The Influence of Atmospheric Pressure on Air Content and Pore Structure of Air-entrained Concrete

To study the effect of atmospheric pressure on the properties of fresh and hardened airentrained concrete, three kinds of air entraining agents were used for preparing air-entrained concrete in the plateaus(Lhasa, 61 kPa) and the plains(Beijing, 101 kPa). Air content, slump, compressive strength and pore structure of the three air-entrained concretes were tested in these two places. It is found that the air content of concrete under low atmospheric pressure(LAP) is 4%-36% lower than that of concrete under normal atmospheric pressure(NAP), which explaines the decrease of slump for air-entrained concrete under LAP. Pore number of hardened concrete under LAP is reduced by 48%-69%. While, the proportion of big pores(pore diameter >1 200 μm) and air void spacing factor are increased by 1.5%-7.3% and 51%-92%, respectively. The deterioration of pore structure results in a 3%-9% reduction in the compressive strength of concrete. From the results we have obtained, it can be concluded that the increase of critical nucleation energy of air bubbles and the decrease of volumetric compressibility coefficient of air in the concrete are responsible for the variation of air content and pore structure of concrete under LAP.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF AIR CONTENT ON CAVITATION AND PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS

This article studies the effects of air content on propeller cavitation and pressure fluctuations. The cavitation is observed while the pressure fluctuations on the hull are measured. When adjusting the air content, the sheet cavitation range does not change distinctly, but the pressure fluctuations see obvious differences. The amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations increase with the decrease of the air content. The results indicate that the air content has little effect on the sheet cavitation range but has an important effect on the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation. When the air content decreases, the water tensile force increases, which results in the instability of the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation and the increase of the pressure fluctuations. To minimize the scale effects, the experiments should be run at a high Reynolds number with a high nuclei content. The high Reynolds number is often realized by increasing the flow velocity and the propeller rotation speed, and the high nuclei content is often made by increasing the dissolved air content.

^7Be content and its seasonal variation in the ground air around Hangzhou area

Twice investigations around Hangzhou area show that ^7Be content average in the ground air is 5.9mBq.m^-3.The content of ^7Be is the highest in autumn-winter period reaching about 7.7mBq.m^-3,the next is in spring about 6.2mBq.m^-3.then is in the early summer about 5.7mBq.m^-3,close to the annual average level;and the lowest in a year is in summer-autumm period with a value about 3.8mBq.m^-3.Exhibited is a decreasing trend from autumn-winter period to summer-autumn of the next year,which is negatively correlated with the variation of the seasonal rainfall in Hangzhou area.But this trend is different from that reported by UNSCEAR:it is the highest in spring and the lowest in the late autumn,which is based only on ^7Be falling down from the stratosphere.However,the present investigation shows that the seasonal rainfall is the main factor influencing the variation tend of ^7Be content in the air.

Influence of water content on the inactivation of P. digitatum spores using an air–water plasma jet

In order to investigate whether an air–water plasma jet is beneficial to improve the efficiency of inactivation, a series of experiments were done using a ring-needle plasma jet. The water content in the working gas（air） was accurately measured based on the Karl Fischer method. The effects of water on the production of OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） and O（3p;P–3s;S） were also studied by optical emission spectroscopy. The results show that the water content is in the range of 2.53–9.58 mg l;, depending on the gas/water mixture ratio. The production of OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） rises with the increase of water content, whereas the O（3p;P–3s;S） shows a declining tendency with higher water content. The sterilization experiments indicate that this air–water plasma jet inactivates the P. digitatum spores very effectively and its efficiency rises with the increase of the water content. It is possible that OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） is a more effective species in inactivation than O（3p;P–3s;S） and the water content benefit the spore germination inhibition through rising the OH（A;Σ;–X;Π;） production. The maximum of the inactivation efficacy is up to 93% when the applied voltage is -6.75 kV and the water content is 9.58 mg l;.

“车辆制冷与空气调节”课程教学改革探讨

分析“车辆制冷与空气调节”课程的特点,并结合该课程在教学中存在的问题,探讨了在教学改革过程中采取的措施:整合教学内容、改进教学方法和手段、调整教学环节及加强实验室建设等。在师生共同努力下,课程教学得到了不断改进和优化,学生普遍反映课程内容设计合理、思政案例丰富、学习过程充实,自身专业素质和创新设计能力得到了提高,对人生观和价值观有了更加深入的思考,取得了良好的教学效果。

