDS患者的主要临床特点 ;尽快为农村地区的AIDS患者提供医疗支持是当前最为紧迫的任务 ;积极、稳妥、持续、科学的医疗支持策略将是农村地区AIDS临床工作顺利开展的可靠保障。

河南省农村地区HIV/AIDS卫生服务利用现状调查

[目的]利用2004年和2009年对河南省农村地区HIV/AIDS的基线调查数据,分析艾滋病防治政策实施后卫生服务利用的改善情况,为政策改进提供感染者数据支持。[方法]通过问卷调查收集HIV感染者、AIDS患者以及对照人群对各级医疗机构的门诊和住院服务利用情况。[结果]调查前三个月内,AIDS患者、HIV感染者和对照组门诊平均就诊次数分别为33.55次、24.55次和10.28次,平均住院次数分别为0.43次、0.37次和0.26次,前两组均高于后者;HIV/AIDS对各级医疗机构的满意度均高于健康对照者(t=3.046,P<0.05)。[结论]与2004年调查结果相比,HIV/AIDS对各级医疗卫生机构利用率呈明显上升趋势,且集中在村卫生室和乡镇卫生院就诊和住院。建议加强基层医疗卫生机构卫生服务能力建设,以保证农村为基础的艾滋病医疗救治体系可持续发展。

基于农村地区现行院前急救科普方式的实践及思考

为实践现行院前急救科普方式,引领学生投身乡村振兴战略,并对现存问题作对策研究,在郴州市桂东县清竹村开展了实地科普活动。2023年7月,通过线上科普宣传,线下问卷调研、科普培训等形式,开展院前急救的科普工作。调查发现,村民在此次科普活动中的参与率仅为17%,村民对院前急救重要性的认知程度低,对院前急救知识的学习意愿不高,表明我国农村院前急救普及方式存在较大缺陷。建议我国加大对院前急救重要性的宣传力度,增强公民院前急救意识与能力;丰富村民获取急救知识的途径;制定规范化的培训体系,统一院前急救标准;重视对中小学学生及高校学生的院前急救培训,培养相关人才,加大派遣专业人员下乡科普的力度。

农村地区HIV/AIDS患者CD4^+细胞计数与机会性感染对应关系的临床研究

目的通过随访病例,分析山东省菏泽市AIDS病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS(AIDS)患者机会性感染发生的频率与CD4+细胞计数之间的关系,观测CD4细胞计数对机会性感染的预示作用。方法跟踪HIV/AIDS患者的随访以及CD4+检测结果,对山东省菏泽市的HIV/AIDS患者进行分析。结果在CD4+细胞计数小于200个/μl的117例HIV/AIDS患者中,有99例发生了多种机会性感染,其发生比例为84.6%,CD4+细胞计数大于300个/μl的38例患者中,有6例发生了机会性感染,其发生比例为15.8%,CD4+小于100个/μl其机会性感染率发生比例为100%。结论不同水平的CD4+细胞计数,机会性感染的发生几率不同,两者有着非常密切的关系。CD4+细胞计数越低,发生机会性感染的几率越大,因而将CD4+细胞计数作为机会性感染预防的参照指标是合理的,定期监测CD4+并作为一项常规的工作,及早预防机会性感染对提高HIV/AIDS患者的生活质量有很重要的意义。

Analysis of Rural Development Factors: A Case Study of Hebei Province

On the basis of survey,drawing on economic growth theory,we analyze the main form of exogenous growth and regional applicability in Hebei Province,and point out that some exogenous driving forces are effective ways to accelerate rural construction,such as " the promotion of agriculture by industry" and " developing the rural areas with the aid of the urban areas". However,human capital,technology,incentive institutional arrangement,agricultural industry clusters and other endogenous growth factors are fundamental to sustainable development of rural construction,so it is necessary to make them play a fundamental role in increasing farmers' income and promoting agricultural development.

2019—2021年成都市农村地区中老年男性艾滋病预防社区干预试验效果评价

目的评价基于健康信念模式的农村地区≥50岁男性人群艾滋病社区干预后1年的试验效果,以期探索出针对性艾滋病健康教育模式。方法采用整群抽样,在成都市某县级市2个乡镇随机抽取1个村,以基线调查高危性行为发生率较高的A村为干预组,在常规干预基础上,接受基于健康信念模式的面对面一对一干预;B村为对照组,仅接受常规干预。基线和终末均采用面对面访谈式问卷调查,并进行HIV抗体检测。结果两组基线基本信息、艾滋病相关知识知晓与近1年高危性行为发生情况可比。基线和终末均未检出HIV(+)者。过去1年,25.24%的干预组接受过入户面对面一对一宣传讲解。干预组获取艾滋病相关知识的多种途径和多种方式均高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,干预组“一个感染了艾滋病病毒的人能否从外表上看出来”(58.33%)和“蚊虫叮咬是否会传播艾滋病”(34.38%)等知识的知晓率高于对照组(41.18%和21.18%)(P<0.05)。干预后,干预组近1年“商业性行为”的发生率(1.94%)低于对照组(7.84%)(P<0.05)。结论基于健康信念模式的面对面一对一社区干预能提高农村地区中老年男性艾滋病关键知识水平,降低高危性行为发生率。

物联网技术赋能农村互助养老体系研究

农村养老问题日益严峻,现代化技术赋能互助养老有助于该问题的解决。在分析农村养老现状与困境的基础上,借助目前先进的Mesh网络技术,结合农村老人特点提出了一种基于无线物联网框架的农村互助养老管理模式,该模式将老人分成若干个互助小组,互助小组成员之间借助物联网相互通信,在平台管理下互联进行帮扶;并重点从“目标—管理—服务—评估—支持”5个角度对该模式的运行进行了逐个阐述,有助于农村互助养老模式的应用推广。

老龄化背景下宿州市农村互助养老发展现状及对策研究

采用频数分析、交叉列联表分析、相关性分析等方法,对宿州市农村互助养老发展现状进行调研。通过对调研对象基本信息、互助养老参与情况、互助养老的满意情况,互助养老的满意度因素等方面进行分析,发现随着城镇化的发展,传统的农村家庭养老功能弱化,互助养老模式有其显著优势。提出要树立积极的老龄社会观,充分发挥基层党组织作用;整合资源形成合力,加强互助养老规范化建设;加强顶层设计,因地制宜推广互助养老等建议。