Seismic records from Finnish and Swedish stations were analyzed for a study of two aircraft accidents in Finland and Sweden. A Hornet F-18 fighter crashed in central Finland, and analysis of recorded impact signals fr...Seismic records from Finnish and Swedish stations were analyzed for a study of two aircraft accidents in Finland and Sweden. A Hornet F-18 fighter crashed in central Finland, and analysis of recorded impact signals from 7 nearby seismic stations yielded in a crash location only 4 km in error. An estimated magnitude (ML) of 0.5 units gave an impact velocity of 335 m/sec (1200 km/h), which was in excellent agreement with that reported by the Finnish Air Force. A Norwegian Hercules transport plane crashed in foul weather near the summit of Mt. Kebnekaise, NW Sweden. Both seismic and infrasound signals were weak, and in our interpretation, this implied that the Hercules aircraft had a less steep impact angle against the mountain. We also examined seismic analyses of other spectacular air accidents like that of Lockerbie, UK in 1988, and terrorist aircraft attacks on September 11th, 2001 in the USA. Likewise, accidents at sea, such as the sinking of the Russian submarine Kursk in the Barents sea in 2000, and the freighter M/S Rocknes near Bergen in 2004, were recorded and analyzed seismically. In this study, we demonstrated that it was feasible to use seismic registrations to locate impact sites, and to define the exact time of such accidents. Also, negative evidence, i.e., lack of seismic recordings, may provide some information of such accidents and their consequences.展开更多
Assessment of harmful impacts and risks of air pollution in case of accidents as well as of long lasting exposition is an important challenge of chemical transport modeling. Sad confirmation of this statement unexpect...Assessment of harmful impacts and risks of air pollution in case of accidents as well as of long lasting exposition is an important challenge of chemical transport modeling. Sad confirmation of this statement unexpectedly has come from the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima which occurred while this paper was finalized. Two strategies to comply with the task of impact and risk assessment in extended regions like Central Europe or the Balkans are described. The first one is characterized by application of a single model system to an extended domain. The other one is based on the combined application of several chemical transport models designed for the use in various sub-domains in the region under consideration. Advantages and disadvantages exist for both approaches. For instance, the single model strategy allows unified and harmonized assessment of risks in a larger region, whereas the combined model strategy may pro-vide faster and locally more specific response in emergency cases. The single model approach is treated exploiting applications of the EURAD model system. The combined model approach is a novel way of joint use of chemical transport model systems developed for the Balkans. The models are described and the accuracy of simulations carried out with them is briefly demonstrated by comparison of simulated and observed concentrations of air pollutants. Applications regarding the search of sources for high pollution events and the assessment of risks through known sources are exem-plarily discussed.展开更多
Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives an...Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property.This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort,China has made significant progress in emergency monitoring technologies and equipment,source estimation technologies,pollutant dispersion simulation technologies and others.Many effective domestic emergency monitoring instruments(e.g.,portable DOAS/FT-IR systems,portable FID/PID systems,portable GC-MS systems,scanning imaging remote sensing systems,and emergency monitoring vehicles)had been developed which can meet the demands for routine emergency response activities.A monitoring layout technique combining air dispersion simulation,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and a post-optimality analysis was proposed to identify the optimal monitoring layout scheme under the constraints of limited monitoring resources.Multiple source estimation technologies,including the forward method and the inversion method,have been established and evaluated under various scenarios.Multi-scale dynamic pollution dispersion simulation systems with high temporal and spatial resolution were further developed.A comprehensive emergency response platform integrating database support,source estimation,monitoring schemes,fast monitoring of pollutants,pollution predictions and risk assessment was developed based on the technical idea of"source identification-model simulation-environmental monitoring"dynamic interactive feedback.It is expected that the emergency response capability for abrupt air pollution accidents will gradually improve in China.展开更多
文摘Seismic records from Finnish and Swedish stations were analyzed for a study of two aircraft accidents in Finland and Sweden. A Hornet F-18 fighter crashed in central Finland, and analysis of recorded impact signals from 7 nearby seismic stations yielded in a crash location only 4 km in error. An estimated magnitude (ML) of 0.5 units gave an impact velocity of 335 m/sec (1200 km/h), which was in excellent agreement with that reported by the Finnish Air Force. A Norwegian Hercules transport plane crashed in foul weather near the summit of Mt. Kebnekaise, NW Sweden. Both seismic and infrasound signals were weak, and in our interpretation, this implied that the Hercules aircraft had a less steep impact angle against the mountain. We also examined seismic analyses of other spectacular air accidents like that of Lockerbie, UK in 1988, and terrorist aircraft attacks on September 11th, 2001 in the USA. Likewise, accidents at sea, such as the sinking of the Russian submarine Kursk in the Barents sea in 2000, and the freighter M/S Rocknes near Bergen in 2004, were recorded and analyzed seismically. In this study, we demonstrated that it was feasible to use seismic registrations to locate impact sites, and to define the exact time of such accidents. Also, negative evidence, i.e., lack of seismic recordings, may provide some information of such accidents and their consequences.
文摘Assessment of harmful impacts and risks of air pollution in case of accidents as well as of long lasting exposition is an important challenge of chemical transport modeling. Sad confirmation of this statement unexpectedly has come from the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima which occurred while this paper was finalized. Two strategies to comply with the task of impact and risk assessment in extended regions like Central Europe or the Balkans are described. The first one is characterized by application of a single model system to an extended domain. The other one is based on the combined application of several chemical transport models designed for the use in various sub-domains in the region under consideration. Advantages and disadvantages exist for both approaches. For instance, the single model strategy allows unified and harmonized assessment of risks in a larger region, whereas the combined model strategy may pro-vide faster and locally more specific response in emergency cases. The single model approach is treated exploiting applications of the EURAD model system. The combined model approach is a novel way of joint use of chemical transport model systems developed for the Balkans. The models are described and the accuracy of simulations carried out with them is briefly demonstrated by comparison of simulated and observed concentrations of air pollutants. Applications regarding the search of sources for high pollution events and the assessment of risks through known sources are exem-plarily discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0209900)Beijing Nova Program from Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z201100006820098)the Youth Science and Technology Talents Support Program(2020)by Anhui Association for Science and Technology(No.RCTJ202002)。
文摘Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment.The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property.This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort,China has made significant progress in emergency monitoring technologies and equipment,source estimation technologies,pollutant dispersion simulation technologies and others.Many effective domestic emergency monitoring instruments(e.g.,portable DOAS/FT-IR systems,portable FID/PID systems,portable GC-MS systems,scanning imaging remote sensing systems,and emergency monitoring vehicles)had been developed which can meet the demands for routine emergency response activities.A monitoring layout technique combining air dispersion simulation,fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and a post-optimality analysis was proposed to identify the optimal monitoring layout scheme under the constraints of limited monitoring resources.Multiple source estimation technologies,including the forward method and the inversion method,have been established and evaluated under various scenarios.Multi-scale dynamic pollution dispersion simulation systems with high temporal and spatial resolution were further developed.A comprehensive emergency response platform integrating database support,source estimation,monitoring schemes,fast monitoring of pollutants,pollution predictions and risk assessment was developed based on the technical idea of"source identification-model simulation-environmental monitoring"dynamic interactive feedback.It is expected that the emergency response capability for abrupt air pollution accidents will gradually improve in China.