杭州国家版本馆恒温恒湿空调系统设计

介绍了恒温恒湿库房空调系统的设计,提出了可在库房建成初期、运行稳定期、战时等灵活切换的3种运行模式,分析了其各自的处理过程与节能性;给出了平、战时空调系统选择方案,提出了平时回收空气源热泵机组和冷水机组的冷凝热作为再热热源,战时利用新风预冷实现温湿度独立控制的方法;利用CFD模拟对室内气流组织进行了优化设计;提出了采用含湿量控制代替定露点法进行湿度控制和风机变频等控制策略。通过调试与运行,证明了各项设计措施在项目中应用的有效性。

木材气干密度与基本密度关系模型比较

木材密度包括基本密度、气干密度等,在12%含水率条件下的气干密度(D12)较常用,因此有必要将木材气干密度换算为基本密度(Db)。目前利用木材气干密度计算基本密度的模型有Reyes、Chave、Simpson和Vieilledent模型等,然而这些模型预测结果不完全一致。利用中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所(Research Institute of Wood Industry,Chinese Academy of Forestry,CRIWI)和法国农业国际合作研究发展中心(French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development,CIRAD)的木材D12和Db数据,首先基于CRIWI的木材密度数据建立D12与Db的关系模型,然后将CRIWI和CIRAD的D12数据分别代入Reyes模型、Chave模型、Simpson模型、Vieilledent模型和新建模型,获得每个树种木材Db的预测值,并根据Db预测值和实测值计算残差绝对值均值。不同模型残差绝对值均值比较结果表明:Reyes模型在利用CRIWI和CIRAD的木材密度数据时预测Db的准确性都比较高,适用性最广;Simpson模型、新建模型在D12高于1.0 g/cm3时预测Db的准确性降低。

中高强混凝土抗压强度与气孔分布特征关系模型研究

为探究气孔分布特征与中高强混凝土抗压强度之间的定量关系,采用低场核磁共振成像分析系统与全自动压力试验机开展了不同气孔分布特征下的高强混凝土抗压强度试验。通过对Ryshkewitch半经验公式模型进行验证和改进,建立了中高强混凝土抗压强度与孔结构关系模型。结果表明:混凝土孔隙率会随着砂率和初始含气量的增加而逐渐增加,相比于提高砂率,提高初始含气量更容易得到差异性较大的孔隙率;提高砂率使非毛细孔占比增加了17.2%,毛细孔占比降低了13.0%;提高初始含气量使毛细孔占比增加了12.7%,凝胶孔占比降低了12.6%。基于Ryshkewitch半经验公式改进的模型R~2接近于1,P值<0.05,可以更准确地描述孔隙分布特征与抗压强度的定量关系。

花椒热风-微波组合干燥失水特性研究

花椒热风干燥降速期水分含量低,水分扩散慢,导致热风干燥耗时长。为提高干燥效率,并通过热风与微波组合干燥,分别进行热风干燥、微波干燥和热风-微波组合干燥实验,探究不同干燥参数对花椒失水特性的影响,以确定合理的干燥转换临界点和最优组合干燥模型,并将傅里叶准则数(F_(0))引入Fick第二扩散定律方程,求解有效水分扩散系数(D_(eff))。研究结果表明:热风和微波单独干燥时,升高风温风速和增加微波功率均有利于缩短干燥时间;热风-微波组合干燥花椒时,热风段转微波段的最佳目标含水率即为热风干燥的临界点含水率(65%(w.b)),且高热风温度和高微波功率均可使微波干燥段获得高失水速率;热风-微波组合干燥花椒热风段和微波段对应的最优模型分别为Wang and Singh模型和Page模型,D_(eff)范围分别为1.908×10^(-9)~3.547×10^(-9)m^(2)/s和1.883×10^(-8)~3.321×10^(-8)m^(2)/s。热风-微波组合干燥方式能够显著提高干燥效率,促进花椒内部水分扩散,干燥模型可为优化干燥工艺和设计干燥设备提供理论依据。

基于含气量的泡沫混凝土配合比设计方法试验研究

泡沫混凝土具有轻质、保温、耐火、隔声、抗震等优点,在建筑工程、地下工程、农业工程、水利灌溉工程、抗震工程等领域的应用越来越广泛。目前,泡沫混凝土的配合比设计方法是以干密度作为依据进行设计,按照泡沫混凝土的含气量直接进行设计和制备不同含气量的泡沫混凝土具有工程意义。以含气量为设计目标,提出了基于含气量的泡沫混凝土配合比设计方法。试验结果表明基于含气量的泡沫混凝土配合比设计方法有效。泡沫混凝土的含气量与干密度、抗压强度和软化系数具有一定的相关性,干密度随着含气量的增大而等比例降低,呈线性负相关关系;抗压强度随着含气量的增加而降低,符合指数函数规律;软化系数随着含气量的增加而减小。

Air-void parameters measurement of fresh concrete and hardened concrete

Air content, spacing factor and specific surface of fresh concrete and hardened concrete with different air contents, slumps and mineral admixtures (fly ash, slag, fly ash + slag, fly ash + slag + silica fume composite) were studied by the air-void analyzer (AVA) method and the microscopical method. The correlations between the test results obtained from different methods were analyzed. The results show that, there is a close correlation of air content and spacing factor between the fresh concrete and the hardened concrete, but the specific surface correlation is weak. The air content of concrete measured by the AVA method is smaller than that of the pressure method and the microscopical method, because AVA device captures only the air voids with the size smaller than 3 mm. Spacing factor of the fresh concrete measured by the AVA method is greater than that of the hardened concrete measured by the microscopical method, while the specific surface is smaller. When the criterion of 4%-7% air content measured by the pressure method and microscopical method is acceptable for concrete freezing-thawing (F-T) durability in cold weather, the air content measured by the AVA method should be 2.4%-4.6%. For the concrete F-T durability, when the criterion of the spacing factor measured by the microscopical method is 300 μm, the spacing factor measured by the AVA method should be 360 μm.

基于电容传感器的液体管内含气率测量系统的研究

电容传感器具有非侵入式、低成本、结构简单等特点,被广泛应用于液体管内含气率的测量。基于电容传感器,设计了含气率测量系统,对外径25mm、内径21mm液体管内含气率进行测量。为了验证含气率测量系统的准确性,搭建了可视化验证平台。对管内气液两相进行图像采集,对管道截面处的含气率进行计算;分析了视窗左右截面的含气率偏差,研究了采集位置偏差对验证方法有效性的影响。研究表明:通过传感器系统测量的含气率与图像处理得到的含气率吻合;视窗左右截面的平均含气率的偏差不超过3.097%。本研究设计的含气率测量系统的准确性较好,所提出的可视化验证方法能够有效地对含气率测量系统的准确性进行验证。

某飞机舱盖作动筒回程冲击仿真分析

舱盖作动筒由于受到舱盖重力的作用,在舱盖突然关闭时,作动筒下腔会产生较大压力波动,该压力冲击会沿回程路径传递到压力油箱且造成油箱溢油口向外溢油。基于AMESim仿真软件平台,搭建舱盖气液操纵系统的AMESim仿真模型,通过仿真探究舱盖关闭过程中,作动筒外负载力、油液含气量、油液温度对压力油箱油腔压力的影响;分析了舱盖作动筒气液操纵系统工作原理,在该仿真模型中,通过批处理仿真得出油液含气量、油液温度对油箱压力均影响不大。真正造成油箱压力增大的因素是其气腔内的弹簧,弹簧的初始预紧力和弹簧刚度均显著影响油箱压力变化。此结论将作为控制油箱压力过高避免向外溢油的重要依据,为系统安全稳定打下了理论基础。

低钙膨润土再生骨料混凝土力学性能研究

为了改善再生骨料混凝土相对天然骨料混凝土的性能,以0,5%,10%,15%,20%质量替代率的低钙膨润土替代普通硅酸盐水泥制备试样,进行和易性、新拌密度、空气含量、抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度试验。试验结果表明:再生骨料混凝土的和易性高于天然骨料混凝土;随着膨润土用量的增加,天然骨料混凝土和再生骨料混凝土的和易性均降低。其他条件相同时,再生骨料混凝土空气含量相对大于天然骨料混凝土;未使用高效减水剂时,天然骨料混凝土和再生骨料混凝土的空气含量随膨润土含量的增加而增加;采用高效减水剂达到目标坍落度时,与相应的对照组相比,天然骨料混凝土和再生骨料混凝土的空气含量均随膨润土含量的增加而降低。同等条件下,再生骨料混凝土密度低于天然骨料混凝土。未加高效减水剂时,掺入膨润土会降低新拌再生骨料混凝土和天然骨料混凝土的密度;而加入目标坍落度剂量的高效减水剂时,膨润土的掺入会提高新拌再生骨料混凝土和天然骨料混凝土的密度。膨润土的掺入显著提高了再生骨料混凝土的后期强度。膨润土替代率为15%时,再生骨料混凝土和天然骨料混凝土的抗拉和抗压强度提高最多。

气压深松土体内空气含量变化规律试验研究

为探寻气压深松对土体内空气含量的影响,建立了室内模拟耕层结构,以深松后土体内空气增量为分析指标,进行了气压深松室内模拟试验。结果表明:在深松气压1.4、1.8、2.2MPa的作用下,土表形成最大半径为0.45m的球冠体,土体内空气含量增量明显,随距注气点距离的增加土体内气体增量逐渐减小;在3种深松气压的作用下,土体内空气最大增量为1.23、2.61、3.89m3,深松气压的变化对土壤内空气增量影响明显但并非正相关,可见气压深松是气固耦合作用的结果。试验结果可为气压深松机理深入研究及气压深松装备的研发提供参考依据。

高引气型湿喷混凝土回弹控制技术研究

为提高湿喷混凝土的可泵性,减少回弹率,掺加新型引气流变剂制备了高引气型湿喷混凝土,测试了引气流变剂与其他材料的相容性,研究了高引气型湿喷混凝土的工作性能、力学性能及回弹率等。结果表明:新型引气流变剂的发泡和稳泡能力均高于AES和K12,浓度为0.2%时,发泡量为1050 mL,半衰期达650 s;由于滚珠效应和溶剂化膜作用,引气流变剂能提高湿喷混凝土的流动性及保坍性,减水剂掺量为0.8%、引气流变剂掺量为0.2%时,含气量由普通混凝土的2.3%增大至10.2%;掺加引气流变剂后,湿喷混凝土的回弹率由14.56%降至8.79%,实测粉尘浓度由10.82 mg/m^(3)降至5.96 mg/m^(3),其他性能满足施工要求。

Air-void Parameters Measurement of Fresh Concrete

To explore the method to evaluate air-void parameters of fresh concrete rapidly, the spacing factor and specific surface of freshly mixed concrete of different air contents, different slumps and different mineral admixtures （fly ash, fly ash-slag, fly ash-slag-silica fume composite） are studied by air-void analyzer （AVA）, and the correlation between the air content measured by AVA and air content determinator is compared. The results show that the spacing factor of the fresh concrete decreases firstly and then increases with the increase of air content, however the specific surface has the opposite rule. When the air content is more than 8%, the spacing factor of fresh concrete increases and the specific surface decreases. For the fresh concrete samples with similar air content, the specific surface increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of slump, but the spacing factor decreases firstly and then increases. Mineral admixalre can reduce the spacing factor of fresh concrete and increase the specific surface to some degree. There is a good correlation between the air content measured by two methods, and the air content measured by AVA is about 70% of the air content measured by the air content determinator.

高原环境引气混凝土研究现状及抗冻耐久性提升措施分析

青藏高原平均海拔4 000多米,海拔高、气压低、正负温交替天数多,冻融破坏是导致高原地区混凝土结构物性能劣化的最主要因素之一。文章对高原环境下引气混凝土的研究现状进行了分析,论述了低气压对引气剂溶液引气性能、混凝土含气量、孔结构与气孔结构的影响规律,提出了高原环境下提高混凝土抗冻耐久性的相关措施。

鸡ADSL基因和GARS-AIRS-GART基因对鸡肉肌苷酸(IMP)含量的影响

以鸡ADSL基因、GARS-AIRS-GART基因为侯选基因,以隐性白羽鸡、丝羽乌骨鸡、萧山鸡、白耳鸡、藏鸡为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP方法对ADSL外显子2、GARS-AIRS-GART基因5′侧翼序列进行SNPs检测。结果各发现了一个单核苷酸多态性位点。各种基因型与胸肌IMP含量的最小二乘分析结果表明:ADSL基因TT型个体的胸肌肌苷酸含量极显著地高于CC型、显著地高于CT型个体,CT型个体也高于CC型,但差异不显著;GARS-AIRS-GART基因TT型个体的胸肌肌苷酸含量极显著地高于CT型和CC型个体,CT型个体也高于CC型,但差异不显著。ADSL和GARS-AIRS-GART基因的合并基因型对IMP含量也有显著的影响,合并基因型为TTTT的个体IMP含量显著高于CCCC合并基因型的个体,高出1.584 mg/g,因此可以利用该合并基因型对鸡的肉质风味性状进行标记辅助选择。

不同湿度条件对雪茄烟叶晾制过程中酶促棕色化反应及品质的影响

为了解不同湿度条件晾制过程对雪茄烟叶酶促棕色化反应及其化学成分的影响,以期为雪茄烟叶调制提供理论支撑和实践指导,设置高湿、中湿、低湿3种湿度条件,研究其对雪茄烟叶含水率、色素、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、多酚类物质和晾制后化学成分的影响。结果表明:(1)不同晾制湿度条件下雪茄烟叶水分和质体色素呈逐渐减小的趋势;(2)多酚氧化酶活性呈先升高后降低变化趋势;(3)多酚类物质先缓慢增加后下降。雪茄烟叶晾制过程中湿度范围控制在中湿条件下,烟叶含水率适宜烟叶生命活动的进行,质体色素降解速率最快,在变黄变褐期多酚氧化酶活性低,多酚类物质积累较多,化学成分协调。说明调控晾制湿度可以有效促进雪茄烟叶酶促棕色化反应,提高烟叶内在品质。